Types of steering mechanisms. Rule mechanism: description, types, appointment, principle of operation, device. Active steering system

5.3. The device and operation of the steering

The steering is used to rotate the front wheels of the car during its movement and consists of a steering wheel and the steering mechanism. In order for the movement of the car's wheels on the rotation, it took place without lateral slip, the controlled wheels should be rotated on different angles: an inner wheel for a larger angle, and external - to the smaller.

The steering mechanism is used to convert the rotational movement of the steering wheel to the translational straight movement transmitted by the wheels. For rectilinear movement, you need to convert the rotational movement of the steering wheel into the swing of the steering tower or create a reciprocating movement of the steering mechanism. In addition, the steering mechanism provides a downward gear ratio, due to which the force applied by the driver is reduced to control the wheels. This is especially important when the car is fixed or slowly moving and the rotation of the steering wheel is maximally difficult.

The ratio between the rotation angle of the steering wheel and the rotation angle is called the gear ratio of the steering. The gear ratios can be permanent and variable. Steering with a constant gear ratio is called "linear". With a linear steering wheel control, the rotation of the steering wheel on a fixed amount of degrees moves controlled wheels to a proportional angle, depending on the gear ratio, with any steering position.

Steering with variable gear ratio is called "proportional". With a proportional steering control, the gear ratio changes with each turn of the steering wheel. As a rule, as an angle of rotation of the steering wheel increases, the speed of change of the angle of rotation of the wheels increases. The gear ratio is the angle of rotation of the steering wheel, divided by the angle of rotation of the wheels.

Usually a downward gear ratio of the steering is in the range of 14: 1 to 22: 1. With gender numbers from 14: 1 to 18: 1, as a rule, a steering amplifier is required. To move the wheels between the limit positions, you must rotate the steering wheel on 3-4 full turns. The steering mechanism should be strong enough and to withstand different loads with which it is subjected in various conditions of movement. The driver should not be felt through the steering wheel of the push accompanying movement.

5.3.1. Steering mechanisms

There are several different options for steering mechanisms, but the main types are two:

Steering mechanisms with rotational motion (Fig. 5.26);

Fig. 5.26. Steering mechanism with rotational motion

Steering mechanisms with sliding movement (Fig. 5.27).

Fig. 5.27. Rule mechanism with sliding movement

Steering mechanisms with rotational motion

Steering mechanisms with rotational motion have different designs:

Broken Rule mechanism;

Rule mechanism of the type "screw nut" with rings-sliders;

Worm-sector steering mechanism;

Worm-roller steering mechanism;

Steering mechanism with worm and roller finger.

In fig. 5.28 depicts a ball-wheel steering mechanism. It uses several balls that are circulated in the "tracks" formed by the grooves existing in the steering nut and on the steering shaft. When the steering shaft rotates, the balls roll over the "tracks" and force the steering nut to move up or down the steering shaft. The steering tower rotates the toothed sector, which is in engaging with the teeth on the steering nut.

Fig. 5.28. Broken steering wheel mechanism

The gear ratio in this steering mechanism is permanent. Balls reduce friction between moving elements, so the steering mechanism of this type is practically not susceptible to wear. The increased backlash in the steering mechanism, as a rule, can be eliminated by adjusting the position of the steering shaft.

In fig. 5.29 shows the steering mechanism with a worm and roller finger. It uses a cylindrical worm with an uneven step. When rotating the worm, the conical finger moves in the axial direction along the worm. The steering tump is fixed on the appropriate shaft connected to the finger, and can be rotated at 70 °. Wearing the working elements of this mechanism is relatively low, the backlash in the steering shaft and between the finger and the worm is adjustable. The gear ratio of the steering mechanism with the worm and roller finger varies in proportionally due to the uneven flow of the worm.

Fig. 5.29. Rule mechanism with worm and roller finger

The worm-sectoral steering mechanism is presented in Fig. 5.30.

Fig. 5.30. Worm-sector steering mechanism

In the steering mechanism of this type at the end of the steering shaft there is a cylindrical worm that moves the toothed sector. The advantage of a worm steering mechanism is that it is easy to achieve a high gear ratio - up to 22: 1. The toothed sector is in constant engagement with the worm, any rotation of the steering shaft causes a turn of the toothed sector. The steering tower is fixed on the sector and can be rotated at 70 °. The wear of the steering mechanism of this type is relatively high due to the friction of the slide of the working elements. The lack of a worm-sectoral steering mechanism is that the driver needs to apply a significant effort to the steering wheel.

