Euro Norma emissions of harmful substances for cars. Environmental standards euro CO2 emission standards in auto

Emission rate

The rate of emissions The total amount of liquid and (or) gaseous waste is resolved by the enterprise to reset to the environment. The volume of the emission rate is determined at the calculation that the cumulation of harmful emissions from all enterprises of this region will not create concentrations of pollutants in it exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).

Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Home Editing Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Sampi. 1989.

• Nolandshaft.
• Production rate

Watch what is "Emission Norma" in other dictionaries:

The amount of gaseous (or liquid) wastes permitted by the enterprise for emissions (reset) into the environment. Volume N.V. It is determined at the calculation that the cumulation of harmful emissions (discharges) of all enterprises of this region will not be created in it ... ...

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In accordance with the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" Government Russian Federation Decides:

1. To approve the attached special technical regulations "On the requirements for emissions by automotive equipment produced into circulation in the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (polluting) substances."

The specified special technical regulation comes into force on the expiration of 6 months from the date of the official publication of this Regulation.

2. The federal executive bodies to ensure their regulatory legal acts in accordance with the Special Technical Regulations approved by this Resolution, to the Day of Entry into force of the specified Regulation.

Chairman of the government
Russian Federation
M. Fradkov

Special Technical Regulations "On the requirements for emissions by automotive equipment produced into appeal to the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (pollutants) substances"

1. This Regulation applies to protect the population and the environment from the impact of emissions by automotive equipment of harmful (polluting) substances.

2. In accordance with federal laws "On Technical Regulation", "On Safety road"," On the protection of atmospheric air "," On the protection of consumer rights "," On the basics of state regulation of foreign trade activities "and the agreement on the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicle, equipment and parts that can be installed and (or) are used on wheel vehicles, and conditions for mutual recognition of official assertions issued on the basis of these prescriptions signed in Geneva (with changes and additions that have entered into force on October 16 1995), this Regulation establishes the requirements for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances with automotive equipment equipped with engines internal combustion.

3. The concepts used in this Regulation indicate the following:

"Automotive technology" - wheel vehicles intended for the transport of people, cargo or equipment installed on them;

"Automotive equipment issued in the territory of the Russian Federation" - for the first time made in the Russian Federation, as well as automotive equipment imported into the customs territory of the Russian Federation;

"Emissions" - emissions of harmful (polluting) substances that are exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and evaporation of automotive fuel, containing harmful (pollutants) substances (carbon oxide (CO), hydrocarbons (CMHN), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and dispersed particles );

Gas Engine - Engine operating on liquefied petroleum or natural gas;

"Diesel" - an engine operating on the principle of ignition from compression;

"Spark Engine" - an engine with forced ignition, operating on gasoline or gas fuel;

UNECE Rules - Rules of the European Economic Commission of the United Nations in accordance with Appendix N 1, adopted in accordance with the agreement specified in paragraph 2 of this Regulation applied for the purposes of these Regulations;

"Technical emission standards" - installed in relation to automotive vehicle standards that reflect the maximum allowable mass of emissions into the atmosphere per unit of automotive equipment produced or run;

"Ecological Class" is a classification code that characterizes the automotive equipment depending on the level of emissions.

4. Technical regulation objects are automotive equipment issued in the territory of the Russian Federation, and the internal combustion engines installed on it in terms of emissions, as well as fuel for such engines.

5. Automotive equipment is divided into the following types:

a) passenger cars (Code of TN VED Russia 8703, OKP code 45 1400) Categories M1 with internal combustion engines used to transport passengers with no more than 8 seats, except for the driver's seat;

b) buses (Code of TN VED Russia 8702, OKP code 45 1700) with internal combustion engines Categories:

M2 with a maximum mass of no more than 5 tons used to transport passengers with more than 8 seats, except for the driver's seat;

M3 with a maximum mass of over 5 tons used to transport passengers with more than 8 seats, except for the driver's seat;

in) trucks (Codes of the Russian Federation of Russia 8701, 8704, 8705, 8706, OKP codes 45 1100, 45 1118, 45 1130, 45,1100, 45,2130, 45,2100, 45,2200, 45,21,21,700), as well as a special-purpose automotive equipment that has its own database having their own Codes of TN VED Russia and OKP, with internal combustion engines Categories:

N (1) with the maximum mass of not more than 3.5 tons used to transport goods and equipment installed on them;

N (2) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, but not more than 12 tons used to transport cargoes and equipment installed on them;

N (3) with a maximum mass of over 12 tons used for the transport of goods and equipment installed on them.

