Which engine is suitable Volga GAZ 21. Soviet car GAZ-M21 "Volga": description, specifications. Features of the design - Disadvantages and advantages

When they say about the engine for the car GAZ 21, then the model ZMZ 21 is meant. But the production of Volga began without the participation of this internal combustion engine (DVS),
In the first samples of "twenty-first", an improved novel flap was established. Only after some time the new power unit went into the series, firmly taking the lead.

Example of a classic Volga 21 gray

The new upperlap engine for (in the future GAZ 21) began to be developed back in 1954 - at first it was equipped with a chain transmission. But in the series did not go, for the first time improved ICA appeared in the series only from mid-1957, almost a year after the start of the car production.

The engine assembly was first practiced, but in November 1959 the motor for the Volga began to produce the Gorky region in the city of Zavolzhye. The new DVS received the ZMZ 21 index, and was in production until the end of the production of the car GAZ 21 (until 1970).

Today, the model of the ZMZ 21 motor could be considered obsolete if there are no moments. The fact is that the Ulyanovsky engine plant took the model of this engine as the basis.

So the ZMZ 21 engine installed on the twenty-first Volga looks like

For example, the brand UMP 417 in the main details (including the block, the block of the block and the piston group) is practically no different from the base model 21. At the first Ulyanovsky engines (UMP 451), the crankshaft from the Volgovsky "motor was installed, but UMPs 417 first The releases have already equipped the shaft from the 402th engine.

And in the 2000s, a sealing pack was finally disappeared in the design, the crankshaft received the rear gland from the VAZ 2108.

Modern three-liter DVS UMS also has the roots of ZMZ 21, the schematic diagram of the motor's work is the same with the prototype.

Typical malfunctions

Like any other motor, ZMZ 21 has its most vulnerable places. Here is some of them:

Disassembly of the engine

To carry out overhaul engine, it is first dismantled from the car, and then disassemble. So, the order of disassembly:

1. We first drain the engine oil from the engine pallet. For drain, we unscrew the plug below the oil crankcase.
2. Disassembly begin on top. We turn the valve cover, it is attached to 6 bolts.
3. We unscrew the 4 nuts of the axis of the rocker and dismantle the axis. We take 8 ball pushers.
4. We turn over the 10 nuts fastening of the cylinder head, and remove the GBC assembly with collectors and carburetor.
5. Twisting two lap drive nuts and take it out.
6. Everything, the disassembly from above is over. We turn the engine and dismantle the engine tray. It is attached to 18 nuts. Typically, the crankcase carbs on the spot, so it is not necessary to be afraid to make some effort to remove it. The main thing is to unscrew all nuts.

   

   So the Carter Volga looks like 21

7. Then dismantle the oil pump, it is fastened on two studs and fixed with nuts.
8. Next action - turn off the ratchet. You can use a wrench, but many motorists remove the ratchet with sharp blows of a hammer of 0.8 kg. The main thing is to stronger ratchet, then it is easily twisted with his hand.
9. We dismantle the crankshaft pulley - it is attached to six bolts.
10. Then you need to sue the crankshaft hub. To do this, you will need a puller. You can try to do without a puller, taking advantage of a soft metal (copper, bronze, brass) and heavy hammer. But this method requires a certain skill.
11. We turn off the camshaft cover (7 nuts), dismantle it.
12. We turn off the nuts fastening the connecting rods, remove the lids, knock the pistons assembled with the rod from the block.
    Discover should be carefully, without damaging the items. It is necessary to remove from the connecting rod with the piston one by one, and not all at once. The covers should immediately be outlined. It should be remembered that the connecting rod caps can not be confused by places - they must stand on the same connectors on which they stood before disassembly.
13. We unscrew the nuts from the covers of the indigenous bearings (bohels), dismantle the covers and take out the crankshaft assembly with the flywheel, clutch and crankshaft gear. Bougiels are also better to return to its places.
14. We remove the two caps of the pushers (each is attached to 1 nut), take out the pushers. Under the distribution gear there are two bolts, and at a certain position of the gear gear, the bolts can be unscrewed by the end key on 12 or head. We turn over both bolts and take the camshaft assembly with the gear.

    

Soon after the end of the Great Patriotic War, the plant began producing the most famous car of the USSR era - GAZ-M20 ("Victory"). The car had a modern appearance and an advanced body design at that time. But by the beginning of the 50s, the design became inappropriate, the lag in the nodes and aggregates of the transmission increased. Realizing this problem, gas designers started developing a new model, based on the developments by us.

The first steps of GAZ-21 "Volga"

The first work on GAZ-21 refers to 1951-1952, and in 1953, samples were created. Initially, there were two draft models under the notation "Star" and "Volga". J. Williams answered the appearance of the first project, L. Yeremeyev. The project "Star" had a similar M20 The concept of the body (Fastback) and ultimately did not receive the development of the nearest samples.

