Chargers Select a charger (memory) and its use. Charger. Types and work. Application and how to choose which types of physics charging devices exist

Many modern devices work not from the electrical network, but from the battery accumulating energy. According to such a principle, cars, mobile phones, players, etc., are used for maintenance of technology, use different types of chargers. It is possible to apply them for industrial purposes, as well as for servicing home portable devices.

Main species

There are different classifications of battery chargers. All of them are based on various parameters and properties of devices. Depending on how they work, 2 types are isolated:

In addition, the chargers are customary to subdivide . Taking into account this criterion distinguish the following types:

Pulse devices

These devices are designed for the charge of household appliances of small dimensions. They are equipped with an electronic timer, which is capable of operation within 4 hours in fast charge mode. For such a period, almost any discharged battery is gaining its container.

After this time, the device enters the pulse charge mode. Energy is fed to the output elements of the device to maintain the charge level.

The advantages of such models are as follows:

1. Low cost.
2. Technical simplicity.
3. Ease of use.

Usually manufacturers set the timer based on the fact that the battery is completely discharged. If it was partially discharged, then the risk of obtaining damage to the battery with overcurrent is arisen. This feature does not apply to branded batteries of mobile phones, tablets and other digital equipment, unless they are charged using universal devices.

The most perfect in its row are the types of chargers with microprocessors. They do not allow recharge batteries, so they can be used to work with any devices, even if they are not completely discharged, but partly. The disadvantages of such models include a very high price.

It is extremely undesirable to replace the proprietary device from the phone or PDA to the universal, as they may have differences in the structure of electrical connectors. When connected to charging, any household appliance first include the most charge device in the network, and then the phone or other device is connected to it.

Fixtures for cars

All devices for charging automotive batteries is customary to divide into several groups. Based on the existing classification, distinguish:

Choosing a car charger, you should consider some features of its operation. If possible, then it is better to give preference to a charging and starting option. Having at hand such a device and an electrical outlet, you can always run the carwithout waiting for a complete battery charge.

Buying a charger, it is better to choose a model that exceeds the battery requirements by about 10%. For those who are not strong in electrical engineering, the automatic model will suit more - although it costs a little more, but it will help to avoid unnecessary difficulties.

Buy the device is better in proven stores, preferring reliable manufacturers. Before starting the instrument, the instructions should be learned.

- The only simple means to restore its performance. Of course, in the case of its discharge, and not the final breakdown. To solve the second case, special ways of recovery are provided, which we will tell a little lower, after features of charging devices (Memory).

It would seem that the chargers do not possess a mass of features, but it is not. Before listed, we divide the chargers into two categories: the first is amateur, the second is professional. Amateur include inexpensive portable glands, which are intended for personal use. Accordingly, professional memory is used for the integrated service of all types of batteries that allow you to simultaneously charge and restore several batteries.

So, the features of amateur chargers are as follows:

• 1) Automation
• 2) Stir protection
• 3) the ability to start the car engine
• 4) the possibility of desulfation
• 5) Several charge modes
• 6) Small dimensions and weight

Automation Allows you to charge the battery without monitoring the process. This greatly facilitates the task for people who are not very disassembled in physics, since initially there were only such charges of charge, where knowledge is needed in this area. Defense protection - Also a very useful feature of the charger. It makes it possible to prevent damage as a chip and rechargeable battery. By the way, the ransom is the wrong connection of the wires to the battery terminals.

Starting charger (or commissioning) are created not only for battery charge, but also to start a car engine in an emergency. Such ROMs are very useful at frequent trips outside the city.

If the charger has a function desulfationIt is capable of restoring the battery, on the plates of which the sulfate of lead, blocking electrons formed. For desulfation, the plates are cleaned from this sulfate and the battery can again function again.

Several battery charge modes make it possible to charge exactly the way you want - with constant voltage, direct current or combined. Small overall dimensions and weight provide mobility device. It can be easily transported in the car or transfer in hand.

Professional chargers have the above functions, with the exception of small overall dimensions and mass. Also, such ultrasound are often stationary.

All chargers can be divided into 3 types. The simplest are non-automatic devices with a power supply unit. This is a transformer power supply unit. Such chargers do not have battery protection schemes. They can be distinguished by large size and weight. As for transformer charging devices, they are very reliable and durable. But they are not so secure. They lead to overheating of the battery, as well as bulging electrolyte. As a result, the battery elements are destroyed. Today, large transformer chargers almost completely come out of use.