6. Automotive equipment is divided into environmental classes according to Appendix N 2.

7. Environmental information is made to documents identifying the automotive equipment in the Russian Federation.

8. Technical requirements for automotive equipment and installed on it internal combustion engines are the following:

a) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 2:

categories M (1), M ~ (2) with a maximum mass of no more than 3.5 tons, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines, technical standards of emissions provided for by the UNECE rules N 83-04 (emission levels in , C, D), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with diesel engines and gas engines - Technical standards of emissions stipulated by the UNECE rules N 49-02 (emissions B), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (2), n (3) with gasoline engines - Technical standards of emissions (CO - 55 g / kWh, CMHN - 2.4 g / kWh, nox - 10 g / kWh) in the tests provided for by the UNECE rules N 49-03 (ESC test cycle);

b) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 3:

categories M (1), M (2) with a maximum mass of not more than 3.5 tons, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines of emission standards provided by the UNECE rules N 83-05 with corrections 1- 3, additions 1-5 (emissions a), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with diesel engines and gas engines - Technical emission standards provided by the ECE rules UN N 49-04 (emissions a), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (2), n (3) with gasoline engines - technical standards of emissions (CO - 20 g / kWh, CMHN - 1.1 g / kWh, nox - 7 g / kWh) in the tests provided for in the rules N 49-03 (ETC test cycle);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (2), n (3) increased passibility with diesel engines - technical standards of emissions stipulated by the UNECE Rules N 96-01 with additions!, 2, UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

c) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 4:

categories M (1), M (2) with a maximum mass of no more than 3.5 tons, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines of emission standards provided by the UNECE rules N 83-05 with corrections 1- 3, additions to 1-5 (emissions B), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n3 with diesel engines and gas engines - Technical standards of emissions provided for by the UNECE rules N 49 -04 (Emission level B1), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);

categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with gasoline engines - technical standards of emissions (CO - 4 g / kWh, CMN - 0.55 g / kWh, NOX - 2 g / kWh) in the tests provided for by the UNECE rules N 49-03 (ETC test cycle);

d) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 5 categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with diesel engines and gas Engines - Emission Technical Standards provided by the UNECE N 49-04 EUCK rules (Emission levels B2, C), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines).

9. The characteristics of fuel providing technical requirements for automotive equipment and installed on it the engines specified in paragraph 8 of these Regulations are subject to the basic technical requirements in accordance with Appendix N 3.

10. The level of emissions at the date of the production of automotive equipment produced into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation should not exceed the technical standards specified in paragraph 8 of these Regulations.

11. Compliance of automotive equipment and installed on it the requirements of this Regulation certifies a message regarding the approval of the type of vehicle and (or) of the engine provided for by the UNECE Rules, or a certificate of conformity issued in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

12. The procedure for confirming the compliance of automotive equipment and the requirements of this Regulation installed on it are determined by the UNECE Rules.

13. The validity of certificates of compliance is limited to the date of entry into force of the requirements for the next environmental class, but does not exceed 4 years.

Certificates of conformity issued before the entry into force of these Regulations are valid until the deadline for their action.

In the case of an introduction to the design of automotive vehicles or the engine of changes affecting the performance of the technical requirements specified in paragraph 8 of these Regulations, new certificates of conformity are issued on this automotive equipment or engines.

14. The introduction to the technical standards of emissions against automotive equipment issued in the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out on the following dates:

a) environmental class 2 - from the date of entry into force of these Regulations;

Appendix N 1.

The list of rules of the United Nations Economic Commission applied to the purposes of special technical regulations "On the requirements for emissions by automotive equipment produced into appeal to the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (pollutants) substances"

1. UNECE rules N 24 (24-03 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding:

I. Official approval of engines with compression ignition for emissions of visible pollutants;

II. Official approval motor vehicles in relation to the installation of engines with ignition from compression, officially approved by the type of construction;

III. approval of motor vehicles with a compression ignition engine with respect to emissions of visible pollutants;

IV. Measurement of the useful power of engines with compression ignition. "

2. UNECE Rules N 49 (49-02, 49-03, 49-04 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding the official assertion of engines with ignition from compression and engines operating on natural gas, as well as engines with forced ignitions operating on liquefied petroleum gas, and vehicles equipped with compression ignition engines, natural gas engines, and forced ignition engines operating on liquefied petroleum gas in relation to pollutants allocated by them.

3. UNECE rules N 83 (83-02, 83-03, 83-04, 83-05 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding the approval of vehicles regarding the emission of pollutants depending on the fuel required for engines."

4. UNECE rules N 96 (96-01 *) "Uniform prescriptions concerning the approval of engines with compression ignition for installation on agricultural tractors and off-road techniques regarding the emission of pollutants with these motors."

________________

* Amendments that make changes to the UNECE Rules.

The norm sanitary-hygienic is an environmental indicator, the maintenance of which guarantees the safe or optimal living conditions of a person. Relief rate - see the emission rate (reset). [...]

The emission rate is the total amount of gaseous and (or) liquid waste, resolved by the enterprise to reset to the environment. Volume N.V. It is determined from the calculation that the cumulation of harmful emissions of all enterprises of this region will not lead to the concentration of pollutants exceeding the NDK. [...]

Norms of emission of toxic substances. The harmful effects of the car emissions on people and animals is called emission toxicity. The magnitude of harmful emissions into the atmosphere by road depends on the density of the transport flow and the number of gases emitted by each car. Since the transport stream on the streets of cities will continuously increase, it is necessary to reduce the rank of air to limit the number of harmful products allocated by each car, i.e., establish the norms of emission of toxic substances with exhaust gases.[ ...]

