What consequences can globalization cause? Hello student. Prospects for the evolution of the globalization process

Topic No. 10 Advantages and threats of globalization

Modern humanity is faced with a number of problems that, thanks to

scale and importance for human life are called global. The term “global studies” was introduced into the scientific approach as a specific area of ​​international economic research.

Reasons for the globalization of the world economy

We can identify the main prerequisites (driving forces) that determine the process of globalization:

1. Production, scientific, technical and technological;

2. Organizational;

3. Economic;

4. Informational;

5. Political;

6. Social and cultural.

Most studies agree that, despite the diversity of global problems, they have a common specificity that sets them apart from other problems of the world economy.

General signs of globalization:

1. They are of a global nature, that is, they affect the interests and destinies of all (or at least the majority) of humanity;

2. They threaten humanity with a serious regression in living conditions and the further development of productive forces (or even the death of human civilization as such);

3. Need an urgent and urgent solution;

4. Interconnected;

5. For their solution, they require joint action of the entire world community.

Main groups of global problems:

1. Problems of a political and socio-economic nature:

a) Prevention of thermonuclear catastrophe, new world wars,

fight against international terrorism;

b) Normal functioning of the world economy;

c) Overcoming the backwardness of underdeveloped countries;

2. Problems of a natural and economic nature:

a) Environmental problem;

b) Energy problem;

c) Food problem;

d) Raw material problem;

e) Problems of the World Ocean.

3. Social problems:

a) Demographic problem;

b) The problem of interethnic relations;

c) Crisis of culture and morality;

d) Democracy deficit;

e) Problems of urbanization;

f) Health protection.

Positive aspects of globalization:

1. acceleration of economic development;

2. rapid technological growth;

3. increase in the quantity and quality of consumed products;

4. emergence of new jobs;

5. free access to information, dissemination of knowledge;

6. improvement and increase in living standards;

7. improving mutual understanding between different cultures.

Problems that could potentially cause negative consequences from globalization processes in all countries include:

· uneven distribution of benefits from globalization across

individual sectors of the national economy;

· possible deindustrialization of national economies;

· the possibility of transferring control over the economies of individual countries from sovereign governments to other hands, including to stronger states or international organizations;

· possible destabilization of the financial sector, potential

regional or global instability due to interdependence

national economies at the global level.

Negative sides of globalization:

1. instability in the development of the economies of many countries;

2. widening gap in socio-economic development between countries;

3. stratification of society, impoverishment of the bulk of the population;

4. loss of controllability of national economies, the ability of states to carry out

nationally oriented economic policy;

5. increased scale of migration;

6. exacerbation of global problems;

7. domination of international monopolies

8. growth of external debt, primarily international financial

organizations that impede further progress;

9. increasing dependence of less developed countries on stability and

normal functioning of the world economic system;

10. introduction of mass culture, loss of the originality of countries.

On the one hand, globalization is a process of unification and integration of humanity, accompanied by an increase in the quality of life and the level of well-being of mankind, the acceleration of economic and political development of countries, and the intensification of the exchange of technological, scientific and cultural achievements between different countries and peoples.

On the other hand, globalization is a deepening on an unprecedented scale of the gap between the rich West and the poor non-Western world, an increase with extraordinary speed in the gap between the development of Western countries and the backwardness of all non-Western countries, the strict dictatorship of the West over the rest of the world, the unification of the national and cultural identity of the peoples of the planet , their spiritual identity, the destruction of national sovereign statehood, standardization and spiritual devastation of the human personality.

Globalization leads to deepening heterogeneity, to the emergence of a new model of the world - the 20:80 world, the one-fifth society.

80% of all resources are controlled by the so-called “golden billion”, which covers only a fifth of the planet’s population (including the USA and Western European countries - 70% of the world’s resources). The prosperous 20% of countries control 84.7% of the world's GNP, their citizens account for 84.2% of world trade and 85.5% of domestic savings. Developed countries, using openness and globalization to their advantage, seek to consolidate the existing status quo. Great concern is caused by the US desire to strengthen the unipolarity of the world. It is not surprising that in the Arab world, for example, globalization is associated with the “Americanization” of the world system, the “new

colonialism." The interdependence characteristic of world development at the beginning and middle of the twentieth century is being replaced by the one-sided dependence of the “third world” on the “first”.