In fig. 5.31 shows the steering mechanism of the type "screw-nut" with rings-sliders.

Fig. 5.31. Rule mechanism of the type "screw-nut" with rings-sliders

According to the principle of operation, this mechanism is similar to the steering mechanism with the circulation of balls. Rings-crawls, located on the side of the steering nut, transmit the movement of the nut to the steering fork. The steering tower mounted on the shaft shaft, which is located on the steering fork, rotates 90 °. Wearing the steering mechanism of this type, caused by friction, is usually high. Transmission number permanent.

Fig. 5.32 represents a worm-roller steering mechanism.

Fig. 5.32. Worm-roller steering mechanism

In this steering mechanism for transmitting traffic from a worm instead of a gear sector, a video is used. The worm in this steering mechanism is reduced to the cone towards the center and takes a shape resembling hourglass (global). The advantage of this worm shape is that it allows the roller to rotate relative to its center, and this reduces the size of the steering mechanism. The steering tower is attached to the shaft of the roller and can be rotated 90 °. The gear ratio remains constant. Elevated backlash can be eliminated by adjusting the position of the steering shaft.

Sliding steering mechanism

In fig. 5.33 shows the steering mechanism with a constant teeth, the most common type of steering mechanism used in modern cars.

Fig. 5.33. Steering mechanism with a constant teeth

In the rush steering mechanisms to create a linear rail movement, a rotating gear is used. The gear teeth are in constant engagement with the teeth of the rail, and any movement of the shaft of the steering column causes the transverse movement of the steering rack. The movement of the rail is directly transmitted to the steering traction installed at both ends of the rail. Ball hints located between the rail and steering rods provide the possibility of independent vertical movement of the steering tag. The rail is held in engagement with the gear with a spring-loaded clamping pad, which regulates any gap between the teeth. The friction of sliding between the rail and the gear carries out a shock-absorbing effect and absorbs the shocks arising when driving.

Among the advantages of the rush steering mechanism - direct steering. Transmission number permanent.

In fig. 5.34 shows the rail of the steering mechanism with variable teeth steps. For clarity, the case and gear of the steering mechanism are not shown.

Fig. 5.34. Rake steering mechanism with variable teeth steps

The rush steering mechanism with variable teeth steps works in the same way as the above-described rush steering mechanism with a constant step. In the center of the rail, the teeth is more than on the edges. A variable step makes it possible to increase the gear ratio of the steering as the gear rotates. The teeth in the center of the rail provide greater movement of the rails at each turn of the gear, which requires a relatively great effort. The teeth at the ends of the rail provide a smaller movement of the rails, which requires a relatively small driver's effort. To eliminate this shortage on modern cars, steering power amplifiers are installed. In fact, in this system, the greater the steering wheel turns, the smaller the effort. When moving in direct steering is heavier than when turning the steering wheel to the limit position - it facilitates maneuvering and parking.

In a rush steering mechanism with a variable step, a proportionally increasing gear ratio is provided.

In fig. 5.35. The pump can have an electrical drive and be in the steering amplifier tank or have a mechanical drive from the engine.

Fig. 5.35. Hydraulic steering amplifier system

Mechanical pumps are usually equipped with a separate tank for the working fluid. The working fluid under pressure created by the pump enters the spool camshaft in the steering mechanism. When the steering shaft is in a straightforward position, the working fluid passes through the spool camshaft and returns to the tank. When the steering wheel is rotated, the spool camshaft sends the working fluid to the appropriate side of the piston, which is located in the cylinder at the end of the rush steering mechanism. The thrust attached to the piston is connected to the rail, and any pressure of the working fluid acting on the piston contributes to the movement of the rail. The working fluid from the reverse side is returned to the tank through the spool camshaft valve. When turning the steering wheel in another direction, the opposite process occurs. If the steering amplifier fails, the mechanical action of the steering mechanism is maintained, but it will have to apply much greater force.

5.3.2. Steering wheel drive

The steering wheel drive serves to transmit the driver's effort through the steering wheel to the car controlled wheels. The steering mechanism converts the rotational movement of the steering wheel into a straight line, which pulls the steering drive. The transformed movement is transmitted from the steering mechanism to the steering drive. Ball joints at the ends of the longitudinal and transverse steering are provided with the possibility of any rotary and rotational movements in the drive. The layout and the amount of transverse steering in the steering wheel depends on the design of the bridge and suspension.