Reducing the emissions of nitrogen ocoids during the venues of the fuel is currently being considered as one of the main directions in industrial ecology; In developed capitalist plans, as the main direction of reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides during the burning of natural gas, "liquid fuel and brown coal is considered to carry out primary technological measures (step incineration, gases recycling, the use of burners of a special design). When burning coal coal to achieve normotes of nitrogen oxide emissions, it is widely used by OE-lective catalytic recovery (Japan, Germany) h Homogeneous recovery (Sha). An acceptable level of the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases of TPPs is in most revealed 100-200 mg / ME. In the USSR, only primary technological measures to reduce nitrogen-eyed emissions "On most TPPs of the USSR, specific emissions of nitrogen ocoids (at I MW-H) exceed similar to the United States 2-3 times. [...]

Existing standards and emission standards and smoke are periodically revised. For example, "Diesels, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines. Emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. Norms and methods of determination "(instead of GOST 17.2.2.05-86); "Diesels, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines. The smoke of exhaust gases. Norms and methods of determination "(instead of GOST 17.2.2.02-86). [...]

Rules No. 83 regulate the emissions of vehicles of category M (means for transportation of not more than eight passengers) and category N (trucks full mass up to 3.5 tons). Tests are carried out on a stand with running drums on a special ride cycle, taking into account the movement of the car both in urban environments and the city. Norms of emissions of toxic substances according to these rules are determined in g / km. [...]

In tab. 5.9 shows the values \u200b\u200bof the emissions of new vehicles of type M1, N1 in European countries on the first type of test (in the driving cycles). [...]

To fulfill existing and promising emissions of harmful substances PBX with ignition from compression and spark ignition, it is necessary to apply the set of measures (Table 3.27 and 3.28), which is implemented in modern designs engines. [...]

In 1997, new regulations of the specific emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere for newly created boiler plants were introduced in the Russian Federation (GOST R 50831-95). They are focused on the modern level of technical progress. In tab. 2.3 The corresponding norms of solid particle emissions are given. [...]

Thus, the PDV is scientifically substantiated technical norm Emissions of harmful substances from industrial sources into the atmosphere, its correct calculation requires knowledge of the specified parameters of sources, properties of ejected harmful substances and atmospheric conditions. [...]

There are three thermal neutralization schemes of gas emissions: direct burning in flame, thermal oxidation and catalytic combustion. Direct burning in flame and thermal oxidation is carried out at temperatures of 600-800 ° C; Catalytic combustion - at 250-450 "p. The selection of the neutralization scheme is determined by the chemical composition of pollutants, their concentration, the initial gas emission temperature, volume flow and maximum permissible emission standards of pollutants. [...]

The model control exposure is temporarily agreed emission standards, discharges and payments rates on them, as well as planned environmental capital and current costs, directed to reduced or prevent damage to environmental pollution and rational use of natural resources. [...]

The addition of the BOZ has gained an interesting meaning in the light of providing federal EOG emissions. In the past for most power plants working on the corner and other installations, the formation of God when burning the sulfur contained in the corner was considered as an additional benefit. A sufficient amount of sulfur dioxide oxidized to three-folds, which was adsorbed and improved the properties of the dust layer. But when using low-sighted coal caused by the need to comply with emission standards, the resistance of the dust layer has changed and, as a result, the initial traction efficiency has changed. In fig. 5.28 shows changes in the electrical resistance of the volatile ash of stone coal, depending on the content of sulfur in the corner. Although to clarify the position of the curve, a larger number of data is necessary, the effect of decreasing sulfur content on resistance is completely obvious. Thus, currently the designer of gamphous devices should take into account changes in the composition of flue gases caused by changes in federal standards. [...]

The development of automotive exhaust controls contributed to the establishment of emission standards. It should be noted that the adoption of laws ahead of the development of car production and, as it turned out, was taken without taking into account the difficulties of achievements of limited emissions. [...]

It is fundamentally important that the use of the final product of the TPP (electricity) allows to reduce emissions of pollutants in other industries (for example, the development of electric transport, the translating of bakery on the electric furnace improves the ecology of production). Taking into account this circumstance and the fact that there are approximately 50% of the combined organic fuel, while compliance with the standards of specific emissions of pollutants from boiler installations of the TPP quota in the overall air pollution should be 0.5 MPC. In other words, if the power supply standards are performed and the concentration of pollutants in the air does not exceed 0.5 PDKMR, although the pollution from the TPP and exceeds the established proportion of the MPC, the TPP emissions should be assigned to the PDA category. Goskomita authorities in such cases should take measures to reduce background pollution due to the work of enterprises located in the influence of the TPP and do not provide emission standards for them, or the city administration (region) should decide to reduce the load of the TPP or other enterprises of the region. [...]

With the introduction of GOST 17.2.3.02-78 "Nature Protection. The rules' establishing permissible emissions of harmful substances by industrial enterprises increased the role of emissions control directly in air pollution sources. To control gross emissions in pipes and mines, through which harmful substances are emitted, gas analyzers and flow meters are required, which determine the concentration of harmful substance in the emissions of the mixture and its consumption. When operating enterprises, it allows you to obtain specific information on the number and mode of emissions by individual sources, to identify the basic perpetrators of air pollution and timely take measures to reduce the amount of ejected harmful substances. This method of control is widely used in overseas practice. In England, Germany, USA, Japan, France and Sweden there are laws on the control of emissions of industrial enterprises. For violation of emissions rate, cash fines are envisaged, which are usually superimposed by police inspectors for air purity. [...]