The heterogeneity of the world is also evident in the following data: just 358 billionaires own the same wealth as 2.5 billion people combined, almost half of the world's population

Global trends in economic globalization inherent in Ukraine are as follows:

. increasing material interest in economic cooperation with other countries;

. creation of global infrastructure (transport system, communications, television, Internet);

. development of the international division of labor, taking into account the natural, geographical, economic and social factors of the country.

Ukraine, as one of the founding countries of the United Nations, has participated and intends to participate in the implementation of United Nations programs aimed at solving acute socio-economic problems of the countries of the world.

These problems are focused on:

. poverty reduction, optimization of demographic processes, use of environmentally friendly energy sources, development of economic programs that ensure human development, equal partnership and international cooperation;

. development of agriculture and other traditional sectors of the least developed countries;

. activation of the creative abilities of the population, the activities of scientific and technological institutions for the development of the material and spiritual potential of developing countries;

. reducing the risks of joint investment, improving the quality, reliability and efficiency of investment projects;

. preventing degradation of the natural environment;

. a sharp increase in economic growth rates in developing countries.

Ways to counter the threats of globalization

Globalization has become an important real aspect of the modern world system, one of the most influential forces determining the further course of development of our planet.

According to the International Monetary Fund, globalization is “the increasingly intensive integration of both markets for goods and services and capital.”

According to a broader definition, globalization is the dominant single global system after the end of the Cold War, resulting from the interdependence of national economies, based on:

on the unhindered movement of capital;

information openness of the world;

rapid technological update;

lowering tariff barriers and liberalizing the movement of goods and capital;

communication convergence;

planetary scientific revolution;

international social movements;

new types of transport;

implementation of telecommunication technologies;

international education.

Highlight main sources of globalization:

1) technological progress, which has led to a sharp reduction in transport and communication costs, a significant reduction in the costs of processing, storing and using information. Information services are directly related to advances in electronics: the creation of e-mail, the Internet, etc.;

2) trade liberalization and other forms of liberalization, which caused restrictions on protectionist policies and made world trade freer. As a result, tariffs were significantly reduced and many barriers to trade in goods and services were eliminated;

3) transnationalization, within which a certain share of production, consumption, exports, imports and income of a country depends on the decisions of international centers outside the borders of a given state. The leading forces are transnational corporations, which themselves are both the result and actors of internationalization;

4) achieving global consensus in assessing the market economy and the free trade system.

Globalization means an orientation towards the blurring of national borders, the elimination of state sovereignty, and the primacy of common moral and political values.

The basis of globalization was the crisis-free development of the most developed capitalist countries, based on the 130-month growth of the American economy (1992-2001). The administrations of R. Reagan, G. Bush Sr., and B. Clinton built their policies based on the strategic goals of globalization. George W. Bush continued the same line.

Factors of globalization:

economic: huge concentration and centralization of capital, the growth of large corporations, including companies and financial groups, which in their activities increasingly go beyond national borders, mastering the global economic space;

political: state borders are gradually losing their significance, becoming more and more transparent, providing more and more opportunities for freedom of movement of all types of resources;

technical: means of transport and communication create unprecedented opportunities for the rapid dissemination of ideas, goods, and finance;

social: the weakening of the role of traditions, social ties, and customs contributes to the mobility of people in a geographical and spiritual sense.

international: the dynamics of globalization are associated with the dates of major international events. There are three milestones that stimulated the processes of globalization:

a) the Conference of the European Communities in Luxembourg in 1985, which adopted the European Act, which proclaimed freedoms in the international movement of goods, people, services and capital;

b) the conference of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1986, which opened the Uruguay Round of negotiations (mainly on the reduction of tariffs and other restrictions on trade), which lasted 8 years;

c) reunification of Germany, liquidation of CMEA and the Warsaw Pact.

Among the prerequisites for the globalization process, great importance is attached to the end of the Cold War and the overcoming of ideological differences between East and West.

In practical terms, globalization means, first of all, the reduction of barriers between different economies, which promotes trade exchanges. The previous system of international division of labor is changing towards a single global economy, dominated by the “global triad” – North America, the EU and East/West Asia. It is home to the world's main productive forces and the megamarkets of the global economy, in which globalized transnational corporations (TNCs) play a central role. TNCs are the main engines of globalization (38,500 “father” TNCs with a global scope of activity and a global strategy).

