Rules of verbs and their spelling. Verb in Russian What is a verb in Russian

Any action, process, relationship or state of an animate or inanimate object in Russian is expressed through a verb. In turn, this part of speech is represented by various forms. This article describes in detail what questions the verb answers, its features and examples are indicated.

What is a verb in Russian

In russian language verb is an independent part of speech denoting process, relation, action or state of a person, object or phenomenon.

The grammatical meaning of the verb is expressed: by the categories of aspect, conjugation, reflexivity, transitivity, mood, voice, number, person, gender and tense. The verb as a part of speech is represented by several classes of forms:

• conjugated forms (read, going);
• infinitive (search);
• participles (written, sparkling);
• gerunds (by drawing).

What questions does the verb answer?

The verb answers questions "What to do?"(imperfect form), "What to do?"(perfect form). As part of sentences, verbs most often act as a predicate, however, constructions are used in Russian in which verbal forms are used as a subject, definition, circumstance or object.

Examples of verbs in a sentence:

In the morning we watched an interesting film.

In the center of the city there is a monument to the great poet, whom the guide told us about.

The teacher will ask this text at the next lesson.

Verbs underlined in green.

Peculiarities

The grammatical categories of voice, aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity are inherent in all verbs and verbal forms, while other categories depend on the speech situation in which the verb is used:

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• Mood- inherent exclusively in conjugated verbs;
• Number- not characteristic of the infinitive and participle;
• Genus- inherent in the forms of the subjunctive mood, past tense verbs and participles;
• Time- characteristic of the forms of the indicative mood;
• Face- inherent in conjugated verbal forms of the indicative mood of the present and future tenses, as well as forms of the imperative mood.

VERB - part of speech, which includes words denoting the action or state of an object or living being: go, sleep, be.

In Russian, as in many others, transitive and intransitive verbs are distinguished. Transitive verbs govern the direct object in the accusative case without a preposition: to read a book, to cut bread. The accusative can be replaced by the genitive

a) if the action is directed not to the whole object, but to its part: cut off the bread;

b) in case of denial: didn't read this book. Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object.

The Russian verb has grammatical categories of aspect, voice, tense, mood; verbs change according to persons and numbers (and in the past tense - according to numbers and gender) and belong to one or another type of conjugation.

Verbs differ in form - perfect and imperfect.

The perfect aspect shows that the action is brought to the limit, cannot be continued: do, Mark, read, pour out, collect. The perfect form means that the action lasts or is repeated many times: make, note, read, pour out, gather.

Verb forms that differ only in aspect form form an aspect pair: do - do, mark - note. Some verbs do not have aspect pairs: they are used either only in the perfect form: sink, wake up, rush etc. , or only in imperfect: stay, be, have, depend, expect etc.

In form, perfective and imperfective verbs differ from each other by the presence / absence of suffixes and prefixes: dress - dress-wa -be, see - see-ywa -be, jump-Well -t - jump-a -be, With -do - do, on the -write - write. A suffix change can be accompanied by an alternation of the root vowel with another vowel or with zero: zap e ret - zap and army, collect - sob and army. Some verbs have heterogeneous (suppletive) aspect pairs: take - take, speak - say, to catch - to catch.

Some verbs have the same perfective and imperfective forms. Such verbs are called two-part verbs. For instance: marry, execute, use, mobilize, electrify and the like. Wed : Weightlifter already used two tries(perfect view). - I AM used this instrument for two years(imperfect species).

The lexical and grammatical compatibility of verb forms of the perfect and imperfect form with other words in the sentence is very peculiar and complex. So, when using forms of the verb form within the same utterance, it is impossible to combine meanings that contradict each other - for example, the meaning of the beginning or continuation of an action with the meaning of completeness or one-time occurrence. Therefore, verbs like to begin, continue, be(in future tense) become and similar cannot be combined with the verb forms of owls. type: can't tell *starts talking, *keep writing, *will do, *won't refuse.

In combinations of verbs with circumstances that have the meaning of repetition or duration of action, the verb, as a rule, should have the form of neses. type: took a long time to, walked in the evenings, I usually get up at seven, constantly complaining(can't say: *takes a long time to get ready, *wander in the evenings, *usually got up at seven, *constantly complaining). However, adverbs such as gradually, slowly, characterizing the prolongation of the action in time, are combined with forms like nes. , and owls. type: gradually got used to it - gradually got used to it, getting up slowly(fits, is reading)- got up slowly(came up, read).