Taking into account that more than 60% of Russian international road trains do not comply with European emission standards, it can be assumed that it is precisely such a number of vehicles and should be translated into natural gas in the first place. In the future, in the northern plot of MTK-9, it is possible to count on about 60 thousand working round flights of Russian road trains per year working on natural gas. [...]

In connection with the proven harmful effect on human health in 1973, the norms of emission were established on asbestos, beryllium and mercury. These norms refer both to the use of materials containing asbestos and to precautions that must be accepted in the construction and destruction of buildings. Beryllium emission rates are applicable to industrial processes in which beryllium, beryllium ore or alloys, containing more than 25% of beryllium by weight, and establish the emission rate in such processes. The mercury standard is applicable to stationary sources relating to the processing of mercury ore, regeneration and disposal of mercury and the use of chlorine cells for the production of gaseous chlorine and alkali metal hydroxide. [...]

Environmental requirements for transport facilities and transport technologies are normalized in the form of extremely permissible emission standards of toxic substances with exhaust gases of vehicles, noise levels, vibrations, electromagnetic fields, specific consumption of certain types of natural resources, comfort level, etc. [...]

The end of July. The depressurization of the membranes of several TVS on the NIIAR reactor (Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region) with abnormal emissions of gas and aerosols, the total activity of which amounted to 5 thousand Curi. The release continued during the week. [...]

Thus, it became possible to formalize (translate into monetary terms) environmental costs, applying extremely agreed emission and discharge rates, payments on them. The problem is aggravated by economic downturn and high ecological tensions in a number of areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. [...]

In assessing the consequences of the impact of industrial activity on the atmospheric air, the current criterion are currently current emissions. In 1994, the amounts of substances thrown into the atmosphere above the norm were 260.9 thousand tons, which indicates the need for consistent and focused work to reduce emissions of pollutants to allowed limits, improving methods and means of controlling emissions to the atmosphere, the implementation of automated Environmental monitoring systems. [...]

In the 90s. 146,606 enterprises and organizations were examined by state environmental control authorities and it was established that 24,490 of them exceeded the norms of pollutant emissions. There were also 1840 cases of volleune, emergency discharges of harmful substances that entailed billionage damages and harmed human health. [...]

Based on the data contained in the environmental passport, environmental authorities are determined by the enterprise the amount of environmental fees, establish the maximum permissible norms of emissions (discharges) of pollutants, carry out an environmental expertise of the enterprise reconstruction projects, control the compliance with the enterprise of environmental legislation, etc. [...]

Thus, it is necessary to obtain schemes for the transfer and scattering of pollutants for the selected area based on local atmospheric mathematical models. If there are data on emissions required for the scattering model, you can get cards of calculated concentrations for various pollutants in the whole region. If the model is successful, the data applied to the card will be confirmed by real data obtained at the atmosphere condition stations. The proven model can then be used to establish emission standards from sources so that they can satisfy the permissible standards of the quality of ambient atmospheric air in the area. Such models are also useful for predicting the influence of new (future) sources on air quality to establish emission standards for these new sources, allowing to maintain the desired level of air quality. [...]

To design the burning of gaseous waste, several factors need to be known, in particular the chemical composition of pollutants, their concentrations, the initial temperature of gas emissions, their volume flow and extremely permissible norms of emission of pollutants. Based on this data, you can choose optimal option The burning process. There are processes of direct burning in the flame, as well as thermal and catalytic oxidation. [...]

Taking into account the importance of accounting when developing PDV technical levelThe achieved (or achievable) technological level of a production process is very useful to develop emission standards and per unit of products. Such a rule without being the main (the main must be the normalized PDV for the source of pollution, providing security for public health and ecosystems, high quality environment), can be extremely useful for the development of restrictions on pollution discharges in one industry - can (for proper orientation) establish such The average rate of the industry, for the new enterprises under construction, various categories of already existing enterprises, etc. When when developing the PDV norms for a source of pollution, it is indicated for the need to account for the achieved (or achievable) technological level, a quantitative expression of such a level may be the rationing of reset (or Additions) into the environmental pollution environment for industrial enterprises, per unit path of run - for vehicles, etc. Such an approach in some countries (US, Sweden, etc.) has already found practical application. [...]

The use of coal for industrial purposes and for heating is declining (except for metallurgy and production of electricity), the competitive atomic energy, hydropower, natural gas energy, solar, geothermal energy, as well as wind energy. However, today's emission standards for power plants in developing countries are forced to go to new technologies, more expensive, and this reduces the economic advantages of energy at the corner (especially compared to natural gas). In the production of electricity using carbon oxide emissions of C02 in 2, more than more than from natural gas; This is due to the very low thermal capacity of coal at the ratio of carbon and hydrogen (C: H). [...]