Options for adjusting the drive mechanism

The simplest design of the steering drive is a single-section transverse steering thrust moving by the steering tower (Fig. 5.36). The steering tower pushes or pulls the longitudinal steering for moving the lever, which is connected to the swivel hinge on the swivel fist. The transverse steering traction connects both swivel hinge on the rotary fists of the front wheels of the car. Any movement of one of the swivel joints is transmitted through the steering crawl to the hinge on the opposite swivel fist.

Fig. 5.36. Steering wheel drive with a single-sectional steering

The steering wheel drive of this type is usually used in cars with a rigid bridge, in which the distance between the levers of the swivel fists does not change. For connecting the longitudinal steering thrust with the levers of the swivel fists, ball hinges are served.

In fig. 5.37 shows a modified version of a single-sectional steering traction - a steering wheel with a two-section steering wheel, moving the steering tower. The steering tower pulls or pushes two separate steering thrust, which are connected to the levers of the swivel fists by means of ball joints. Moving steering rod turns swivel hinges on swivel fists. The steering wheel drive of this type, as a rule, is used in industrial suspension cars, in which swivel hinges can move one regardless of the other.

Fig. 5.37. Steering wheel drive with two-sectional steering

The steering wheel drive with a three-sectional steering rode, moved by the steering bump, is shown in Fig. 5.38. In this steering line, a pendulum lever is provided, which transmits the movement of the steering to the opposite side of the car. The steering wheel drive is used in industrial suspension cars, but this design is a high cost.

Fig. 5.38. Steering wheel drive with three-sectional steering

The three-section steering rod provides the highest degree of accuracy and maximum control over the steering. When the car moves along an uneven road, the jolts are transmitted through the steering wheel and the steering mechanism of the driver. To mitigate these shocks, a shock absorber is installed on the steering wheel. Steering shock absorbers can be built into any type steering drive (Fig. 5.39), but not often used in vehicles with a rush steering mechanism. The steering shock absorber helps counteract the efforts on the steering wheel and the unintentional movement of the steering wheel.

Fig. 5.39. Steering shock absorbers

In fig. 5.40 depicted steering drives with two-section steering rods moved rail. In the rush steering system, two steering traction are used to transmit steering steering to swivel fists.

Fig. 5.40. Steering drives with two-section steering rods

There are also steering rails for connecting with swivel fists. They use steering drives like designs. The rectilinear movement of the steering rack is transmitted through the ball joint on the steering thrust.

5.3.3. Diagnostics and maintenance of the front, rear suspension and steering

Malfunctions and ways to eliminate them

The magnitude of the free stroke of the steering wheel is indicated in the operating instructions for the car. Increased free move is detected by swinging the steering wheel. The reasons for its occurrence may be several:

Weakening tightening nuts fastening ball joints steering;

Increased gap ball hinges steering;

Increased gap of ball hinges of the front suspension levers;

Backlash as a result of wear of the front hub bearings;

Backlash as a result of the wear of the teeth of the steering mechanism;

The backlash in the elastic coupling connecting the steering wheel with the steering wheel shaft;

Schedule in steering wheel steering bearings.

To troubleshoot a malfunction, you must check the tightening of all fixings and replace the worn items.

Noise (knobs) in the steering control can cause the following reasons:

Weakening of nuts fastening ball joints of steering;

An increase in the gap between the focus of the rail and the nut;

Weakening of the fastening of the steering mechanism, as well as all of the above malfunctions.

Tight rotation of the steering wheel:

Damage to the bearing of the top of the steering shaft shaft;

Lowering air pressure in front wheels;

Damage to the details of the telescopic rack and wheel suspension;

Disorders of the steering hydraulic power pump;

Falling out of foreign particles in steering hydraulic system;

Increased oil level in the steering pump tank;

Wear or damage cuff steering mechanism and pump;

Wear hydraulic hoses.

To troubleshoot, it is necessary to check the tightening of all the mounts and replace the worn nodes and parts, as well as check the level of the power steering hydraulic fluid and replace the worn and damaged parts of the hydraulic agent. This text is a familiarization fragment.

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During operation, worm's work surfaces, roller, bearings, and a tower shaft, bronze bushings, adjusting screw heads, washers and T-shaped grooves of the tower shaft are wear out. As a result, gaps appear in the steering mechanism, which can be the causes of the knocks during the movement, the vibration of the front wheels, the loss of car stability and other harmful phenomena. The indicator of the appearance of the gap is the increased free course of the steering wheel. Increased clearance occurs primarily in the engagement of the worm and roller, and then the axial movement of the worm increases (along with the steering shaft). These gaps as they occur should be eliminated by adjustment.