Globalization is a process driven by market rather than state forces, balanced budgets, privatization, openness to investment and market flows, and currency stability. Globalization also means achieving homogeneity of life: prices, products, the level and quality of healthcare, income levels, and bank interest rates tend to align at the global level.

Main characteristics of a globalizing world:

1) globalization has affected only a small group of developed countries.

It practically does not affect Africa, almost all of Latin America, the entire Middle East (with the exception of Israel), Asia;

2) globalization can cause the rapid ruin of countries due to crushing competition;

3) the process of globalization is often accompanied by processes of reculturation (loss of national culture);

4) in the Western world, some of the hired workers became victims of globalization, whose jobs lost the protection of the state. Even large trade unions turned out to be opponents of globalization there;

5) there is no genuine anti-globalization ideology, although there are signs of growing dissatisfaction with globalization;

6) globalization does not mitigate, but increases global inequality. The strongest leading countries receive advantages. The richest fifth of the world's population has 86% of the world's domestic product, 82% of the world's export market, and 74% of the world's telephone lines. 91% of Internet users live in the rich world. The poorest countries account for 95% of population growth.

One of the ideologists of globalization, J. Attali (the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), sees representatives of the financial elite as the driving force of globalization. Financiers, from Attali's point of view, will ultimately rise above the world as its supranational and supranational elite, turning into a world government. Using modern information technologies, they will turn our planet into a single financial and economic space, in which even a person himself will turn into a commodity, and his merits will be judged by only one criterion - the amount of money in his wallet. However, the money itself will take the form of magnetic cards. Japan will most likely become the geopolitical (read – financial) center of this society. In it, as now in the USA, the central bodies of world (financial, technical and cultural) power will be concentrated. According to Attali, the new form of the commercial system must be accepted as inevitable.

Representatives of various directions in the theory of international politics have different assessments of the process of globalization and its role in establishing a new world order. Among the various assessments and scenarios of this process, two main points of view can be distinguished:

Optimistic position. Its supporters believe that globalization creates the material prerequisites for the gradual rapprochement of peoples, equalizing the level of their economic and social development, strengthening democracy, and optimizing the decision-making process. The commonality of equipment, technologies, consumer goods, the development of international communication through the Internet, media, etc. will contribute to the growth of elements of similarity in work, clothing, food, lifestyle, politics, culture, and mentality among representatives of different nations. Because of fear of terrorism and under the threat of exacerbation of global human problems, nations will give up their sovereign rights to international organizations that will establish strict order and ensure planetary stability. Some of the functions of national governments will be taken over by business represented by international organizations representing it. Reason and interests of survival, as well as the leadership and desire for democracy of the only superpower - the United States - will help people overcome hostility and mistrust. As a result of all this, for the first time in history, humanity will appear as a single rationally organized whole - a “planetary village”.

Realistic position. Its adherents question optimistic expectations. They believe that over the past millennia, human nature has not changed and humanity has not developed immunity against violence and wars, which are becoming more and more destructive. Modern humanity has no less reasons for pessimism than for optimism. The power of the human mind may well be aimed not at creation, but at the destruction of the achievements of civilization, resources and wealth. Growing inequality in the world can foreshadow nothing other than international conflicts.

This is also facilitated by the worsening environmental and raw material problems. If the level of resource consumption in currently economically backward countries approaches the current level of the United States, then the expected at least eight billion world population by 2050 will not be able to subsist due to food shortages.

The process of globalization, following the model implemented by the United States, leads to the fact that the most important decisions affecting other nations are made by a narrow group of American and Western financiers and mediacrats, as well as politicians associated with them. Possession of financial, information and scientific resources allows the new world elite to exert an imperceptible influence on individual states according to the principle of the “trigger effect” - influencing key points that determine the development of social processes. As a result of this kind of action, while maintaining formal democratic institutions, the real world power becomes authoritarian.

Modern political science is not able to unambiguously predict the course of world development. Each of the positions discussed above may be realized to a greater or lesser extent. The practical implementation of forecasts largely depends on the democratic or authoritarian structuring of international relations. The democratic structure of international politics presupposes polycentrism, the presence of centers of influence, and the strengthening of the UN and other transnational organizations. The authoritarian model of international politics correlates with multipolarity and hegemony. In current conditions, it is expressed in the strategy - Pax Americana - organizing the world in an American way.

Any scenario of world development in the 21st century. involves the expansion and deepening of interethnic ties, the intensification of international politics.