Air Basin Board PC. California, Engine Manufacturers Association, Society of Automotive Engineers and Coordination Scientific Council developed a methodology for testing, known as the method of the Air Basin Council PC. California (SAKV) with a 13-mode cycle for testing diesel engines. Established in 1974 on the basis of this cycle of the norm for diesel and gasoline engines Trucks make up: 16 g / l. from. per hour of ns and n0, 40 g / l. from. per hour CO, also a 20% indication of the Smokeomer of the Environmental Protection Agency during overclocking and 15% indication of the smokeomer when braking. The norms of permissible ejection of the NA and N0 in 1975 in the pcs. California amounted to 5 g / l. from. at one o'clock. For comparison, it should be noted that the purpose of producers of diesel engines is: 3 g / l. from. per hour of ns, 7.5 g / l. from. per hour CO, 12.5 g / l. from. per hour N0 plus smoke emission rate. Typical data on emission of exhaust gases modern engines Presented in table. 10.8; The data is taken from the publication of Walte-RA. From the data presented in Table. 10.8 For engines with a volume of 11.224 dm3, it can be seen that, using or recycling exhaust gases or water injection, you can reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides. [...]

Semi-dry absorption or mocrosion methods of desulfurization of gases as new technologies appeared in the late 80s. They were particularly attractive when using small coal and moderate requirements for SO2 trapping efficiency at 70 -80%. Most of the liquid-phase (scrubbed) settings of the desulfurization of gases, built until 1978, were also designed to clean the effectiveness of 70 - 80%. Legislative standards for sulfur dioxide emissions remained in force until the end of 1990 in the United States and in most European Union countries (EU). Given the realities of those years quite natural is the emergence of new phosphors of technologies, allowing to reduce capital costs for the construction of installations, while maintaining the degree of capturing SO2. [...]

Methods for cleaning nitrous gases. In industry, only alkaline and catalytic methods for cleaning nitrous gases from nitrogen oxides were distributed. Alkaline methods are based on the interaction of nitrogen oxides with alkalis aqueous solutions. Formed with nitric acid and nitrogenous salts are used in industry and agriculture as commodity products. The disadvantage of alkaline methods is the low degree of purification of gases that does not satisfy the sanitary standards of emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. [...]

In a review made by F. E. Dubinskaya, A. K. Svkutin, and others, it contains conclusion about the feasibility of equipping the existing breeding of industrial enterprises with a small productivity for metal by the carbon monoxide system (mounted in the Wagranca mine) and wet sparks. As for the new brainstorming of great performance, it is recommended to build them only on the sample developed by the "Centerolit" plant, equipping the Venturi and recuperators. Permissible rates of emissions into the atmosphere for existing cast iron vegranok are recommended to be administered taking into account the power of the Vagranki and the duration of its operation (the number of working hours per day). [...]

As you know, to date, the focus of industry focused on solving technical and technological problems. In the current heavy ecological situation of one of the priority measures for the country's transition to the path of sustainable development: is the improvement of economic mechanisms for managing environmental issues by state structures and within the enterprises themselves. The latter includes the implementation of the impact assessment: on the environment at the stage of designing production capacity and environmental audit at the operations of functioning: so that the activities of the enterprise are carried out in accordance with the established limits and regulations of emissions / discharges of pollutants established by the procedure for applying and placing solid and hazardous waste, ensuring strict control over the use and disposal of chemicals and toxic substances.

Control of the toxicity of the diesel engine on the brake stand

Maximum permissible indicators of smoke when testing vehicles with diesel engines

* Norms are given for an effective dynamomer base L \u003d 0.43 m.

Control on the bench with running drums. Control of the toxicity of diesel engines mounted on vehicles with a total mass of 400 to 3,500 kg is carried out at the flow cycle modes on the stand with running drums on the OST 37.001.054-86, which extends to cars with gasoline engines and with diesel engines. In Europe, these tests are carried out according to the rules No. 83.03 (type 1). The norms for the emission of CO, CH + NOH and particles are given in Table. 10.

Table 10.

Notes:

1 - n x min - the minimum rotation frequency of the motor shaft when working at idle;

2 - n x max - the speed of rotation corresponding to the maximum torque value;

3 - n x n - rotation frequency corresponding to the rated power.

Tests are carried out on a stand equipped with devices according to GOST 14846-81 and equipment for measuring CO, CH and NOh emissions.

When testing should be recorded:

Concentrations in the exhaust gases of carbon oxide (% of volume), hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (pp --1);

The rotational speed of the crankshaft, min -1;

Torque torque, nm;

Hourly fuel consumption, kg / h;

Hour air flow, kg / h;

The temperature of the exhaust gases, coolant, oil, air and fuel, 0 C;

Pulvement in the inlet pipe, mm of water. st; Compression in the graduation pipe, mm of water. Art.; Barometric pressure, mm RT. Art.

Gas analysis OG should be performed using high-speed continuing gas analyzers with registration of the results of the analysis on the tape of the self-examination with a stand speed of at least 10 mm / min.

To determine the concentration of CO, an undisperse infrared gas analyzer must be applied, for CH - flame-ionization, and for noh - chemiluminescent. The relative error of gas analyzes should not be more than ± 3% of the limit value of the scale for any component.