In addition to the wear of the listed parts, the reasons for the increased free stroke of the steering wheel may be attenuating the fastening of the tower on the steering shaft or fastening the steering mechanism to the frame, as well as increased gaps in the hinges of the steering and the front suspension. Therefore, before adjusting the steering mechanism, check the condition of the steering of the front suspension, eliminate the gaps in the hinges and pull the weak fasteners.

The steering mechanism does not need to be adjusted if the free step of the steering wheel when moving in a straight line does not exceed 25 mm (about 8 °) when measuring it on the rim.

A greater free course remaining after suspenders of weakened connections and eliminate the gaps in the hinges, indicates the need to adjust the steering mechanism.

The axial movement of the worm and the side gap can be adjusted without removing the steering mechanism from the car.

The steering mechanism needs to be adjusted in such a sequence:

Check if there is no axial movement worm. To do this, applying a finger to the steering wheel hub and to the rotation pointer switch, turn the steering wheel several times to the small angle to the right and left. If there is an axial movement, the worm finger will feel the axial movement of the hub of the steering wheel relative to the case of the switch.
To eliminate the axial movement of the worm, you need to turn the worm to the right or left for about one and a half of the turnover and then turn it to some angle in the opposite direction so that the roller ridges do not touch the threads of the cutting and engaging the worm and roller was a fairly large side gap. After that, it is necessary to unscrew on two or three threads a locking nut 1 and tighten the adjusting nut 2 so that the worm is easily rotating and did not have axial movement. Then, holding the adjusting nut with a key from turning, it is necessary to tighten the lock nut and make sure that there is no axial movement of the worm and whether it is easily rotated.
If, after adjusting the axial movement, the worm will leak oil on the thread of the adjusting nut, then under the locking nut it is necessary to put a cardboard or aluminum gasket with a thickness of 0.1-1 mm. Then you need to check the magnitude of the side gap in the engagement. To do this, you need to install the wheels in the ride position in a straight line and depart the left ball finger of the middle steering traction from the bump.
In order to avoid damage to the thread on the finger, it is necessary to pre-hit several times with a hammer over the side surface of the body head or move the finger from the place with a special puller. After that, while maintaining the position of the bay, corresponding to the movement in a straight line, and swing the tower behind the head, determine the magnitude of the side gap in the engagement. Within the turn of the worm at an angle of about 60 ° from the middle position (3 ° 32 'the turn of the bump) to the right and the left of the gap in the engagement should not be.
If there is no volatile engagement or a volatile engagement is felt on the sections more than 60 ° turning the steering wheel from the middle position, it is necessary to adjust the side gap in the engagement of the worm and roller. To do this, unscrewing the nut 27 of the thawel loading screw 30 by 1-2 turnover and inserting a screwdriver into the slot to the roset, to install a non-free engagement within the twist of the worm at an angle of 60 ° from the middle position to the right and left. Then, holding a screwdriver an adjusting screw from turning, tighten the locknut and check the adjustment.
Making sure the adjustment of the adjustment was correct, it is necessary to check the steering wheel from one extreme position to another and make sure that in the entire turn of the steering mechanism there are no jams or tight rotation.
When adjusting the axial movement of the worm and the side gap in the engagement, in no case cannot be made an excessive tightening, as it will lead to excessively tightened bearing worms to their premature wear, and excessive tightening (worm and roller) can lead to the wear of the roller and worm or Even the destruction of their working surfaces. In addition, with an excessive tight rotation of the steering mechanism, the front wheels will not strive to return the weight of the front of the car to return to the position corresponding to the movement in a straight line when the car exits from rotation, which will significantly worsen the resistance of the car.
At the end of the adjustment, it is necessary to combine the ball finger of the steering tag with a compound and check the correct control of the steering mechanism when the car is moving.
The adjustment can be considered complete if the free move of the steering wheel with fixed front wheels mounted on a straight line (in the absence of gaps in the steering joints and the front suspension and reliable fastening the steering mechanism on the frame), there will be no more than 10-15 mm when measured by Obstruction of the steering wheel. Before removing the steering mechanism from the car must be considered; that it is removed only through the bootable space down, when the steering wheel shot 58, the lever 52 of the transmission change control mechanism and handle 79 of the rotation pointer switch.