The process of globalization represents integration and unification, which relate to the most diverse spheres of life of all states (economics, culture, politics, religion).

Globalization has seriously influenced changes in the structure of the world economy. The consequence of the changes was the division of labor. Also, the consequences of changes in the structure of the world economy include the process of migration. Thanks to the intensification of the globalization process, cultures from different countries are emerging.

The worldwide process of unification and integration is not chaotic, but systematized. Globalization is gradually covering all spheres of human life. Thus, all countries of the world are gradually connected with each other.

The emergence of such a concept as globalization still causes controversy among scientists. Some historians believe that the worldwide process of unification and integration is just one of the main stages on the path to capitalism. Economists say that the origin of globalization lies in the transnationalization of financial markets. According to cultural experts, globalization is nothing more than American economic emancipation.

According to the origin of the word globalization itself, the leading role in it has been occupied from the very beginning, which was known at all the most significant historical stages.

The history of the concept of globalization

The first features of globalization have been known since antiquity. One example of ancient globalization is the assertion of its hegemony in the Mediterranean by the Roman Empire. This in turn led to the interweaving of many cultures that previously did not border each other. In addition, at this stage there was an interregional division of labor.

Scientists believe that the origin of globalization lies in the 12th-13th centuries. At this time, intermarket relations between countries had just begun to develop in Western Europe, and the process of forming the European economy had also begun. The decline in the formation of the European economy occurred in the 14th-15th centuries. After which the intensification of globalization began again. This process occurred in the 16th-17th centuries. At that time, the priority was not only economic growth, which each state was trying to achieve, but also geographical discoveries that coexisted with navigation. Traders from Spain and Portugal gradually occupied the whole world. With Spanish and Portuguese traders occupying much of the world, the colonization of America began.

One of the first international companies was the Dutch East India Company. The seventeenth century marked the peak of its trade with all Asian countries.

In the nineteenth century, active industrialization began, which gradually led to the fact that the growth of trade between European countries, their colonies and the United States increased significantly.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the processes of worldwide globalization could not even be hindered by the First World War. European exports continued to grow. Based on the results of 1915, over the past hundred years it has grown more than forty times. Trade growth continued even into 1920, while the trade of Western European countries underwent a process of liberalization.

The process of globalization began to decline in 1930. The reason lay in the Great Depression and the introduction of high import duties. After the end of World War II, globalization began to develop in its previous mode, which was the process that characterized the process until 1930. It was facilitated by a number of positive factors, one of which was the rapid transportation of products thanks to the active construction of sea and railway routes. Accessible international communications have also led to an intensification of the process of worldwide globalization.

The main task facing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was the elimination of all currently existing barriers to international trade. The agreement was adopted in 1947 between several countries with a capitalist structure, as well as between several actively developing states at that time.

The GATT international conferences in 1964-1967 were a real breakthrough in this direction. After a series of international conferences, the World Trade Organization was formed (1995). Modern globalization begins its countdown with the formation of the World Trade Organization.

Globalization is a system in which the economic and cultural economies of the world's countries are united

Signs of globalization

• Single world currency
• Common international language
• Single labor market
• Uniform basic laws for all states
• Unified information space
• Single trade space without borders, duties, customs
• General production based on the principles of international division of labor
• Universalization of the cultures of the peoples of the world
• Free access to raw materials

Pros of globalization

• Introducing a significant part of the world's population to the achievements of Western civilization
• Overcoming by peoples of national and ethnic isolation
• Higher labor productivity
• Greater opportunities for people to realize themselves
• More convenient, comfortable, free life for millions of people
• Increased opportunity for cultural exchange between peoples

Disadvantages of globalization

• Destruction of centuries-old ways of life of peoples
• Destruction of the usual socio-cultural environment
• Destruction of customary systems of laws and order built up over decades and centuries
• Social upheavals caused by labor redistribution and rising unemployment
• Weakening of the economic role of the national state
• The withering away of the concept of national sovereignty

Consequences of globalization for humanity

The developed countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and Japan benefit from globalization, whose large financial and industrial complexes are driving this process and are interested in it. It is precisely the solutions to problems arising in the process of globalization that are dealt with by numerous international government institutions: the UN, the EU, the WTO, the IMF. It is precisely to ensure that the process of unifying the economies and social life of the countries of the world goes smoothly that efforts are being made to spread the American way of life and American laws.