Work on the project "Volga" continued under the guidance of the leading designer A. Nevzorova. And in 1954 the first running prototype appeared on the world, followed by a few more. The prototypes passed a large cycle of test runs, including comparative tests with samples of foreign equipment.

The first series - "Star"

The production of the car under the designation M21 began in October 1956 from the assembly of only three serial samples. In total, for 1956 they were collected five. These cars, as well as the 1957 Machine Party, were aimed at conducting tests in real exploitation (for example, as a taxi). The arises of the complaints were eliminated or immediately, or during scheduled modernization.

Edition cars from 1956 to November 1958 refer to the so-called first series. The total release of them amounted to a little more than 30,000 copies.

A distinctive external feature of such machines is the lining of the radiator in which a large star was present. Difference inside the cabin is the instrument panel, the upper part of which is painted in the body color. On top of the panel in the center there is a place for the dynamics, however, such a solution was on the first batches of the second series machines. The combination of instruments on the very first releases had gas inscription in the center, then she changed her deer. These design options were before the beginning of 1957, the main part of the machines had a combination without inscriptions and drawings.

The first series was completed with two types of engines. The first batch of cars had engine M21b. The engine was based on the "victorious" block, with bitten up to 88 mm cylinders, which increased the litter to 2.42 liters. Having a compression ratio of about 7 units, the engine developed about 65 forces.

The early editions of the first series had a lot of differences (often very small, but they were) from the remaining gas M21 cars. The description of the differences comes down to the following: the hood had a loop with vertical springs, the machines had its own front beam under the mounting point M21B and the rear axle with a continuous cast crankcase, like a gas bridge 12. There were differences in the springs and their fasteners, amplifiers on the body.

The basic version of the car was designated M21G (tropical version M21GU), then since the summer of 1957, modified by M21B. All machines with a nipped motor equipped with an exceptionally manual box.

The machines of the first series were completed by the central lubricant chassis system. To 21 points on a pivot suspension and on the steering rods were thin copper tubes and rubber hoses. For them, with the help of a foot pump, a liquid lubricant was served. According to the instructions after the parking or after 200 km, the mileage was supposed to update lubricant in nodes with two presses on the system pedal. In practice, the system turned out to be unreliable due to cliffs of the tubes, the holes for the supply of lubrication weakened the suspension elements (especially the steering), the excess lubricant flowed to the road. Therefore, during the release of machines of the second series, they refused to favor conventional press oils. It is worth noting that such a suspension scheme has lived on passenger cars of gas to the 2000s.

Salon GAZ-M21

Body in the basic performance had a good equipment. It included the salon heater with the possibility of direction of air flow on the windshield, radio, wiper and electric windows. The front sofa was regulated in two directions. In addition, to obtain sleeping places, the back of the sofa could be folded.

The M21 door cards of early releases had a combined finish (tissue and leatherette), the late decoration was simplified, leaving only leatherette. The color of the outcome of the cabin was chosen according to the coloring body.

In the interior decoration, parts were used from acetylcellulosic plastic (steering wheel, control knots and other parts). Such plastic is short-lived due to its chemical composition and over time heats up and begins to crumble.

New Motor

From about the summer of 1957, the production of the new 70-strong M21A engine with the top arrangement of the valves began. The new engine gas M21 was increased to 2.445 liters of cylinders. The aluminum unit was equipped with cast-iron light-sensitive sleeves of the "wet" type. On early versions of the engine stood a single-chamber vertical carburetor to 22i. Fuel supply was carried out by a mechanical pump. Initially, the engine worked on gasoline A-70 (the use of A-66 was allowed when adjusting the ignition angle). The new motor has improved the competitiveness and characteristics of gas M21, but some time both types of motor were supplied to the conveyor parallel.

The basic version with a manual transmission received the designation M 21B, the option for a taxi - M 21A. For the first time for the USSR cars, the first Volga series could be equipped with a hydroavtomatom - version M 21. For export deliveries there were several models with different options for gearboxes, finishes and climatic zones (all with an engine 80 liters. P.).

Gearbox and rear axle

The clutch M21 received a hydraulic drive with a suspended pedal. The three-speed gearbox itself differed little from Victoryovskaya. The second and third gears had synchronizers. Switching speeds were carried out by lever on the steering column. Separate parties of machines of the first and second series were equipped with an automatic box. According to various sources, the number of such machines varies from 700 to almost 2000.

The cardan transfer had an intermediate support. Rear axle with a split crankcase and a hypoid gear.

Second series - "Shargy Palace"

In the fall of 1958, the GAZ M21 car has undergone the first restyling - the second series cars went to the series. The changes mostly touched the exterior of the machine - the front wings received increased arches, the radiator cladding became flat with 16 vertical slots ("shark mouth"). Depending on the configuration, the lattice could be painted in the color of the body or chromed.