When testing diesel engines in order to reduce the loss of hydrocarbons in the tubes of the CH supply to the gas analyzer, it is heated by a samplement system, providing the temperature of the OG sample in the range of 150-200 0 C.

The calculation of the specific emissions of harmful substances in g / (kWh) is made by the formulas given in the standard.

Diesel is considered to be the relevant requirements of the standard, if the values \u200b\u200bof the specific emissions of the CH, CH and NOH for the test cycle do not exceed the norms specified in Table. eleven.

Exhaust gas emissions rates

rationing emissions toxic gas

The article discusses the features of the application of national and international standards for the rationing of emissions of toxic gas and the dynamics of spent gases of cars. The requirements are analyzed regulatory documents (ND), are given specifications, including requirements for the metrological characteristics of gas analyzers and smokeomers.

In Ukraine B. last years There is a rapid increase in the number of cars. It is the spent gases of cars produced today from 80% to 90% pollution of the atmosphere in cities and large megalopolis. Without the relevant regulatory support, it is impossible to control the ecological state of cars, both during their release and during operation. This encourages work on standardization in this area with the aim of adapting to international ND and the creation of new national standards from the rationing of exhaust gas emissions. At the international level, there has already been a significant work in this direction, because the feasibility of the harmonization of domestic legislation in accordance with the requirements of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the European Union (EU) is no doubt. Until 2000, one single standard was operating in Ukraine, which regulated carbon oxide emissions (CO) and hydrocarbons (CNHM) idling Accordingly, from 1.5 vol. % up to 3.0 about % and from 0.1 about % up to 0.3 vol. % (1000 PPM - 3000 PPM).

The standards were established depending on the number of cylinders and idle mode, at minimum and increased engine speed, for all types and brands of gasoline engines. The level of smoke of diesel engines was regulated by the standard, in accordance with the requirements of which chimney should not exceed 40% to 50% for diesel engines without superimposed and with superior. Mentioned standards did not take into account the type of fuel used by cars, the temperature of the engine, there was no protocol form of measurement results, the measurement error did not meet modern requirements.

Thus, it was necessary to create modern domestic standards, harmonized with international standards, which would normalize the level of emissions from motor vehicles (PBX) in accordance with environmental requirements. In early 2004, two new environmental national standards were developed and commissioned in Ukraine, which, accordingly, regulate the norms of the smoke and toxicity of exhaust gases from the PBX, which operate on gasoline or gas fuel. Car smoke (engines) according to should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bshown in Table. 1. The principle of the effect of the smokeomer is based on the measurement of the optical density of the focused flux of light, which passes through the exhaust gas. The level of weakening the luminous flux to enter the exhaust gas and after passing through it and is a measure of smoke. The smoke of exhaust gases of the car engine is determined by indicators (coefficients) attenuation of the light flux, which arises as a result of absorption and dispersion of the radiation stream from the light source (which forms a parallel beam) in the dymomer measuring chamber: - the natural indicator (coefficient) of the K, M -one; - linear indicator (coefficient) of inquiring N,%. Natural indicator (factor) of injecting, M-1 (Light Absorption Coefficient or Absorption Coefficient) - the inverse thickness of the exhaust gas layer, passing which, the flow of radiation from the light source of the smokeomer is weakened at a time:

where: f - the light flow from the light source of the smokeomer, which registers the photocell after passing the stream through the measured medium of exhaust gases in the dymomer measuring chamber; F0 is a light flux from the light source of the smokeomer, which registers a photocell after passing the stream through clean air in the dimmer measuring chamber, not filled with spent gases. The linear indicator (Linear Absorption Coefficient or Opacity) is the degree of weakening of the radiation flow from the smokeomer light source to a distance that is equal to the efficient dymeter base, as a result of absorption and dispersion of light by waste gases during the passage of the measuring chamber:

Note that the main indicator of the smoke that is normalized is the natural absorption indicator K, auxiliary - a linear absorption indicator N. The dependence of the natural absorption indicator from the linear is determined by the formula:

The graphical dependence of the natural absorption indicator K from the linear indicator N, as well as the table of recalculation of the values \u200b\u200bN in k and k to n are given in addition and DSTU 4276. Smoke measurements are carried out using instruments - optical smokers according to the measurement method. The smoke must be equipped with a channel for measuring the olive temperature (from 0 ° C to 150 ° C) and a tachometer for measuring the engine speed (from 0 rpm to 6000 rpm). Also included with the smokeman includes a printer for printing measurement results. The main inspected measurement error should not exceed ± 2%. The toxicity of cars (the contents of CNHM CO carbon and hydrocarbons in the spent gases of cars) is checked with special instruments - automatic infrared gas analyzers.

Table 1. Car smoke regulations (engines)

Car emission rates that work on different types Fuel is given in Table. 2, 3. The content of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in spent gases of cars is determined during the engine operation in idle mode for two speed of rotation of the crankshaft (further - shaft) - minimum (nine) and elevated (NPs) installed by the manufacturer. If the value of these frequencies is not established by the manufacturer in technical conditions or documents from the operation of the car, then the check is carried out on the nine \u003d 800 min-1 ± 100 min-1 and ns \u003d 2200 min-1 ± 100 min-1. Motor Olive Motor Temperature should not be less than 60 ° C. According to the requirements of gas analyzers, there must be measured, in addition to concentrations of CO and CH, engine speed, have an inserted printer for printing measurement results, the main dimensional measurement error for the measuring channels of the CO and CH concentration channels is normalized from 4% to 6%, and speed frequencies - 2% .