The steering mechanism after disassembly and adjustment is installed in the reverse order and in the same completeness. It should be noted that when connecting a bump with a steering mechanism, it must be installed on the labels available on the end of the cushion head and the end of the threaded end of the tower shaft. The sump should be hoping so that the risk at the end of her big head coincides with the label (core) on the end of the threaded end of the shaft tree.

The inappropriate rink will lead to the steering steering stop in the steering mechanism, which is very dangerous, as it will entail an insufficient turn of the front wheels into one of the sides and, possibly, breakage of the steering mechanism.

With the existing 36 slots, an error at least one slot when installing the binder will give a decrease in the possible turn of the bump into one of the sides by 10 °.

The longitudinal axis of a properly installed compartment in the middle position should be parallel to the axis of the steering column and is located ahead along the car, and the tower should be freely rotated from the middle position to the right and left at an angle of 45 ° to each side (a little more than two steering wheel speeds). The sizes of the sowing of the pendulum lever and the steering levers, as well as their mutual location, are chosen so that for the rotation of the wheels to the right and to the left, the tower should turn around 37 °.

Thus, with fully rotated front wheels in the steering mechanism, the stroke reserve remains.

The steering mechanism should be installed on the car so that with completely tightened bolts 15 of the crankcase mounting to the spar and the steering column with a gasket 50, pressed to the support of the column 45, the holes in the mounting bracket 49 of the steering column coincide with the flange nuts welded to the mobile Plank 47 placed inside the support. There may be cases when due to the deformation of the body with an accident or long-term ride, the slave is not possible to achieve the coincidence of the holes and the application is required for installation of the steering column. In this case, it is necessary to write the inner ends of one or two spar of the sleeves 13 and 14, to which the steering mechanism is attached, and check the position of the column.

In case of deformations of the body and the submool frame of the car, there are also cases when when the steering column and tightened bolts of the steering crankcase, the column will not touch the support 45. To remove this, it is necessary to cut down the two holes in the steering crankcase or put the gaskets of the required Thickness between the support and steering column and put the elongated bolts.

Incorrect installation of the steering mechanism on the car, in which the shaft and steering column can bend, will cause increased efforts on the steering wheel and in the transmission box control mechanism, as well as loosening the fastening of the column to the carder. In addition, it will cause increased wear of the upper bearing of the steering shaft. With a large displacement, the bending of the steering shaft can cause a breakdown of the steering shaft near the worm.

When removing the steering wheel From the shaft you need to pre-make labels on the hub and the shaft, allowing you to install the steering wheel when assembling in the middle position.

To put the steering wheel on the shaft on the average position defined by its turns to the right and left, should not, since in this case the steering wheel spokes when moving on a straight will not be placed horizontally.

In order to remove the steering wheel from the car, it is necessary to first remove the lid 61 of the signal switch 59. It must be done with a thin screwdriver or, even better, the blade of the knife, inserting them into the horizontal gap between the lid and the switch about one of the ends of the cut from the side of the larger Steering wheel sectors, and subsequent lifting of the end of the cover. At the same time, one of the springs 60, holding the cover, will be recessed inside the switch, and the lid is easily removed. Then, unscrewing two screws 65, remove the signal switch and the base 66 of the signal switch, for which the three screws 70 are screwed and remove the springs 73 from the root wheel hub rectifies. After that, unscrew the nut on the tree shaft, remove the steering wheel using a special puller.

In the absence of a puller, the steering wheel can be removed by hitting the hammer, necessarily only through the copper or aluminum gasket, along the tree of the steering wheel, talked to avoid damage to the thread pre-flush with the shaft of the nut 69.

The steering wheel is installed in the reverse order. However, the signal switch covers to avoid deformation or breakage of the springs must be installed in the following order. It is necessary to wear a recess on the end of the cover on one of the springs 60, while placing the lid so that its lower end is pressed to the signal switch, and the second end would not enter the switcher's slot. Drinking your finger the second spring into the slot of the switch and, pressing the other hand to the plane of the switch and not releasing the springs, smoothly drench the lid into place.

After that, by clicking on the cover, slightly move it towards the smaller steering sector and insert the tooth on the cover of the cover in the slot switch from the larger steering sector.

Installing the cover in a place in a different sequence or in another way, for example from above, will lead to strain or even breakdowns of plate springs, and therefore it is necessary to strictly follow the order of setting the cover in the signal switcher.

The tower of the steering mechanism is connected to the tower shaft with the help of small conical slots with a small cone angle on the shaft and is tightened with a nut with a spring washer. Therefore, a special puller must be applied to remove the custa. It is impossible to remove the hammer with blows, as it will cause the appearance of a dent on the roller of the Tshaka shaft, which will further lead to premature wear of the working pair of the steering mechanism.