Then they changed the design of the rear lights (reflective elements were added), the instrument panel from above began to cover the matte layer (to eliminate glare on the windshield). Later, the panel began to cover the leatherette, and the speaker was transferred to its facial part. In 1960, the lubrication system of the chassis nodes with a separate pedal was removed, and also changed polarity when connecting the battery (negative output to the body). Then from the hood disappeared and deer recognized by the traumatic element. Instead, a small chromed molding appeared ("drop"). Until 1962, the second series was separated by circulation of about 140 thousand copies.

The third series - "whale mustache"

Despite the restyling, the appearance of the car was rapidly obsolete. Recessed projects of deeper modernization required significant investments, finding funds to which failed. Therefore, in the second half of 1962, the car was subjected to another restyling - so the most mass machines of the third series appeared on the world - they were all released about 470 thousand.

The car obtained a new grille of the radiator from 37 vertical elements ("whale"). Bumpers lost fangs and began to consist of two parts - the top chrome and lower in the body color. From the hood disappeared molding. Changed the design of the interior of the car, which have become more wear-resistant.

The native engine and gearbox gas M21 was replaced by aggregates from GAZ 13 "Seagull". 195-Strong "Eight" and automatic gearbox allowed radically change the car dynamics. Due to the heavier and powerful power unit, the body was refined, the brake system (the brake amplifier was not applied) and the suspension with enhanced elements (a thicker spring bar, the springs sheets with an increased thickness, other shock absorbers parameters).

Externally, gas 23 practically did not differ from ordinary civil cars.

Operational characteristics GAZ 21 Volga

Maximum speed: 130 km / h
Fuel consumption per 100km in a mixed cycle: 9 L.
The volume of gas tank: 60 L.
Curb weight car: 1460 kg
Permissible full weight: 1885 kg
Tire size: 6.70-15

Engine characteristics

Location: Front, longitudinally
Engine volume: 2445 cm3
Engine power: 70 hp
Number of revolutions: 4000
Torque: 170/2200 N * m
Supply system: Carburetor
Turbocharddv: not
Gas distribution mechanism: not
Cylinder Location: In line
Number of cylinders: 4
Cylinder diameter: 92 mm
Piston move: 92 mm
Compression ratio: 6.6
Number of valves per cylinder: 2
Recommended fuel: AI-80

Brake system

Front brakes: Drum
Rear brakes: Drum

Steering

Steering Type: Globid Worm with Recycling Balls
Power steering: not

Transmission

Drive unit: Rear
Number of gear: Manual box - 3
The gear ratio of the main pair: 3.78

Suspension

Rear suspension: Spring
Front suspension: Screw spring

Body

Body type: sedan
Number of doors: 4
Number of seats: 5
Machine length: 4770 mm
Machine width: 1885 mm
Machine height: 1620 mm
Wheelbase: 2700 mm
Front track: 1410 mm
Pitch back: 1420 mm
Road clearance (clearance): 190 mm

Modifications

First episodefrom 1956 to 1958

GAZ-M-21G - with a forced engine from "Victory",
GAZ-M-21B - with a forced engine from "Victory", taxi.
GAZ-M-21 - engine 2.445 liters. and automatic transmission,
GAZ-M-21A - Taxi based on GAZ-M-21B,
GAZ-M-21B - general purpose with a 2.445 liter engine,
GAZ-M-21D - export with manual transmission (80 hp engine), additional chrome elements of the finish (only the belt molding, the salaries of the glass appeared from the second series).
GAZ-M-21E - export with automatic transmission.

Second series From 1959 to 1962

GAZ-M-21I - Basic sedan,
GAZ-M-21A - Taxi,
GAZ-M-21 - version with automatic transmission (facilitated in the production program, but the actually released instances are not known),
GAZ-M-21E - version with automatic transmission (very limited output for special order),
GAZ-M-21U - improved equipment (richer finish, but with a standard engine),
GAZ-M-21K - export (80 hp engine or 75 hp, additional chrome decoration elements).

Third Series from 1962 to 1970

GAZ-M-21L - Basic sedan,
GAZ-M-21M - export,
GAZ-M-21U - improved equipment (chromium decorative moldings on wings were added to the configuration - on the front in the form of arrows and on the rear - in the form of fins),
GAZ-M21T - taxi, had separate front seats for the carriage of large cargo.

On the basis of the gas-21 third series, independent models were produced:

GAZ-22 cargo-passenger
GAZ-22 - a minor universal (prototypes and first serial specimens could have been designing the second series), produced in 1962-1970; At its base, the ambulance carrier was produced.
GAZ-22A - van, created in 1961; The series did not go into the series, but the car repair plants were built by its sample.
GAZ-23 - small accompaniment machine ("High-speaking modification", "Catching"), with a motor and automatic transmission from the Limousine "Seagull" GAZ-13 (V8, 5.53 liters, 160, later 195 hp) and enhanced body and chassis, which was produced in 1962-1974 in extremely limited quantities (according to Researcher, Dmitry Gvozdeva, 608 specimens) for the needs of the KGB and other powerful departments.