According to the percentage, the relative content of CO and CH is measured, and the euro standards regulate mass emissions in CO, CH, CH and NOx per unit of run for passenger cars and g / kW * year for freight. Methods and instruments for measurement are significantly different. According to national requirements, only an infrared measurement method is applied, and for the norms of euro - infrared for measuring CO, chemiluminescence for measuring NOx, flame-ionization to measure the amount of CNN hydrocarbons. The car is inspected at idling, which in fact can be carried out even in the field.

The test according to the euro standards requires complex and dear equipment - (hundreds of thousands of dollars), the car is installed on cross-country drums, it is mimicing its riding cycle in the conditions of the city: overclocking - straight movement - braking, and so several times (test time 20.3 min., Length of the conditional path 11.0 km). With these tests, with the help of gas analyzes, measurements of mass (absolute) emissions of harmful substances for a particular type of car are carried out. In addition, the euro standards regulate the levels of evaporation of fuel and lubricants from cars that are with the engine off, and solid particles in the spent gases of cars with diesel engines. In tab.

4 shows the rules of Euro 2, which have been introduced in Ukraine since 2002, orders of the then Ministry of Transport and the State Standard of Ukraine. There is also the law of Ukraine No. 2134-III of 07.12.2000 "On Amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the regulation of the car market in Ukraine." In one of his items, it was noted that cars without catalysts are prohibited to be imported into our country, which provide emissions of harmful substances in the exhaust gases at Euro 2.

Table 2. Fort to the allowable carbon content and hydrocarbons in the spent gases of cars not equipped with neutralizers

Table 3. Maximum allowable carbon content and hydrocarbons in spent gases of cars equipped with neutralizers

Euro standards also require the introduction of European standards for gasoline and diesel fuel in Ukraine.

Euro 2 norms acted in Europe until 2000. More stringent requirements of Euro 3 and 4 for passenger cars Categories M1 with a complete weight of less than 2.5 T given in Table. 5. These standards in the near future are scheduled for administration in Ukraine. The euro standards are primarily concerning car manufacturers, it is for the results of the tests of the type (brand) of the car for a special test ride cycle that simulates the movement of the car in the city movement, the compliance of the particular type of car environmental regulations is established. Standard requirements are focused on the operational points of the AtZ. Car checking is carried out at stations maintenance (Hundred), autocoiceratives, atZ parking, garages, motor transport enterprises (ATP), state automotive inspection (traffic police), with the help of a gas analyzer, it is important that the car is warmed, and the tests were carried out at an external temperature not lower than + 5 ° C.

In fact, the gas analyzer acts as an independent inspector, which diagnoses the ecological condition of the car, because it is important for all these enterprises, organizations, institutions to have modern, automatic gas analyzers that meet the requirements of the National Standard. It is necessary to maintain the technical state of the gas analyzer, to change the input dust filters as the input dust filters are contaminated, carried out, if necessary, technical correction on gas mixtures, delete condensate, in time to perform their verification in order to control the metrological characteristics. In addition to emissions (chimney and toxicity), the metrological characteristics of gas analyzers and smokers are normalized.

In international standards, such dualism is missing: Some standards clearly ignore emission levels (toxicity and smoke), while others establish requirements for the technical characteristics of gas analyzers and smokeomers: measurement ranges, measurement error, speed, control of non-informative parameters, and the like. There is also a third group of standards that establish directly procedure - the measurement methodology. International Standard establishes general technical, including metrological requirements and methods for testing measuring equipment (SIT), namely gas analyzers that measure the volumetric parts of certain components of gas emissions of wheel vehicles, and determines the conditions under which such SITs must meet all the requirements of documents International Organization of Legislative Metrology (OIML) to their operational characteristics.

The standard, in particular, is applied to gas analyzers that are used according to the procedure defined, during technical control and maintenance (COM) of vehicles with coercive (spark) ignition engines. These gas analyzers measure the bulk parts of one or more of such emission components: carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (NA, volume parts of N-hexane), oxygen (O2).

Table 4. Standards of Vibrations of Exhaust Gas - Euro 2

Table 5. Emission standards for large passenger cars and trucks - Euro 3 and Euro 4

The measurement ranges of the gas analyzer are shown in Table. 6. The values \u200b\u200bof the maximum permissible errors (Table 7) are applied to gas analyzers under normal operating conditions - the main error. The standard applies to SIT, the principle of operation is to absorb infrared radiation CO, CO2 and CH. Oxygen is usually measured by an electrochemical sensor. However, the standard does not exclude the use of alternative SIT, which, although based on other principles of action, are responsible for all certain general technical, including metrological requirements and have satisfactory results of appropriate tests. The standard consider the sieves of three accuracy classes: 0, I, II. Also clearly prescribed values \u200b\u200band techniques of verification of the characteristics of the gas analyzer: measurement error, speed, measurement result drif, the stability of zero testimony, sensitivity, the effect of non-informative values, the effect of interference and non-measured values; Environmental parameters, magnetic and electric fields, etc.