However, the interconnection of economies becomes a cause of economic instability, because a crisis in one country immediately negatively affects the situation in other countries

Underdeveloped countries are losing from globalization. Their products become uncompetitive. Unemployment in cities is growing, agriculture is being destroyed due to backward forms of land use and agricultural technology, peasants are moving to cities, where they join the army of the unemployed and form slum areas. The destruction of rural communities leads to the destruction of the usual way of life, age-old traditions, which also contributes to the lumpenization of the population, a sharp division of society into the poor and the rich. creates protest potential in these countries, generating constant social and political instability.

Globalization is causing underdeveloped countries to fall further and further behind rich and successful ones. Lagging states turn into a source of social, political, economic, and military challenges for the more prosperous part

The Age of Globalization

Globalization is not something modern that arose recently, in the 20th or 21st century. The era contributed to the emergence of supranational corporations; for example, one of the first such companies was the Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602. But, indeed, globalization processes accelerated significantly after, when in 1947 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was concluded between the main capitalist countries. Then the Common Market, the European Union appeared in Europe, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank were created.

To what extent does the process of globalization reflect the realities of development of the modern world? In the media, in the sayings of politicians, in popular discussions, this term is heard regularly. To what extent does the frequency of its use reflect its real significance from the point of view of the development of an individual state? How strongly is Russia involved in global processes, and in what areas is this most evident?

Definition of globalization

According to a common definition, globalization refers to processes in which standards that are uniform for the whole world or for a relatively large group of states appear - in economics, politics, and social development.

When did this trend start to appear? There is a version that the first examples of globalization could be found back in the 60-70s of the 20th century. However, the processes in question entered their active phase around the turn of the 80s and 90s. According to some experts, this may be due to the fall of the communist regime: the world has ceased to be divided into two political “camps”, and the obstacles to intensifying international cooperation in the development of common standards in various aspects of development have disappeared.

Signs of globalization

What are the characteristics of world globalization? Experts name the following.

• Firstly, this is a change in the global economic space. There is a trend in which businesses existing in different countries, dissimilar in culture and mentality, operate on the basis of common approaches. The latter are intended, according to analysts, to smooth out the potential for contradictions between the cooperating parties.
• Secondly, this is the erasing of boundaries in many manifestations. This may concern the flow of information, capital, goods, and services. There are trends towards erasing political boundaries as well. Despite the fact that citizens of others often need a visa to visit some states, interethnic contacts, expressed in the exchange of cultural experiences, business models, and tools for solving social problems, are in many cases welcomed.
• Thirdly, this is the unification of various kinds of social standards, approaches to the development of education and upbringing. Examples of globalization in this area, if we talk about Russia, are the introduction of test systems for student certification (USE), as is happening in many Western countries. The activities of many trade union and human rights organizations around the world are also carried out on the basis of fairly similar standards.
• Fourthly, there is a globalization of everyday life and patterns of everyday behavior. This manifests itself in many aspects. The most striking example is, perhaps, “socialization” online. The whole world is on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and their national analogues, uses Wikipedia and Google, and communicates via Skype. Other examples of globalization are similar standards in clothing and food products. If we talk about it, very few people walk down the street in traditional costumes or eat national food with a regularity that would be comparable to going to McDonald's.

Reasons for globalization

What is the reason for the fact that the integration processes in question began to occur? Why did the world begin to develop in the context of globalization? Experts see several possible explanations.

Development of communication channels

First of all, we are talking about the Internet. Having access to the global virtual space, people in one way or another strive to learn the culture of other nations, learn new things in politics, and adopt the experience of other states in various fields. The Internet has become, as many experts believe, a medium for the formation of many global standards, contributed to the development of principles of mutual understanding between nations, and the desire to find common ground in relation to world development and politics.

At the same time, according to some analysts, the Internet has become just a tool of globalization. The root cause of the activation of the processes in question lay, according to experts, in other phenomena. Moving on to the next points, we will try to reveal their essence.

Long-term leadership of the Western political system

Citing above examples of globalization in everyday life - those that are associated with uniform standards in clothing and products, we, trying to specify them, would not find any other option but to admit that these are all Western models. We dress in jeans invented in the USA. We wear sneakers, which in their modern form were invented, according to one version, by German designers. We eat pizza of Italian origin. A number of experts probably rightly believe that Western standards in everyday life arose for a reason.

