Drain of sludge from fuel tank

Shapran Vladimir Nikolaevich 1, Kartukukov Alexander Gennadevich 2, Bereznyak Alexander Vasilyevich 3
1 Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School (Military Institute) named after the Army General V.F. Marghelova, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Engine and Electrical Equipment
2 Ryazan Higher Airborne Team School (Military Institute) named after the Army General V.F. Marghelova, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Lecturer of the Department of the Automobile Service
3 Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School (Military Institute) named after the General Army Army V.F. Marghelova, applicant

DISCHARGE OF THE SEDIMENT FUM FUEL TANK

Shapran Vladimir Nikolaevich 1, Kartukov Alexander Gennadievich 2, Berezniak Alexander Vasilievich 3
1 Ryazan High Airborne Command School (The Military Institute) Name of the General of the The Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Engines and Electrical Equipment Department
2 Ryazan High Airborne Command School (The Military Institute) Name of the General of the A Army V. Margelov, Candidate Of the Technical Sciences, Lecturer of the Automobile Service Department
3 Ryazan High Airborne Command School (The Military Institute) Name of the General of the Army V. MARGELOV, COMPETITOR

Fuel tanks must have a plug or a tap for draining the sludge from the tank. Cranes often leak, therefore, on fuel tanks, their use is not desirable. Controlled military tests show that drivers do not always provide regular drainage of pots from tanks for various reasons, or plump a lot of fuel uncontrollably.

In order to prevent the accumulation of sludge in the tank, as well as in order to drain a strictly dosed amount of fuel from the tank, a special drainage device has been developed (Figure 1A) having a locking device (Figure 1B).

a) device assembly; b) shock fixture;

1 - body; 2 - a hermetic hollow cover; 3 - holes; 4 - hollow spool; 5 - hermetic partition; 6.7 - cavities; 8 - fuel tank; 9 - the plug of the spool; 10 - Spring; 11 - lock; 12 - the axis of the lock; 13,14,15,16,17,18 - radial holes; 19 - air cavity; 20 - internal cavity

Figure 1 - Device for draining fuel tank

The device for draining the fuel tank (Figure 1A) consists of a housing 1 made in the form of a sump, separated from the tank with a hermetic hollow cover 2 with holes 3 in the lower wall, a hollow spool 4, separated inside with a hermetic partition 5 to two longitudinal cavities 6 and 7. The housing 1 of the drainage device is rigidly fastened with welding from below to fuel tank 8. The spool 4 is placed in the cavity of the housing 1 and the fuel tank 8. The cavity of the spool 4 is equipped with top of the plug 9, which is simultaneously the base of the locking device.

The locking device (Figure 1B) consists of a gasket 9, the springs 10 and two clamps 11, fixed on the plug 9 using axes12. Locks 11 under the action of spring 10 tend to occupy such a position in which the lower edges of the fixators protrude beyond the limits of the spool 4.

In the casing 4 housing 4, radial holes 13-18 are made to drain fuel and filling out the housing 1 of the drain device. In the hermetic hollow cover 2 there is a cavity 19 and a hole 3 connecting the cavity 19 with a cavity of 20 of the device body.

The device for draining the fuel tank works as follows (Figure 2). When fueling the fuel tank 8 fuel through the holes 15-17 enters the inner cavity of 20 devices. The air from the cavity 20 of the device is displaced through the holes 15 and 18 (with an increase in the fuel level only through the hole 18), the cavity 6 and 7 (with increasing the level of fuel only through the cavity 6), the holes 13 and 14 (with an increase in the fuel level only through the hole 13 ), in the fuel tank. The fuel displacement will occur until the fuel level exceeds the upper edge of the opening 18. In the device, after this, the air will be only in the cavity 19 of the sealed hollow cover connected by means of a hole 3 with a cavity 20 of the device, the air pressure of the cavity 19 at the same time It will be equal to the pressure of fuel in the fuel tank. The cavity 19 and the hole 3 in the hermetic lid 2 are made in such a way as to prevent complete air displacement from it when the car is moved by irregularities.