Production

Year of issue:from 1956 to 1970

GAZ-21 "Volga" - Soviet passenger car with Sedan Body. Until 1965 was called GAZ-M21 "Volga". Serially produced since 1956 (until 1958 in parallel with GAZ-M20 "Victory") in 1970. The total volume of production of GAZ-21 of all modifications of 638798 copies (according to the serial number of the latter from the car conveyor). Became the most successful car of domestic development for all the years of the existence of the USSR.

History of creation

The development of the car began in 1952. At first, the work was carried out over two independent projects of GAZ-M21 "Star" and GAZ-M21 "Volga". The first project was the artist John Williams, the second - Lev Eremeev. In 1953, layouts of two cars were built. The project of Williams looked more advanced, but the machine of Yeremeyev more corresponded to the realities of that time. The further development of the future car adopted the Lion Eremeev project. In the same 1953, A. Nevzorov was appointed the leading designer GAZ-M21, which worked under the top of the main designer of the Gorky Automobile Plant N. Borisov.

At the end of the winter or early spring of 1954, the first prototypes of the future "Volga" were prepared and entered preliminary tests. On May 3, 1955, three cars - the cherry-red (prototype 1), blue (prototype 2) and white (prototype 3) - left the gate of the Gorky plant and went to state acceptance tests. Together with them, there were other domestic cars and foreign cars of the same class as "Volga". All prototypes differed from each other in detail, two of them were equipped with an automatic transmission, one - mechanical.
Cars were tested in a wide variety of road conditions and showed good results. The new car was more economical and dynamic "Victory", exceeded the dynamics of obsolete winters, reliability and passability overwritten overseas analogs. In addition, "Volga" was favorably different from the car of foreign production by harmonious design.

Photo: In 1954, the construction of prototypes of GAZ-21 began

In May 1955, the Gorky Plant was released another, the fourth copy of the Volga. He was transferred to the Murom Radio Plant for debugging the A-9 radio receiver, which was equipped with a car (in some embodiments). In the summer of 1955, all prototypes, in addition to the first, were slightly modernized, having received a new grille of the radiator (with a star).
The first series of five cars was collected at the plant in October 1956. On October 10, 1956, the first three "Volga" came from the factory gate, which can be called serial. Five new cars joined the prototypes 1.2 and 3 to take part in the comprehensive tests at the end of 1956. These five serial cars were equipped with engines from GAZ-M20, forced to 65 hp. For installation on the export version of the Jeep GAZ-69. Cars equipped with mechanical transmissions. The final tests of "Volga" took place in taxi in conditions of intensive exploitation, which made it possible to quickly eliminate many "children's diseases" of the new car.

Modifications of gas-M21 within the framework of "issues"

The car GAZ-M21 "Volga" of the first "release" - was made from 1956, until November 1958. Until the end of 1957, it was completed with a lower engine with a working volume of 2.42 liters (2420 cc. Cm), with a capacity of 65 hp. With 3800 revolutions per minute. Borrowed from the "Victory", this engine was forced by increasing the working volume (boring cylinders) and the degree of compression. In total, 1,100 copies of Volga were released with such a motor.
GAZ-M21G - in addition to the forced engine from the GAZ-M20 "Victory" was equipped with a rear axle with shortened semi-axles and their covers. A distinctive feature of all machines of the first "issue" is the electrical equipment of electrical equipment.
Gas-M21B - a car with a forced engine from "Victory", a modification for a taxi with a simplified finish. GAZ-M21 - produced since 1957 with the new ZMZ-21 engine engine of the Volga motor plant (specially built for the release of "Volgovsky" engines). The engine had a working volume of 2.445 liters and power in 70 hp The engine was a topless, entirely aluminum (the main parts - the crankcase, the cylinder block, nozzles) and for its time was distinguished by many progressive solutions. Also, an automatic three-stage gearbox with a torque converter was installed on the modification under the M21 index.
GAZ-M21B - serial car with ZMZ-21 engine.
GAZ-M21A - taxis with the engine ZMZ-21 (based on GAZ-21B).
GAZ-M21D - export modification with forced to 80 hp Engine and mechanical kp. The design is complemented by a belt chrome-plated molding.
GAZ-M21E - export modification with an engine 80 hp and automatic KP.
The gas-m21 car of the second "release" was made from 1959 to 1962. "Release" 1958-1959 consider transitional. Changes were introduced gradually and dealt with the design of the body, an increase in the wheel arches of the front wings, changes in wiring ("ignitions" in 1960, the "minus" began to be supplied on the body, which reduced the current losses and the intensity of metal corrosion). The total production of cars of the second "release" was 160 thousand copies.
Gas-M21I - basic model.