Globalization, according to one point of view, is a direct consequence of political processes. After the US-led Western bloc defeated the communist one, the West began to “globalize” the planet in order to strengthen its position. Examples of globalization in economics are found everywhere. This includes the activities of the IMF, Forex, and the work of international payment systems, world market leaders - VISA and MasterCard. There are, of course, also examples of globalization in politics along Western lines. This is, first of all, parliamentarism.

Nowadays, few experts dare to unambiguously assess the prospects for a “pro-Western” orientation of the world due to well-known political events. However, few dispute the fact that at the moment globalization has a predominantly Westernized connotation.

Availability that needs to be resolved together

Another point of view regarding the nature of globalization is based on the fact that the development of modern human civilization requires efforts from states and nations to solve a large number of problems on a planetary scale. They are related to ecology, climate, and economic challenges. If the world, as proponents of this point of view believe, acts in fragments, then many states will not be able to cope with the problems. As a result, a large number of trouble spots will arise on the planet, both in the environmental aspect and in the social and political. Much more than now, when the world is monitoring problem areas more or less together.

Of course, there are examples of globalization that would speak of achieving results in solving world problems. This is, first of all, the dissemination of environmental standards developed in the world's leading laboratories and sent to developing countries. This is the activity of international humanitarian organizations helping the population of the most economically disadvantaged regions of the world. This is the spread of technologies that make it possible to at least partially compensate for the shortage of drinking water. This is to supply regions of the world where people suffer from viral infections with medicines.

Globalization or regionalization?

A number of experts express the thesis that absolute globalization, when uniform standards in society, politics, and business cover all countries of the world or at least a larger number of them, is unlikely. It is more appropriate to say, analysts believe, that today’s model of relations between states and nations does not tend to acquire as many signs of globality as possible. It would be more fair to talk about regionalization - that is, the unification of the efforts of states not within the entire planet, but within its individual territories.

This can be both at the political level and in the economy. A “hybrid” scenario is also possible, when both are taken into account. There are well-known examples of globalization - dollarization, an active policy of external borrowing, WTO standards. Not every one of them is compatible with the development of individual countries and even regions, as analysts believe. For example, Russia and its closest neighbors (Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia) chose to create their own economic space - the Eurasian Union. In order, as many experts believe, to protect, if possible, their national economy from the costs of contact with the above global trends.

Or maybe localization?

Examples of globalization in various areas may, experts believe, indicate that some standards adopted for a large number of countries are not very compatible with individual states. It would be much more appropriate, as an option, to subdivide them into those that would reflect the specifics of nations somewhat more locally. There are examples of globalization in Russia that reflect the fact that, due to the imperfection of standards designed for wide application, it would be better, according to experts, to have local rules.

There are a number of low-cost airlines around the world. They sell plane tickets very cheaply. For example, if the average standard fare between London and Berlin is about 200 euros, then a low-cost airline may well offer an option for 40 euros. In Russia in 2000, several such airlines operated at once. However, none of them was able to gain a foothold in the market. Various reasons were given - unwillingness to take into account the specifics of the formation of demand for tickets, insufficient awareness of the features of infrastructure at airports. One way or another, the first wave of low-cost airlines failed to take into account the local specifics of the Russian market. Of course, now new players have appeared in this segment, who are likely to take into account the mistakes of their predecessors.

Let us now consider examples of globalization in individual areas.

Financial globalization

Let's start with the financial one. Because it is one of the most comprehensive components of globalization. The main capital flows, as has been calculated by a number of economists, are of international origin. Transnational financial associations are being created. The resources of the international investment market largely determine the level and pace of economic development of a large number of states.

According to some experts, business processes in almost any country in the world can be controlled by structures from abroad. Even if we talk about such great economic powers as the USA, Germany, Japan. There is a version that in the early 90s, when the Japanese economy laid claim to unconditional world leadership, actions were taken at the level of international structures managing capital that caused very big problems for the economy of this distinctive country. As a result, this area of ​​Japan is still, according to a number of analysts, in recession.

Cultural globalization

If we consider such a phenomenon as the globalization of culture, what kind of examples can be cited first? It will probably be, first of all, music. The peoples of the world rarely hear national melodies. More and more - motives in the manner of modern pop groups. The situation is similar with films. National cinema in many countries around the world, experts believe, is not always able to compete with industry formats that are set at the global level. The culture of spending time is also largely the same. Cinema, fitness centers, football, shopping - all this is popular in every country.