Another international standard defines the procedure, a direct measurement method of toxic gas emissions concentration from wheel vehicles during technical control or something. The standard is used to the PBX with the maximum allowed full mass, which does not exceed 3.5 tons. The test methodology is used in fully or partially during: - technical control; - official road check (for example, by militia); - That and diagnosis.

Table 6. Gas analyzer measurement range according to

Table 7. The maximum allowable measurement error of the gas analyzer in accordance with ISO 3930

Standard in detail, gradually regulates the measurement procedure directly: where and how it is a gas analyzer and a car, what length is the sampling probe in exhaust pipe, Measuring time, engine operation modes, safety conditions, and the like. Thus, if in Ukraine there is a valid standard that covers a wide range of issues regarding the procedures for the control of the environmental state of ATC and includes emission standards, and the measurement methodology, and the requirements for technical and metrological characteristics of the SIT, then in most Western countries such standards , for the problem of controlling the exhaust gases, several. For example, three separate interconnected standards operate from the toxicity control, with a clear section of authority: emission level standards; Requirements for gas analyzers; Procedure and method of applying a gas analyzer. The standards are harmonized by the Technical Committee of the Standardization of TC 80 "Road Transport", the secretariat of which leads the State Enterprise "Public Automotive Research and Design Institute" (DP "Holding Avto Transndiproekt"), and now pass the coordination procedure in relevant institutions.

At the moment, a variety of gas analyzers, smokers, which are produced in many countries, are present on the Ukrainian market, which are produced in many countries with different technical specifications. During the acquisition of such devices, it should be borne in mind that they were manufactured in the respective countries under their national standards and, which is especially important (this is often not taken into account by Ukrainian consumers), under their national metrological control systems, including calibration and calibrations that do not coincide with Ukrainian, therefore, during the operation of these devices, there are always problems regarding ensuring the unity of measurements and, accordingly, the legality of their use. It is important to say that both the car must have "its" service station and a gas analyzer, smokeomer must have "its" enterprise (certified, licensed), which made it, implemented, and which further provides constant technical support, the supply of workers of gas mixtures , repair, calibration and preparation for the verification of organizations of the statestandart.

Among such enterprises that have the necessary experience, appropriate accreditation, equipment, qualified personnel, and can conduct a full range of works from maintenance, regulatory work and metrological training of gas analyzers and smokers: "Analytpros" (m. Kiev), NVF "SPECIBOR" ( m. Lugansk), "Analytics" (m. Kharkov), "Saidder" (m. Kiev). The main regulatory legal act, which regulates the requirements for gas analyzers of spent gases. Technical Regulations Regarding significant requirements for measuring equipment "(further - TR), in addition 10 of which the requirements for technical, including the metrological characteristics of exhaust gas analyzers.

For gas analyzes, two classes are installed - 0 and І. The corresponding minimum measurement ranges for these classes are shown in Table. 8. For each value of the measured bulk part, the maximum allowable error in the normalized working conditions, in accordance with clause 3.1.1 tr, should be responsible for one of the two values \u200b\u200b(absolute or relative error) (Table 9). From the two values \u200b\u200bgiven for each component choose such a rate of error, which meets the greater absolute error for this value of the bulk part. The absolute error is expressed in units of volumetric part - percent or million parts, the relative error is definitely as part of the division of the absolute error on the actual value and pronounced in percent. Requirements differ from the requirements in terms of the lack of gas analyzes of the second accuracy class, gas analyzers should only be zero or first class. When comparing the requirements of the standard and Trot, it was found that they are significantly different: the first is normalized and the emissions of two gases (CO and CH) are measured, in the second and - four gases (CO, CN, CO2, O2), different measurement ranges, different errors etc. Therefore, at this time, the expedient development of a national standard, harmonized from.

Table 8. Classes and measuring ranges of gas analyzers

Table 9. Maximum permissible error

conclusions

1. The analysis confirmed: despite the fact that standards were developed in 2004 and put into operation in 2006, they already need revision. The standards do not largely coincide with the requirements of TP, which is planned to be activated in Ukraine, in terms of technical, including metrological characteristics to gas analyzers. Also, the norms do not meet the requirements of the provision in order to be agreed by the state statute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in Appendix 3 which regulates the technical characteristics of the instruments during state-owned cars, including gas analyzers. The simultaneous action in Ukraine is National DSTU, the provision of car, international standard and tr, in one area of \u200b\u200bapplication, but with different requirements and parameters, creates a conflict of interest and disorient the owners of the PBX, the GAI, environmental inspections. Tr is developed on the basis of the relevant EU Directive, it is subject to introduction in Ukraine since 2018. At this time, a list of international standards, which will be the evidence base for this TR.

Therefore, first of all, the requirements of the standard and the international standard should be streamlined, which will soon become valid in Ukraine. 2. The emission standards for the PBX when they are released on the automobiles and the following checks during that, during operation, there must be different (when issuing more rigid), the nomenclature of controlled environmental parameters should be excellent, this feature must be taken into account when finalizing standards.

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