GAZ-M21A - taxi.

Gas-M21 - car with automatic automobiles. It is not known whether he was in reality (there is no information about this).
GAZ-M21E is another modification with the ACP, released by a very limited series.
GAZ-M21U - Modification "Suite" with improved finish, but with a conventional engine.

GAZ-M21K - export modification with an engine 75 or 80 hp and additional elements of finishing (chrome inserts). The gas-m21 car of the third "release" was made from 1962 to 1970. The car obtained a new grille of the radiator from 37 chrome vertical plates. The figure of the deer and molding disappeared from the hood (the deer was not always installed on cars of the second "release" - he was removed from security reasons). The number of chrome decorative details was reduced. Body lines have become smoother and harmonious. From the production line removed the modification with the ACP, the lever shock absorbers were replaced by telescopic, it was increased to 75 hp. Motor power for basic serial modification. The total volume of production of the third "release" was 470 thousand copies.

Gas-M21l is the main serial sedan.
GAZ-M21L - export modification.
GAZ-M21U - Modification "Lux", was distinguished from the serial car with moldings on wings.
GAZ-M21T - a modification of a taxi with separate front seats. Passenger front seat was evolving, freeing the place to transport the cargo.

In 1962, gas-m22 was created on the basis of GAZ-M21 and put on the car-M22 body with the "Universal" body. He was produced in various versions - as a "civilian" car of general purpose, as ambulance, car accompaniment airports for airports and so on.

At the same time, a small series of GAZ-23 cars was released - a high-speed modification of GAZ-M21 with a power unit from GAZ-13 "Seagull" (ACP, 8-cylinder engine with a capacity of 160, and later 195 hp). This car was intended for power structures (in particular, the KGB) and was released in the amount of 608 copies.
In 1965, the "Volga" of the Third "release" has undergone the last modernization. The heater was improved, a slightly changed body design. At the same time, the letter "M" disappeared from the models index (that is, Molotov, until 1957, the Gorky Automobile Plant named after Molotov was called. The main modifications of "Volga" began to be denoted as:
GAZ-21 - Basic option.
GAZ-21C - export modification with improved finish and package. Engine with a capacity of 85 hp
GAZ-21US - model with improved finish for the domestic market and partially for export. Engine 75 hp
GAZ-21T - modification for a taxi.
GAZ-21TS - export taxi (supplied to many countries of the world, including Finland, GDR).
In 1968, the first small batch of cars of the new GAZ-24 model was released (by circuit technology). Until 1970, both models were produced in parallel. On July 15, 1970, the release of GAZ 21 of all modifications was discontinued.

Features of the design - Disadvantages and advantages

The number of car-21 vehicles is extremely large. In fact, under the general name "Volga" gas produced different cars similar and on basic characteristics. For example, GAZ-23, built on the aggregates of GAZ-13 "Seagulls" possessed high-speed characteristics, which are characteristic of modern passenger cars. And the gas-m21 of the first experienced issues was not much different from the same high-speed characteristics from the serial gas-M20 "Victory".

In the design of the "Volga" of all "issues" there were many archaic even for those years. In particular, telescopic shock absorbers (instead of lever) came to "Volga" with a lot of intake. Automatic KP never passed (Soviet automakers so could not master its mass production). Hydraulic brakes and steering is not equipped with amplifiers, the control of the heavy machine required the driver of physical effort. The parking brake of the central type (drum brake, similar to the wheel device, was installed on the KP shank and affected the drive shaft on the host rear axle) was ineffective and unreliable. When you try to emergency stopping car in the parking brake, the latter broke. Until 1960, Volga was equipped with a centralized lubricant system - a special pedal. This decision was applied to foreign (German) cars of the 30-40s. Finally, the three-stage MCP had a synchronizer only for two higher gears, which for the second half of the 60s was a completely obsolete solution.
However, there were current discoveries. Designers "Volga" managed to create a car that attracts attention to the impeccable design and forty years after the production of the machine. The high strength of the body - due to the exact miscalculation of the power elements, the numerous myths about the "thick metal" spawned, from which body details of the car allegedly stamped (in fact, the metal was used as in foreign automatic road).
"Volga" was distinguished by high corrosion resistance - due to the special processing of the body "phosphating". The quality of the color of the body of cars of the first and second "issues" is such that some of them do not require repainting to today. Separately, you should mention the ZMZ-21 engine, produced in a huge amount of modifications. He found applied on Soviet minibuses, was installed on the boat, exported abroad. The modification of this engine - UMP-451MI - was installed on high-passability cars UAZ-469, which were in service with the Soviet army.
The high quality of the manufacture of GAZ-21, especially the second and start of the third "releases" (cars of the first "release" remained very little), the high degree of unification of parts with gas and UAZ cars, the impeccable reputation of a reliable car led to the fact that the market of cars of this brand exists and today. Cars are restored, supported in humiliated state, resell and find new owners. True, only a relatively small part of the GAZ-21 owners uses these cars for a daily ride. These are mainly the exhibits of private collections or machines for episodic trips and walks.