Verbs containing the formant should be distinguished from the verbal forms of the passive voice - Xia, which denote an action directed at the subject of this action: wash, bathe, ride, comb your hair and under. These are reflexive verbs. They have an independent lexical meaning compared to the corresponding verbs without - Xia and are not opposed to these verbs by the pledge meanings of reality - suffering. Type verbs wash, ride, bathe- single voice, they always express the meaning of the active voice: the action is performed by the subject, which is expressed by the noun (or pronoun) in the nominative case: boy skating; We swam in the pond.

Some reflexive verbs do not have matches without a formant - Xia: afraid, hope, laugh etc. (forms like *to be afraid, *hope, *laugh does not exist). In cases where the reflexive verb is correlative with the verb without - Xia (wash - wash), there may be homonymy of the form of the passive voice, formed from the transitive verb, and the reflexive verb; cf. : The boy is washing in the bath- reflexive verb (the action is directed to the subject of this action). - The floor is washed once a week- the passive form of the verb wash(subject - the object to which the action expressed by the verb is directed wash).

Verbal forms opposed to each other by voice form active and passive constructions correlative in meaning. Wed : The commission considers complaints from workers. – Complaints of workers are considered by the commission; The driver stopped the train. - The train was stopped by the driver; Everyone loved her. - She was loved by everyone. Similar pairs of sentences describe the same extralinguistic situation. However, each of the sentences has its own logical emphasis, and therefore they are not quite equivalent. Wed : Workers build a house(it is reported that the object of construction is a house, and nothing else). - House being built by workers(and not by someone else); The postman delivered fresh newspapers and magazines(attention is drawn to what exactly the postman delivered). - Fresh newspapers and magazines delivered by the postman(underlined who exactly delivered the mail).

The present tense denotes an action that coincides with the moment of speech: I'm going, I read; past - an action that took place before the moment of speech: walked, was reading; future - an action that will take place after the moment of speech: I'll go, I will read.

In the past tense, verbs change by gender and number: the boy walked - the girl walked - the herd walked - the children walked.

The present tense can denote an action as a permanent property of an object ( When heated, bodies expand, and shrink when cooled) - or to characterize the capabilities or abilities of a living being ( He runs a hundred meters in eleven seconds– i.e. ‘can run’; An elephant eats about a hundred kilograms of food per day - i.e. ‘can eat, usually eats’); such use of the present tense form is called present potential.

In the present and future tenses, verbs have forms of a person that show who is doing the action: speaking (s) - this corresponds to the forms of the 1st person singular. and plural. numbers ( I read, read, I will read, let's read), an interlocutor (or interlocutors) - this corresponds to the forms of the 2nd person singular. and plural. numbers ( reading, read, read, read) or by third parties - this corresponds to the forms of the 3rd person singular. and plural. numbers ( is reading, read, will read, will read). The totality of all personal forms of a verb is called its conjugation.

Mood forms show how the speaker imagines the action or state denoted by the verb in relation to reality.

If he considers this action to be a fact (in relation to the present, past or future), then he uses the form of the indicative mood: He sends(sent, will send) letter to grandma.

If the speaker evaluates the action as conjectural or desirable, he uses the subjunctive form: Would you send a letter to your grandmother.

If the speaker encourages another person to do something or asks him for something, he uses the form of the imperative mood: Send a letter to grandma!

The subjunctive mood is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense: would have taken, read - would read.

The imperative mood is formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb by adding the suffix - and: take-y - take-and or without such an addition - in this case, at the end of the form of the imperative mood, it is written - th: chita-yu - chita-th or soft sign: vyn-y - take out, dir-at – cut). Some verbs that have singular in the 1st person the so-called plug-in numbers - l(compose - composition-l-Yu, cook - ready-l-Yu), in the form of the imperative mood, end in a soft consonant of the root (in writing, a soft sign is placed after the consonant): put, cook. The plural of the imperative is formed by adding the formant - those to the form numbers: take-those, read-those, take out-those, cut-those, compose-those, cook-those.

The main role of the verb in a sentence is to be a predicate; the predicate also embodies the main grammatical categories of the verb - mood, tense, person. The infinitive of a verb can also be used in the function of the subject ( smoke - harm health) and in the complement function ( They were ordered advance ).