The following requirements are presented to the steering mechanism:
- the optimal gear ratio that determines the ratio between the required angle of rotation of the steering wheel and the effort on it; - minor energy loss during operation (high efficiency);
- the possibility of spontaneous return of the steering wheel in a neutral position, after the driver stopped holding the steering wheel in the rotator;
- minor gaps in moving connections to provide small backlash or free stroke of the steering wheel;
- High reliability.

Retail steering mechanisms received the greatest distribution on passenger cars.

Rack steering mechanism without hydraulic:
1 - case;
2 - insert;
3 - spring;
4 - ball finger;
5 - ball hinge;
6 - emphasis;
7 - steering rail;
8 - gear

The design of such a mechanism includes the gear mounted on the steering wheel shaft, and the risk rail associated with it. When the rack steering wheel is rotated, it moves to the right or left and through the steering drive attached to it rotates controlled wheels.
The reasons for widespread use on passenger cars of such a mechanism are: simplicity of design, small mass and cost of manufacture, high efficiency, a small number of thrust and hinges. In addition, located across the car, the case of the roll steering mechanism leaves enough space in the engine compartment for placing the engine, transmission and other car units. Rush steering has a high rigidity, which provides more accurate control of the car with sharp maneuvers.
At the same time, the rack steering mechanism has a number of shortcomings: increased sensitivity to shocks from road irregularities and the transfer of these blows to the steering wheel; The tendency to the vibration of steering, increased loading of parts, the complexity of the installation of such a steering mechanism on cars with dependent suspension controlled wheels. This limited the scope of application of this type of steering mechanisms only with passenger (with a vertical load on the controlled axis to 24 kN) by cars with independent suspension controlled wheels.

Rack steering mechanism with a hydraulic:
1 - high pressure fluid;
2 - piston;
3 - Low pressure fluid;
4 - gear;
5 - steering rail;
6 - dispenser of the hydraulic device;
7 - steering column;
8 - hydraulic power pump;
9 - reservoir for fluid;
10 - suspension element

Steering mechanism like "Global Worm-Roller" without a hydraulic:
1 - roller;
2 - worm

Cars with dependent suspension controlled wheels, low-tonnage trucks and buses, high passability cars are equipped, as a rule, the steering mechanisms of the type "global worm-roller". Previously, such mechanisms were used on passenger cars with independent suspension (for example, the VAZ-2105 family, -2107 family), but at present they almost displaced the rush steering mechanisms.
Type mechanism "Global Worm Creeper" It is a variety of worm gear and consists of a global worm connected to the steering shaft (a worm with a variable diameter) and a roller installed on the shaft. On the same shaft outside the power of the steering mechanism, the lever (tha) is installed, with which the thrust of the steering drive is associated. Rotation of the steering wheel ensures the roller roller over the worm, the swing swing and rotate controlled wheels.
In comparison with the roll steering mechanisms, worm mechanisms have a smaller sensitivity to the transmission of shocks from road irregularities, provide large maximum angles of rotation of controlled wheels (the best car maneuverability), are well composed with a dependent suspension, allow the transmission of great efforts. Sometimes worm mechanisms are used on high-class passenger cars and high masses with independent suspension controlled wheels, but in this case the steering wheel design is complicated - an additional steering traction and a pendulum lever is added. In addition, the worm mechanism requires adjustment and roads in the manufacture.

Steering Mechanism of the type "Screw-ball nut-rail-toothed sector" without a hydraulic device (a):
1 - Carter;
2 - Screw with ball nut;
3 - shaft sector;
4 - plug of the filling hole;
5 - adjusting gaskets;
6 - shaft;
7 - steering shaft seal;
8 - Cup;
9 - lid;
10 - Shallow sector seal;
11 - outer ring of the bearing of the shaft sector;
12 - stop ring;
13 - Sealing Ring;
14 - side cover;
15 - traffic jam;
with built-in hydraulovers (b):
1 - adjusting nut;
2 - Bearing;
3 - Sealing ring;
4 - screw;
5 - Carter;
6 - Rake piston;
7 - hydraulic distributor;
8 - cuff;
9 - seal;
10 - input shaft;
11 - shaft sector;
12 - protective cover;
13 - stop ring;
14 - sealing ring;
15 - outer ring of the bearing of the shaft sector;
16 - side cover;
17 - Nut;
18 - Bolt.