Magazine "Driving" about GAZ-21

New in the car "Volga"

GAZ-M-21 - Middle class car, serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 (1957) to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.

In 1951, the chief designer of the plant Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart, without waiting for instructions from above, began working on a new car. By this time, gas-M20 is already morally outdated. Vladimir Soloviev, who led to this group of designing rear bridges and cardan gears was appointed the lead designer of the new car. A new upper electoral engine was charged with Harry Evarta, who created a hydrotransformer for winter to this. The appearance of the car was to be engaged in the sculptor of Lev Eremeev, who worked at one time over the winter by the time, Eremeev, was the most experienced from the new team, the only one who worked on the scale of the whole car. The name of the new car was "Victory-M21". Lipgart could not bring the car to the end. He was referred to as a simple engineer at the Chelyabinsk Plant "Uralzis".

The second generation of victory was brought to a natural gypsum layout. A sedan-three batch with the same wheelbase as M20, "deaf" rear rack, winter-pacting rear wings, semi-terrible arches of wheels and four predatory fangs on the bumper. There was nothing new in this project. He did not have any own engine or transmission. Further layout work did not go.

In 1953, a Gazovsky tuber, Englishman John Williams, began to create M21 (real name Thomas Boting). He started the layout at the factory in England. Later, the Boting got into Spain, where he participated in the battles for the republic and from there, as a well-deserved warrior officer, got into the USSR, where he was directed to the gas in the body of the CB. Among his sketches there were three-volume sedans with wide panoramic glasses, and two-blocks with a very aviation capped rear, and even five-door hachbeck. Until the gypsum layout stage, only a two-capacity sedan reached. The predatory mouth of the front, the attached "Victory" rear, wings passing to the American manner in Kiel. The wheelburn is shorter than the M20 base of 50 cm. This model was called M21 "Star". It was conducted in parallel with the other machine with which she divided the calculations of the engine, transmission, economic indicators and the model shop. With the car Lion Yeremeev, which in the end and get the name "Volga".

So it was supposed to look like a gas-21 "star" John Williams

In 1953, Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov was appointed chief designer of the gas branch of a car dealing with passenger cars. Alexander Nzversov was delivered to Solovyov's development machine M21. In November, Nevzorov began to compose a new car. It is preparing a topless, completely aluminum engine with cast crankshaft and wet sleeves, volume of 2445 cm 3. For the car prepared 2 gearboxes. The first domestic automatic box, intended for general use models and a manual box for the option "Taxi". In addition to the "automatic" there were still innovations: the front sofa, which is folded in a couple of minutes in a relatively flat and soft bed and a centralized lubricant system (CSS - when pressed for a special pedal, the liquid oil came from the tank on the oil pipes to 19 points of the front suspension lubrication and Hinge steering tag).

The first experienced Volga, 1955

The very first experienced copy of the Volga, the cherry-red, manufactured in March 1955, had a manual transmission. Two more samples, blue and white, built in April, had an automatic transmission. To the May holidays to manufacture the fourth instance failed. The fourth prototype, the color of the ivory with the dark roof, was built in May 1955. Later, he was transferred to the radios of Murom for the final debugging of the radio model A-9 intended for the Volga.

In addition, all cars had small external differences, mostly differed in the number of slots in the radiator lattice - from 10 to 16, the design of lighting, salon, and so on

On May 3, 1955, only 3 cars went to the test. Part of the test was mileage Moscow - Crimea and back.

The magazine "Spark" wrote in July: "In a few dozen kilometers from Simferopol, in the territory of the state farm" Path to communism ", in the thick of the shrubs, there is a clay abandoned settlement. The unnatural seemed to see a beautiful, born for high speeds a car climbing in deep ripples . By scattering water columns, it jumps the swim dwarves, it is cleaned from suction sand. "Volga" must pass where the "victory" was held, and the tests have shown that she even exceeds his predecessor on the passability. "It's experiencing that in the Outside of Volga Victory, winters and "foreign analogues" participated. Particularly joyful presses saved the fact that during the autoclegment one of the "Sparring partners" of Volga was collapsed - the Englishman Standard Vanguard.