The verbal categories of voice, aspect, tense, mood, person have certain semantic and stylistic features in their speech expression. Let us indicate the most characteristic of them. So, forms of the passive voice are more often used in official business and scientific speech: The right to work is protected by law; These phenomena are considered by the author in the third chapter.. For other styles of speech, and especially for its oral-colloquial variety, the forms of the passive voice are not typical.

Forms of the form - perfect and imperfect - are used in all varieties of speech, but some styles differ in the predominant use of forms of any one type. So, in the scientific style, the imperfect form is more common, since with the help of forms of this type it is possible to describe various properties and patterns: lit, expanding, melts etc. On the other hand, perfective verbs, denoting a one-time or instantaneous action and containing suffixes in their structure - Well, -anu, are typical for colloquial speech and vernacular: move, push etc.

Prefix verbs of motion at- in the imperfect form, they cannot be used in the present tense, denoting an action that coincides with the moment of speech - such forms have the meaning of a repetitive, regular action: The train comes at eight o'clock; Pigeons fly to my window in the morning(can't say: *Look, here comes the train; *See, doves arrive). Other verbs do not have this restriction in use; cf. : look, ice hole freezes right in front of your eyes; The goalkeeper runs and kicks the ball into the field.

The forms of time are most diversely represented in colloquial and artistic speech. Here the actual present, coinciding with the moment of speech, the present historical ( I'm going out yesterday, I look - Ivanov is coming. I tell him...), the present in the sense of the future ( Means, tomorrow I'm going), the future in the sense of the present ( Like a beast she will howl, That will cry, like a child), the future denoting events in the past ( No forest will make noise, no fish splash) - such a future, in addition, in colloquial speech is used to denote the suddenness of an action: How she screams, how to run! The form of the future tense in the sense of the present is used in some genres of the scientific style of speech (in lectures, textbooks), in journalism; cf. : Multiply both sides of the equation by two; Imagine the result of this political action. However, in general, these styles are characterized by the use of temporary verb forms (mainly the present tense) in their own meanings.

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?

Verbs are imperfective and perfective.

Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.

Verbs change according to moods.

The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows no time, no number, no face, no gender.

Verbs in a sentence are predicates.

The indefinite form of the verb can be included in the compound predicate, it can be the subject, object, definition, circumstance.

The indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive)

Verbs in an indefinite form (in the infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?

Verbs in indefinite form have form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have the endings -т, -ти or zero.

Verb types

Imperfective verbs answer the question what to do ?, and perfective verbs - what to do?

Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.

A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.

When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.

The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitive.

Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object.

A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.

Verbs are intransitive if the action is not directly a transition to another subject.

Intransitive verbs are those with the suffix - sya (-sya ).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with the suffix - sya (s) are called returnable.

Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (without the suffix - Xia they are not used).

verb mood

Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that are happening or will actually happen.

Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tenses, the end vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.

In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.

Conditional verbs denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions.

The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of the suffix - l- and particles would (b) . This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.

Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.

Verbs in the imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request.

Imperative verbs are usually used in the 2nd person form.

Imperative verbs do not change tenses.

Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the suffix - and - or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - - those .

Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs - ka , which somewhat softens the order.

verb tense

present tense

Verbs in the present tense show that the action is happening at the moment of speaking.

Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.

The verb is perhaps the most used unit of our native language. It is found in texts written in an artistic, scientific, journalistic style, in colloquial and literary genres.

In this article you will find answers to the questions: “How is the verb characterized?”, “What does it mean?”

Verb

It is an independent representative of our beautiful language. It performs two main tasks:

1. Talks about an action performed by an object, person, phenomenon. For example: ran, jumped, peers, stands, is, eats.
2. It characterizes the state, property, sign, relation of the object. Consider an example: I get sick, blush, envy.

You can recognize a verb in a sentence by asking it the question “what to do?” or one of its forms ("what am I doing?", "what did I do?", etc.).

Verb forms

All verbs are conditionally divided into four categories:

1. Initial, it is also an infinitive. It is formed from the stem of the word by suffixing with "t", "ti", "ch". This form does not change according to persons, genders and numbers. Lets you know what action is being taken. Able to act in a proposal in any role. It has features of transition and recurrence. It can be characterized as a perfective or imperfective verb. Examples: lose heart, be sad, dig, learn, view, love.
2. Conjugated forms. This group can include any changeable having permanent and non-permanent features.
3. Participle - in modern Russian grammar, this is a special form of the verb. The task of this part of speech is to characterize the attribute of an object by action.
4. The participle is, according to one version, an invariable verb form. Some linguists distinguish it as a separate one. In the sentence, it denotes an additional, clarifying action.