Modern mobile devices, in addition to a convenient miniature power supply, have a simple and functional OS android. Now on the Internet you can find many sites offering games android 236 and a lot of various applications for work and entertainment. These games are perfect for smartphones and tablets, giving our users a few hours of pleasantly leisure.

Pulse chargers

Today, the most popular chargers intended for laptop technology. These are automatic pulse chargers with the presence of an electronic timer. At the same time, the charger timer is capable of working in a quick charge mode about four hours. During this period, the discharged battery is able to gain the main part of its container. After that, the timer translates the charger to the pulse charging mode. In this case, electrical energy is supplied by small portions to the output of the battery elements to maintain it in the charged state.

Chargers with a timer are simple and cost inexpensive. They are also very comfortable. At the same time, they still need to be used with caution. Note that the timer is adjusted by the manufacturer for the period of charging the discharged completely battery. If you insert the battery in the device slot, which is partially discharged, then a reload will occur, and as a result, the battery may be damaged by overcurrent.
In cellular devices, as well as in PDAs, digital players and other technique with the presence of a branded battery this rule is not valid. But if you use universal chargers, then this rule should be considered.
Note that the full digit is very dangerous for any batteries, and first of all, for lithium-ion. They can even fail due to the complete discharge. Note that the unused device should be recharged from time to time.

The most perfect and universal are charging with microprocessor control. They can charge any batteries.

They exclude the reload of batteries. They can be used to charge any partially discharged batteries. But note that such chargers are very expensive.

Replace branded charging from the cell phone universal undesirable due to the differences in electrical connectors and possible errors. The branded chargers are created specifically for one or another type of battery. So this should be considered.
How to connect the charger? In the case of cell phones, the sequence is such - first you must connect the charger to the electrical network, after which the phone is to the charger. Otherwise, you can harm your phone.

There are a great set of chargers in the world (memory), that's just finding the necessary in our country does not always succeed.

For rare models, there are no, even the most simple, and for common, there are only memory, similar to those included in the package of mobile phones, and automotive. This is primarily due to low demand for accessories of this kind. In most cases, consumers believe that they can completely do with charging included in the delivery of the phone, and, must be said, they are right almost 100%. Of course, "if the stars light up, then it is necessary to someone." And if charging is produced (I must say - for every taste and wealth), it means that it also needs someone. Our task is to tell you about what happens and what functions they do, as well as what is worth paying attention to when buying a memory. Chargers differ from each other by charging the battery, the presence of a discharge function and all sorts of indication species. In the memory, which are included in the package of a mobile phone, as a rule, the charge indicator is the phone itself, more precisely, its screen, on which the battery charge level is displayed. Such memory does not possess the function of the discharge (in contrast, let's say, from table charging). What other types of stake exist in nature?
1. Different types of batteries are produced different memory. So, there are charging for nickel-based batteries (nickel-cadmium (NiCD) and nickel-metal hydride (NIMH)), for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and combined.
2. Due to the design of the memory, they can be built into the phone or in a remote power supply unit (designed for charge batteries directly in the phone); They can be desktops (provide both the charge and discharge) or manual (Motorola has released a zoom called Motorola FreeCHARGE, which works on manual recharging).
3. There was already mentioned above, they may vary by the method of charge: there are devices carrying out the charge of a constant current, and a device with a pulse charge.
4. At the time of charge, the "fast" and "slow" memory are distinguished.
5. In the type of input voltage of the supply vary, connected to the AC voltage network, and the memory connected to the on-board network of the car (provide telephone power supply from a voltage 12 or 24 V from the car cigarette lighter and charge the spare battery).
6. Differential and professional memory are also distinguished from the functions performed.

The most widespread was charging included in the package of mobile phone. These devices deliver users a minimum of concern and are designed to work with NiCD, NIMH and LI-ION-batteries. Such memory will equally efficiently charge all these types of batteries, but they, as we mentioned above, there is one disadvantage: the fact is that nickel-based batteries must be discharged periodically in order to reduce the "memory effect" (arises due to That the voltage at which the phone is turned off exceeds the voltage to which it is necessary to discharge the battery to prevent a decrease in the container arising during operation). For such batteries, it is recommended to use a desktop memory with a discharge function. (ATTENTION: After completing the charge, nickel batteries should not be left in the memory for a long time, since the memory continues to charge them, but only a significantly less current. Long-term finding of such batteries in the memory leads to an excessive charge and deterioration of their parameters.)