Field tests were successful, more responsible were in front - the presentation of beauty in the Kremlin. In the Kremlin, the novelty was presented by the legendary Marshal Georgia Zhukov, the USSR Defense Minister and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolay Bulganin. Chairman of the Commission of Zhukov, as a man of military and accustomed to rigor, could not criticize anything. It was not particularly what it was not for what, so he donated "shark ruined" the lining of the radiator. At that time, she looked like a lattice of the second release, that is, with a stamped grid with wide vertical slots. And this fully confirms its originality. Designers and designers were given for two weeks, and they have come up with a very successful, having traded a star to the horizontal bars, as in Marshalse. In 1955, there could be no complaints to the star!

The first series of GAZ-21, "Volga with a star"

So the first modification of 21 Volga, referred to in the commoner "Volga with the star" appeared. The first three serial cars came from the conveyor on October 10, 1956, but the assembly assembly of cars was delivered only to December.

In the autumn and in the winter of 1956, eight Volga (apparently, three experienced 1954-55 and five of the 1956 experimental series with the name M-21G) passed 29 thousand kilometers on the roads of Russia, Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus.

In 1957, on June 30, the State Plant named after Molotov becomes the Gorky automotive factory, the Winter car is renamed GAZ-12, and M21 becomes GAZ-21.

Until June 1957, the car was equipped with a modified boring victory with a 65 horsepower engine. In total, 1100 such "intermediate" machines in a standard, tropical version and in the "taxi" version and only with a manual gearbox were released. The maximum speed of this modification is 120 km / h.

Production of a fully new engine, ZMZ-21 - uppercampal, with a wedge-shaped combustion chamber, with a full-headed crankshaft (and, by cast, not wrought), head and block, cast from aluminum alloy, the sleeves of cylinders of the "wet" type - began in the middle 1957 G. It became easier than his predecessor by 15 kg. It existed in two versions with different degrees of compression for different varieties of gasoline (70 and 80 forces at 4000 rpm).

The plant made the freeline's Volga until the end of 1958. A little more than 30,000 cars were made. With the first release almost left the series and automatic transmission. A total of 700 cars were released with the machine.

At the end of 1958, the plant began to produce a Volga GAZ-21 second release. It was distinguished by the arches of the front wheels (steel slightly above) and improved finish. In addition, many "children's" diseases were eliminated. Also was removed the facing of the radiator with the star. Her place was taken by a lattice repeating the experimental sample, with 16 vertical holes.

GAZ-21 "second edition"

Consumers of the end of 1958 - the very beginning of 1959 it is customary to be called "transitional", and the release of 1959-1962 - the "second series" ("second release").

The exhibition premiere of the Volga second series took place in the spring of 1958 at the World Industrial Exhibition in Brussels. To the amazement of exhibitors, the most prestigious exhibition award - "Grand Prix" - went to Soviet cars. The culprits of an unprecedented event in the history of the domestic auto industry were the Volga with the index M-21, a seagull and a gas-52 truck.

With the second release on the Volga, windshield washers with a foot pump, a cataphtus on the rear lights, covered with a new radio receiver, covered with a new radio receiver. In 1960, it was decided to abandon the centralized lubrication system.

In 1960, the Belgian company SCALDIA organized the Volga assembly from the sets. Diesel was installed in the finished sedan (without an engine). At first it was Parkins 1.6l (48 hp), since 1963 - Rover 2.3l (62 hp), since 1964 INDENOR-PEUGEOT 1.9L (58l.s.). During the assembly, until 1967, 167 diesel cars were collected, mainly for Benilyux and Northern Europe.

During the second release (until April 1962), 150 thousand sedans were collected. Later, the deer mascot, and the salaries of the bumper, were abolished together with the pristine lattice. This is the last, third issue.

GAZ-21 "Third edition"

The body itself remained the same. But his silhouette lost the heavyness of previous modifications. Fangs disappeared from bumpers, and the bumpers themselves became more elegant. Chrome now covered only the upper part of them, and the lower, apron, painted in the color of the body. The front bumper in terms of acquired wedge. In the facing of the radiator instead of 16 wide holes, 36 narrow appeared. On the Slaf slang, she was called "whale cleaner." With the facing, new overall lights were integrated on the sidewall of the wing. The rear lights have lost steel salary, together with the cataphot began to cast from plastics. A new license plate lighting lantern on the trunk has acquired the shape of a soaring seagull. The hood was no longer installed a longitudinal molding and a deer figure, which was the cause of serious injuries when driving on pedestrians, but more often he became a victim of vandalism. The new emblem on the hood was borrowed from the "Seagull". With the only difference that its chrome salary had two horizontal wings. The changes were undergoing anterior suspension - instead of lever shock absorbers (victory scheme) began to install telescopic. The suspension has become tougher. The fabric ceiling upholstery was replaced with washing - from artificial leather.

At this time, a few more cars were tested at the factory. GAZ-21 "Semorage", GAZ-22 "UNIVERSAL", GAZ-22A "cargo" van, GAZ-22B "Sanitary", GAZ-23 "SpecialAutomobile" and modified GAZ-21 with the right wheel. All names of those years.