Verb type

Consider the first constant feature that characterizes the verb. What does the word "view" mean in relation to this part of speech?

All verbs can be divided into two large groups: perfective (CB) and imperfective (NSV).

You can find out what type a word belongs to by asking a question to its infinitive. If the verb answers the question "what to do?" is the perfect look. If the question "what to do?" - imperfect.

Perfective verbs characterize an action that has reached its logical conclusion. Words from the imperfective group denote a process that is still ongoing.

The perfect form of the verb in most cases is achieved using the prefix method.

Verb tenses

In our native language, there are verbs of the past tense, future and present. Any of them is easily recognized in the context with knowledge of the theoretical material.

Past tense verbs describe an action that ended before the beginning of speaking. It should be borne in mind that the time in which the story takes place is not always expressed in the present. You may encounter an option where the future or past tense will meet. For example: "I told my mother that I went to the cinema" - or: "He will say that he successfully completed the task."

Words belonging to the past tense change by gender, number. They are created by adding "l" to the base of the initial form.

The present tense of the verb occurs only in imperfective words. It is expressed with the help of a personal ending. Describes the action taking place at the moment of speaking. It can also perform the following roles:

1. Describes an action that is constantly repeated. For example: "The mouth of the river flows into the sea."
2. Talks about an action that happens regularly. For example: "Every Friday at six o'clock she goes to the dance."
3. Talks about an event that could potentially happen: "Some guys are rude."

The future form of the verb tells about an event that will happen only after the moment of speech comes to an end. It can be represented by both perfective and imperfective verbs.

There are two forms of the future tense: simple and compound. The first is formed with a verb. The second is by adding forms of the lexeme “to be” to the main word (I will, will be, will be, etc.).

Certain verbs of one tense can be used in the meaning of another. For example, it may have the meaning of the present in the context: “Here she is forever like this: she didn’t see anything, she didn’t hear anything.”

Time is considered to be a non-permanent feature.

verb mood

Mood is another inconstant feature of the verb. It expresses the relation of this part of speech to reality. It is divided into three types: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. Each of them has a number of characteristic features.

Indicative verbs represent an actual action taking place in the past, present or future. This is the distinguishing feature. Words belonging to other moods cannot be expressed in any tense.

Imperative verbs are able to convey a request, order, wish, advice. They are formed in two ways: using the suffix "and" or through zero suffixation. In the plural, the ending "those" appears. Words do not change over time.

Subjunctive verbs describe an action that could be realized under a certain set of circumstances. This inclination is formed by adding to the word in the past tense, the particle "by".

Verb: what does the word "conjugation" mean in relation to it?

Conjugation is a constant feature. Its essence lies in changing the verb in persons and numbers. There are only two types of conjugation, which are usually denoted by Roman numerals I and II.

Finding out to which conjugation a word can be attributed is quite simple if you remember simple facts:

1. If the ending of the verb is stressed, then the conjugation of the word is determined by this form. If it is in an unstressed position - by infinitive.
2. Verbs that can be defined in the group of the first conjugation are characterized by the endings "eat", "eat", "eat", "eat", "ut", "yut". Related to the second conjugation - "ish", "it", "im", "ite", "at" or "yat".
3. There is a group of forms which, when changed, have part of the endings of one group, part of another. These are the verbs "to want" and "to run".

In this article, we looked at the verb (what this part of speech means). We got acquainted with some of its permanent and non-permanent features, gave examples. In the future, it will not be difficult for you to identify the verb in the text and give it a brief description if necessary.

The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).

In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - forms of mood and time), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For instance: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon ... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).

The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) a -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [To]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.

Verb stems

The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive and basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.

To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.

To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person plural is taken): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:

1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;

2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);

2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.

Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: talk- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).

There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.

transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; Waste time- do not waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. Everything reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent

If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.

But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based and be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).

There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) to want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (want- want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish- I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers there is and essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: I will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).

verb mood

Verbs change according to moods. Form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(future).

Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For instance: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

V conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -and- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ and etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).

verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.

Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, how v violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

Form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.

The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.

Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).

Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).

Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.

Form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.

Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.

Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.

Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.

Category faces and numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers and childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient and redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up etc.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes in two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.

These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject with them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).

Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easy breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o and smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance and It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.