Automotive memory are created for those who spend most of their lives behind the wheel. The simplest of them is made in the form of a cord connecting a cell phone with a car cigarette lighter socket. It is very simple and very convenient, but should not be abused in this way of charge, especially during trips around the city, as frequent stops and, accordingly, the multiple engine start can significantly fill the battery life.

When using the memory, it is important to correctly determine the time of the charge. "Slow" memory (used for NICD and NIMH batteries; charge current is 10% of the rated battery capacity (nominal electric capacity - then the amount of energy that the battery is theoretically (ideally) must have in the charged state), charge time - 10 - 12 hours) are usually not particularly sensitive to small charge time disorders: if the battery at a small charging current will come to the memory, suppose, 1 to 2 hours longer than the prescribed time, it will not lead to critical consequences.

The other thing is "accelerated" memory. The fact is that for the battery, it is dangerous to obtain an overwhelming charge on a large current and, accordingly, overheat. "Accelerated" zoom charge the battery with a current equal to 33 - 100% of its nominal container. Charge time is 1 - 3 hours.

On the completion of the charge process in some cheap charging, you can find out, focusing on achieving a specific voltage value on the rechargeable battery. Difficulties with the correct assessment of the degree of battery charge are explained by the fact that the voltage may vary depending on the ambient temperature and the charge rate.

There are a memory in which the charge time is counted using a special timer: after a certain time, the current on the battery ceases to be supplied. The problem is that if after charge to set the battery to such a memory (for example, by mistake), it again "in good faith", in a strictly counted time time, will give the battery another portion of the charging current, as a result of which the "life" of the battery will reduce the battery .

The complexes are equipped with a microcontroller, which allows you to more accurately track the end of the battery charge and a few more parameters: Battery voltage, current, temperature, and other variables. In even more complex memory, there is an external temperature sensor (it is very effect on the charging process).

A pulse charge that is used in air-conditioning memory and battery analyzers is most suitable for NiCD and NIMH batteries. The essence of this method is that the battery for certain periods of time receives the charge and discharge with short pulses. The current current pulses are designed to minimize the formation of unwanted crystals on the NiCD and NIMH-batteries plate, which in turn minimizes the "memory effect" and increases the battery life. However, the batteries with a large "memory effect" one only the pulse charge will not save - in order to destroy more persistent crystalline formations, they need a deep discharge (recovery) by a special algorithm. Ordinary memory, even with the discharge function, are not capable of it.

Studies conducted in the laboratory of the Kvazar-Micro-Radio service center showed that periodic (at least once a quarter) recovery of batteries in the analyzer using a pulse charge, an average of 20% increases the life of the NICD batteries, and 8% - NIMH, which were in operation no more than a year.

So, if you wish your battery for many years of life, purchase desktop charger. But note that not all devices of this type are able to effectively charge Li-Ion batteries. So, for example, Motorola clearly stipulates in his instructions, that for the charge of Li-Ion batteries should be used only with the "EP" logo (EXPERT PERFORMANCE). In addition, each memory is calculated on the battery charge of a specific capacity. So, the "slow" memory, calculated on the charge of the low capacity batteries, may not be fully charged the large capacity battery, even if the charge time is increased. Conversely: "Fast" memory (with a high charge current) can excessively charge the battery with a small capacity.

And yet: when buying a charger, be sure to pay attention to the rules of its operation (assignment, functions, features, and limitations of use), and then your mobile phone will not be at the most appropriate time to recharge the battery.

Well, as a postscript - information for reflection (and is it worth the game of the candle?):

1. Any phone "Moral" is obsolete for 1 to 3 years.
2.. With the worst handling of the battery, the battery is able to work for a year and a half.
3. The cost of a new battery in most cases is comparable or even lower than the cost of a trimmed charge.
4. Wall cell phone may not be approached by earlier.

When they talk about the use of electrical energy into everyday life, in production or transport, they mean the operation of the electric current. Electric currents are summarized to the consumer from the power station on the wires. Therefore, when electric lamps unexpectedly come out in the houses or the movement of electric trains, trolley buses, they say that the current disappeared in the wires.

What is an electric current and what is necessary for its occurrence and existence during the time you need?

The word "current" means movement or the course of something.

What can move in the wires connecting the power plant with electrical energy consumers?

We already know that there are electrons in bodies, the movement of which is explained by various electrical phenomena (see § 30). Electrons have a negative electrical charge. Electrical charges may have larger particles of substances - ions. Consequently, various charged particles can move in the conductors.