The most common steering mechanism for heavy trucks and buses is the mechanism of type "Screw-ball nut-rail-toothed sector". Sometimes the steering mechanisms of this type can be found on large and expensive passenger cars (Mercedes, Range Rover, etc.).
When turning the steering wheel rotates the shaft of the mechanism with the screw groove and reliably moves the nut on it. At the same time, a nut having a toothed rail on the outside turns the toothed sector of the tower tree. To reduce friction in a pair, the screw-nut transmission of efforts in it occurs through balls circulating in the screw groove. This steering mechanism has the same advantages as the worm considered above, but has a large efficiency, it allows you to effectively transmit great efforts and is well component with a hydraulic steering amplifier.
Earlier on trucks it was possible to meet other types of steering mechanisms, such as the "worm-lateral sector", "screw-crank", "screw-gut-rod-lever". On modern cars, such mechanisms due to their complexity, the need for adjustment and low efficiency practically do not apply.

Even on vehicles intended for movement on rails, there are steering devices. What to say about the car, where the steering mechanism, given the need for almost a permanent maneuver, the possible most unexpected and inadequate state of the road must be reliable and easily functional.

Purpose

The steering mechanism on the car is a gearbox, with which a small force applied by the driver in the cabin to the ram, increasing, is transmitted to the steering wheel drive. On heavy trucks and recently on cars for greater disposal, manufacturers install a hydraulicer.

The working system is obliged to respond to a number of basic requirements:

The gear ratio that determines the ratio between the rotation angle of the steering wheel and the wheels should be optimal. It is unacceptable to make a rotation of 900, the steering wheel needed 2-3 turns.
Upon completion of the maneuver, the steering wheel must be arbitrarily returned to the neutral position,
It is allowed and provided with a small backlash.

Classification

Depending on the class of the car, its size, and from other constructive solutions of a particular model, today there are three main types:

worm;
screw;
gear.

Consider in order.

Worm

The first scheme is a worm steering wheel. One of the most common schemes - "Global Worm - Roller" - is used mainly on buses and small cargo vehicles, on passenger cars of high passability and vehicles with a dependent front wheel suspension. He was put on domestic "Zhiguli" (VAZ 2105, 2107).

The worm mechanism is well tolerates blows from road irregularities and provides more than wheels, the angle of rotation of the wheels. However, the device of this type is quite expensive in manufacturing and requires mandatory periodic adjustment.

Screw gearbox

This type is most common on large trucks and heavy buses. They can also be equipped with such expensive cars as Renge Rover, Mercedes and others can also be equipped. The most common scheme looks like this:

screw;
nut (ball);
rail;
toothed sector.
A screw gearbox can be both with a built-in hydraulic agent, and without it. Possessing the same advantages as worm, screw has a larger efficiency.

Gear or speech

The last type of gearbox is the most familiar mass Russian motorist. It is more known as the Rack Steering Mechanism due to the presence in the device of the gear horizontal rail. This railway by means of a gear on the steering wheel shaft gets the movement to the right or left and turns through the thrust the wheels. The device is most widely used in passenger cars.

The steering mechanism device is characterized by simplicity of design, low mass and relatively low cost in the manufacture. The roll steering mechanism includes a small amount of thrust and joints and at the same time has a sufficiently high efficiency. Due to the increased rigidity, the car perfectly listens to the helm. But for the same reason, the car is more sensitive to road irregularities.

The rush steering mechanism can be installed on a car both with a power steering, and without that. However, due to the structural features, it is difficult to mount on cars with a dependent front suspension. By virtue of this, its application is limited only by passenger cars with independent suspension front controlled wheels.

Care and prevention of the steering mechanism

The car is a single complex organism. The duration of the service and parts in the device of the machine as a whole and the steering mechanism in particular depends on the set of factors. These include:

the style of driving a particular person;
state of highway;
timely passage then.

Whenever, driving the car on the overpass or going down to the observation pit for any reason, pay attention to the condition of protective rubber, levers and nuts of the steering mechanism. Nothing should hang out. Lufts in the drive hinges are easy to check by shaking the wheel and listening to the work of articulated parts.
Remember: Prevention - Best Treatment.

In the process of movement, the driver is experiencing a constant need for car control and expensive. Very often there is a need to change the mode of movement: check-in to parking or departure from it, changes in the direction of following (turn, reversal, rebuilding, advance, overtaking, levers from, movement by reverse, etc.), stopping or parking. The implementation of these actions ensures the steering of the car, which is one of the most important systems of any vehicle.