GAZ-22 "UNIVERSAL"

5-bed wagon with horizontally divided by the back door. With a folded rear sofa, the car could transport large loads weighing 400kg.

About 100 pieces were released right-hand drive sedans. Basically for Indonesia, Cyprus, Great Britain and Sweden, where until 1967 was the "English" movement.

GAZ-23. There was a machine for special services. It began to be designed in 1959 by order of the KGB of the USSR, a group of designers under the leadership of B. Dehtyar. The car was equipped with a 160-strong eight-cylinder engine from "Seagull" (based on ZMZ-13) with a volume of 5.53 liters with an automatic gearbox and power steering. For disguise, two outlet pipelines were asymmetrically reduced to one. To compensate for the body's pitch on the front axis from overload under heavy engine, also rear axles, putting a 100 kilogram ballast on the bottom of the trunk. Rear shock absorbers left lever. The car body was seriously strengthened, in particular, had reinforced by harvesting additional metal bands front spars and a fully original radiator mask, differing in form from GAZ-21. The mass of the car has increased by more than 300 kg. Because of the hard temperature regime, the brake system was significantly modified - the car received new brake drums made by original technology, brake pads of increased wear resistance. The original ASC brake fluid based on isoamyl alcohol in the mixture with castor oil was used. This machine is not in any popular directory. The car developed a speed of 170 km / h, and acceleration to "hundreds" occupied 16 C (against 34 C in GAZ-21). From 1962 to 1970, 603 copies of GAZ-23 were released.

In 1965, minor changes were introduced on GAZ-21.

Three GAZ-21

Corrosion protection and coloring

Given the harsh road and climatic conditions that dominated most of the territory of the USSR, the body of the car was very good, according to the standards of those years, corrosion protection, as well as a complex multi-stage coloring process.

The process of anti-corrosion treatment was called phosphating. Phosphating is the process of chemical treatment of steel products by formation on the surface of the metal layer insoluble in water phosphorous compounds. Phosphating was carried out by immersion of the body assembly in six special baths with chemical solutions. The first bath contained a degreasing solution based on caustic soda, the remaining - phosphating composition based on zinc monophosphate with nitrate and coal copper. The processing was produced at 60-80 degrees for 1.5 - 4 minutes in each bath with an intermediate body spraying the same solutions from special nozzles.

As a result of phosphating on the surface of the body, phosphate film from gray to dark gray, having high strength and protective properties. After phosphating, the body was immediately primed with oil primer by dipping, which ensured the access of the ground to the surfaces inaccessible with other methods of nanion.

After manual grinding on the outer surfaces of the body, the GF-0182 grade of yellow color was applied (the famous "yellow twin", familiar to those who were preparing the body "Volga" to color - the strength of this layer is such that it is often trying to preserve when repainting it, Without resorting to stripping surface to bare metal and not touching factory phosphating).

Then, all sorts of body surface defects were manually corrected using various spackets, tapping, sealing pastes and plastic mass of TPF-37 (which replaced the tin items used earlier).

After that, an intermediate layer of gray spiteling No. 188 was applied to the outer surface in order to increase the thickness of the protective layer, and went into the drying chamber, where all the layers were dried at 130 degrees for 35 minutes.

At the body prepared in this way, a protective mastic was applied on the bottom, the final grinding was performed, controlling the quality of the surface with the help of a rubber bar (when he was slipped along the body of the body, he had to completely remove moisture and not to leave behind brilliant non-grinded places), removed moisture drying for 10 minutes at a temperature of 100-110 degrees. The last stage of the preparation for the color was a thorough inspection and elimination of found defects with alkyd-styrene spatlets drying at room temperature for 4-5 minutes.

After that, the body was completely ready for coloring as nitro and synthetic enamels. It should be borne in mind that here is a description of the technological process for 1963; Before and after that moment, there could be significant differences in technology.

Prepared body stained. Before the start of the sixties, the color of all body was produced by nitroemals in 5 layers, and black cars - in 7 layers, with intermediate drying of each. This gave a coating with excellent glitter, high hardness and satisfactory weather resistance.

At the beginning of the sixties, a synthetic enamel was introduced for most bodies, which was applied only two layers - "manifestory" and the main, with a drying of each in the thermocamera at high temperatures. Only black-colored cars have become painted with nitroemal to achieve high decorativeness. According to the same technology, representative's representatives of the automobile plant also painted.

Complex, multi-stage coloring technology was intended to achieve high anti-corrosion properties of the coating and increase the service life of the car to repainting or overhaul. The results of such a thorough approach are still visible on the well-preserved copies of "Volga" in the factory paint.

Specifications GAZ 21

Modifications

Interior