Electric current is called ordered (directional) movement of charged particles.

To get an electric current in the conductor, you need to create an electrical field in it. Under the action of this field, charged particles that can freely move in the conductor will come in the direction of the electrical forces on them. An electric current will occur.

So that the electric current in the conductor existed for a long time, it is necessary to maintain an electric field in it all this time. The electric field in the conductors is created and can be supported for a long time. sources of electric current.

Current sources are different, but in any of them work on the separation of positive and negatively charged particles is performed. Separated particles accumulate on poles Current source. So call the places to which the conductors are connected using terminals or clamps. One pole of the current source is charged positively, the other is negative. If the source poles connect the conductor, then under the action of the electric field, the free charged particles in the conductor will begin to move in a certain direction, an electric current will occur.

Fig. 44. Electroplated machine

Fig. 45. Transformation of internal energy into electric

In current sources, in the process of working on the separation of charged particles, the mechanical, inner or other energy into electrical energy occurs. So, for example, in electrophetic machine (Fig. 44) mechanical energy turns into electrical energy. It can be carried out and converting internal energy into electrical. If two wires made from different metals are soldered, and then heat the place falling, then the wires will arise in the wires (Fig. 45). Such a source of current is called thermoelegen. In it, the internal energy of the heater turns into electrical energy. When illuminating some substances, for example, selenium, copper oxide (I), silicon, there is a loss of negative electrical charge (Fig. 46). This phenomenon is called photo effect. It is based on the device and action photo cells. Thermal elements and photo cells are studying in the course of high school physics.

Fig. 46. \u200b\u200bTransformation of radiation energy into electric

Consider the device and the operation of two current sources - galvanic element and batterywhich will be used in experiments on electricity.

In the electroplating element (Fig. 47, a), chemical reactions occur, and the internal energy released during these reactions turns into electrical. The element depicted in Figure 47, the element consists of a zinc vessel (body) of C. A coal rod in the housing is inserted into the housing, in which there is a metal cover M. The rod is placed in a mixture of manganese oxide (IV) Mn0 2 and grinding carbon S. space between the zinc case and a mixture of manganese oxide with carbon filled with a jelly-like salt solution (ammonium chloride NH 4 Ci) P.

Fig. 47. Galvanic Element (Battery)

During the chemical zinc reaction, Zn with ammonium chloride NH4Ci zinc vessel becomes negatively charged.

Manganese oxide carries a positive charge, and the coal rod inserted into it is used to transmit a positive charge.

Between charged coal rod and zinc vessel called electrodesThe electric field occurs. If the coal rod and zinc vessel connect the conductor, then over the entire length under the action of the electric field, the free electrons will come to an ordered movement. An electric current will occur.

Galvanic elements are the most integrined DC sources in the world. Their dignity is convenience and safety in use.

There are often batteries that can be recharged repeatedly - batteries (from lat. Battery - accumulate). The simplest battery consists of two lead plates (electrodes) placed in a solution of sulfuric acid.

To the battery become a source of current, it must be charged. For charging through the battery, they pass a constant current from some source. In the process of charging as a result of chemical reactions, one electrode becomes positively charged, and the other is negative. When the battery is charged, it can be used as an independent current source. Poles of batteries are indicated by signs "+" and "-". When charging, the positive pole of the battery is connected to the positive pole of the current source, negative - with a negative pole.

In addition to lead, or acidic, accumulators are widely used by iron phones, or alkaline, batteries. They use a solution of a lump and plate - one of the compressed iron powder, the second - from the nickel peroxide. Figure 48 shows a modern battery.

Fig. 48. Battery

Batteries have wide and diverse use. They serve to power the lighting network of railway cars, cars, to start a car engine. Batteries batteries feed electricity underwater boat under water. Radio transmitters and scientific equipment on artificial satellites of the Earth also receive power from batteries installed on the satellite.

a - mobile phone; B - laptop

In power plants, electric current is obtained using generators (from lat. Generator - creator, manufacturer). This electric current is used in industry, in transport, in agriculture.

Questions

1. What is electric current?
2. What needs to be created in the conductor so that there is a current in it and existed?
3. What transformations occur within the current source?
4. How is the dry galvanic element arranged?
5. What is a positive and negative battery poles?
6. How is the battery?
7. Where do batteries apply?

The task

1. With the help of the Internet, find what types of charging devices exist and highlight their features.
2. Prepare a presentation on the use of batteries.