General device and principle of work

The total steering device, despite the large number of nodes and aggregates, is pretty simple and effective. The logistics and optimality of the design and functioning of the system is proved by at least the fact that the steering has not undergone global entrepreneurial changes for the long-term theory and the practice of automotive industry. Initially, it includes three main subsystems:

steering column designed to transmit rotational steering movement;
the steering mechanism is a device that converts rotational steering movements into progressive movement of the drive parts;
a steering wheel drive, which is able to bring control functions to rotary wheels.

In addition to the main subsystems, large-tonny trucks, route vehicles and many modern cars have a special power steering device, allowing the use of the generated effect facilitating its movement.

Thus, the steering circuit is quite simple and functional. The steering wheel, as the primary knot, well acquainted with each driver, under the influence of his thought and the effects of force makes rotational movements in the necessary direction. These movements through the steering shaft are transmitted to a special steering mechanism, where the torque conversion is performed into plane movements. The latter via the drive report the necessary angles of turnover by control wheels. In turn, pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical and other amplifiers (if available) facilitate the rotation of the steering wheel, making the process of controlling the vehicle more comfortable.
This is the basic principle for which the car steering works.

Steering column

The steering scheme necessarily includes a column that consists of the following parts and nodes:

steering wheel (or steering wheel);
shaft (or shafts) columns;
casing (pipes) columns with bearings intended for rotation of the shaft (shafts);
fastening elements to ensure fixedness and stability of the structure.

The scheme of the column is to apply a driver's effort on the steering wheel and the subsequent transmission of directionally rotational movements of the steering wheel with the entire system, if the driver wants to change the movement mode of the car.

Steering gear

The steering mechanism of any car is a way to transform the rotation of the column in the transit movements of the steering drive. In other words, the mechanism functions are reduced to ensure that the steering turns turn into the desired movement of the thrust and, in course, the scores, wheels.

The steering device is variable. Currently, it is represented by two basic principles - worm and rack, which differ in the methods of transforming torque.
The total worm-type steering device includes:

a couple of details of the "worm-roller";
carter of the specified pair;
steering tower.

Power steering

The steering of modern cars is equipped with a special additional option - amplifier. The steering amplifier is a subsystem consisting of a mechanism that allows you to significantly reduce the driver's effort when the steering wheel is rotated and driving.

The main types of steering amplifiers are:

pneumatic receivers (using compressed air);
hydraulic liner (based on changing the pressure of special fluid);
electric powerful (operating on the basis of an electric motor);
electrohydroSiller (applying a combined principle of operation);
mechanical amplifier (special mechanism having an enlarged gear ratio).

Initially, the amplification system was used on large-capacity and large-sized techniques. Here, the driver's muscle strength was clearly not enough to accomplish the conceived maneuver. In modern passenger cars, it is used as a means of ensuring comfort while driving.

Basics of operating management system

During the operation of the car, individual nodes and aggregates included in the steering system are gradually come into disrepair. Especially, it is aggravated in conditions of motion on poor-quality roads. Insufficient attention of the driver, licenses devoted to the prevention of faults, as well as the low quality of spare parts and components, contributes to the wear of the system. The low qualification of the servicemen who trusts the maintenance of his car is also plays far from the latter role.

The importance of the car management system is due to the requirements of the overall road safety. So, the norms of "basic provisions for the admission of vehicles to operation ..." and paragraph 2.3.1 of the traffic control panel categorically prohibit movement (even before the car service or parking space) on the vehicle in the presence of faults in the steering system. These faults include:

excess of the permissible free stroke (backlash) of the steering wheel (10 degrees for passenger cars, 25 - for freight, 20 - for buses);
move the details and nodes of the control system not provided by the manufacturer;
availability of non-intricate in threaded compounds;
inadequate functioning of the steering amplifier.

However, this list of faults is not exhaustive. In addition to them, there are other "popular" flaws of the system:

tight rotation or steering;
knock or beating that go into the steering wheel;
leakage of the system, etc.

Such malfunctions are considered permissible during the operation of the vehicle, if the shortcomings of the system have not been evaluated.

Summarize. The steering is one of the most important components of the design of the modern vehicle. It requires constant monitoring of its condition and the implementation of timely and high-quality service and maintenance.

The steering mechanism needs to be adjusted in such a sequence:

Purpose

Classification

Worm

Screw gearbox

Gear or speech

Care and prevention of the steering mechanism

General device and principle of work

Steering column

Steering gear

Power steering

Basics of operating management system

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