Globalization in society

What are some examples of globalization in the social sphere? Many experts closely link this aspect to how the education system is structured. That is, the “school-university-work” model works in most countries of the world. Everyone is familiar with the well-known thesis that today's world society is a consumer society. The priorities of citizens belonging to different nations and living in fairly mutually distant states become similar - to earn more, to buy, to use. In a word, consume it as often and effectively as possible.

Political globalization

Regarding this aspect, there are many dissimilar points of view among experts. According to one of them, the political sphere is one of the most protected from the influence of global trends. The other suggests that there are now very few national political systems, and the principles of functioning of power around the world are based on uniform standards. But we will consider the most illustrative examples characterizing the process of globalization.

First of all, this is the attitude towards political freedoms. Global standards are multi-party system, pluralism of ideas, freedom of expression of one's own preferences and views, and tolerance towards minorities. In many countries all these phenomena exist.

Another example is the unification of democratic processes. These are secret voting, the principle of representativeness, parliamentarism, pre-election debates. Procedures for appointments, resignations, and impeachments are also global standards.

Technological globalization

Another important and noticeable aspect of globalization is technological. Its practical expression can be seen everywhere. The world uses the same devices on two or three main platforms - iOS, Android, Windows; in the world of components, many corporations rule the roost on a virtual monopoly basis. If, for example, there was some competition in the PC processor market some time ago, now Intel is confidently in the lead. The same applies to software and online resources. Most people use Windows, Google, Facebook, even if there is an alternative at hand.

Globalization in Russia

What are some examples of globalization in our country? In principle, all those aspects that we noted above - the popularization of online resources, as well as the simplification of life in favor of Western standards, are largely present in Russia. Institutions of power are also built in accordance with global models: the president and parliament now exist in most countries of the world, as well as the principle of separation of powers.

Many experts believe that examples of globalization in Russia are most indicative of the economic sphere. The argument here is huge corporate debt, which in the methodology of some economists is identified with state debt (although, strictly speaking, this is not true). The debt of Russian enterprises to international financial institutions amounts to hundreds of billions of dollars. At the same time, some analysts believe that further integration of the Russian economy into global processes may be difficult. And not only due to well-known political events.

The model of economic development that Russia now has, experts believe, is not fully mature to fulfill the role expected by our country’s international partners in the world. This is due mainly to the echo of socialist times. Take, for example, work records - they have already been forgotten in most developed countries. Also, in many countries there is an hourly wage, and not a salary, as in most Russian enterprises.

But, of course, there are global trends in the Russian economy, and they are not limited to external debts. What are the most illustrative examples of the globalization of economic life in Russia? This is probably the active growth of credit markets - both in the segment of individuals and organizations. And this, experts say, despite very high, by modern standards of developed countries, bank rates.

Another example is the presence of a large number of transnational corporations in Russia and their significant role in the country's economy. In almost all segments - retail trade, consulting, banks, catering - there are global international brands everywhere. Even in such strategic sectors of Russia as the oil and gas industry, the role of foreign partners is noticeable. Some experts believe that in the Russian Federation, as in many Western countries, there is a business lobby in government circles. And this, in a sense, is also a global trend.

Main problems of globalization

Let's look at the most typical ones. We worked with examples. Among the most characteristic difficulties reflecting the process in question, experts name the following.

Threat to the sovereignty of some states

There is a thesis that many countries of the world, accepting one or another global model of development in the economy, society or political system, fall under the direct influence of international structures. In this connection, there is a possibility that independent decision-making by the authorities may be affected.

Inequality in resource distribution

In many cases, states, according to analysts, are unable to agree on equal access to certain preferences. These could be natural resources, territories, investment flows. In this case, while acting globally, states in some cases adhere to local interests.

Social discontent

It is possible, some analysts believe, that society will be unprepared to “impose” international rules and standards in certain areas. People may want to return to their native culture and national traditions. However, if the authorities are too involved in global processes, the desire of the nation may go unheeded.

Global political contradictions

This problem is among the most pressing, according to many experts. The countries of the world are sometimes simply unable to reach agreement among themselves. Willingness to make concessions and compromises is sometimes expressed only in words. Working in a mode of respecting mutual interests, analysts believe, is something for which modern countries of the world are far from fully prepared.