To drain fuel sludge when carrying out regulatory work, and the spool is turned out to be turned out to be turned off 4 until the locks of the fixators 11 in the cover 2. The openings 13 and 14 of the threaded part of the hermetic cover 2 occurs and thus the fuel tank cavities and the device housing occurs. At the same time, there is an expiration of fuel sludge through the holes 15 and 18 from the device 1 of the device. Since the hole 17 will be discovered for draining sludge before the opening 16, then the drop of sludge from the cavity 6 will occur earlier than from the cavity7, and the filling of the cavity will occur earlier than from the cavity 7, since the total bandwidth of the holes 14 and 15 is bandwidth equal The cavities 7 and the holes 16. The fuel plum from the cavity 20 through the holes 13-15 and 18 from the cavities 6 and 7 through the holes 16 and 17 will contribute to the presence of a compressed fuel post in the air in the cavity of 19, hermetic partition.

With a decrease in the fuel level below the edge of the opening 13, the flow of fuel into the cavity 6 will decrease, since the fuel comes only through the hole 18, the bandwidth of which is significantly less than the bandwidth of the cavity 6. Hole 17, having a bandwidth superior cavity bandwidth 6, will provide simultaneously receipt Air into the aircrophus cavity of the device, which will ensure normal drainage from the body of the drain device through the hole 18, the cavity 6, hole17, as well as through the hole 15, cavity 7 and the hole 16.

a) work in filling mode; b) work in drain mode.

Figure 2 - Drain Device

When zeroing the spool 4, the fuel tank cavities and the device housing are reported. The fuel enters the cavity 20 of the device housing, through the holes 13 and 14 cavities 6 and 7, the holes 17,18 and 15.16, respectively. The air from the cavity 20 of the device housing will be squeezed out through the hole 3 to the cavity 19 and shrink to the pressure of the fuel column equal to the pressure in the tank, and the air can be supplemented with a hole 18, the cavity 6 and the hole 13 into the fuel tank.

Thus, the installation of a developed drain device for dual-use cars will provide a drain from the tank only the sludge in the drain device.

1. Patrakhaltsev N.N. Diesels: the control system of the initial fuel injection pressure [Text] / N.N. Patrakhaltsev, A.A. Savastetenko, V.L. Vinogradsky // Automotive industry. -2003. -M. - p.21-23
2. Fuel apparatus and diesel engines [Text]: Textbook for universities / L.V.Grekhov, N.A. Ivashchenko, V.A. Markov.- ed. 2nd. - M.: Legion-Avtodat, 2005. - 344 p.
3. Buryachko V.R.Automotive engines. [Text] Tutorial / Er. Buryachko, A.V. GUK. Spb. NPC. 2005. - 292 p.
4. Shapran V.N.Engine device. [Text] uch. Location. For universities /V.N. Shapran, N.L. Puzevich, V.V. Nechaev. - Ryazan: Riby. - 2009. -121 p.
5. Ishkov A.M.. Theory and practice of reliability of technology in the conditions of the North. [Text] Tutorial / A.M. Ishkov, MA Kuzminov, G.Yu. Zurov. - Yakutsk Yafgu. Ed. SB RAS. - 2004. - 313 p.

A special tool is not required.

The following spare parts should be bought:

• Injector engines:2 copper pads.
• Fuel filter for the corresponding engine. When buying a year of release and car model.

Diesel engine

Drain of sludge / replacement of the fuel filter

To collect sludge, a suitable vessel is required.

Drain of slope

1. Loosen the drain bolt with a hand of about one turn.
2. Pumping with a manual pump (about 7 times) until the non-shaped diesel fuel goes out.
3. Tighten your hand over the removal bolt.
4. After draining the fuel system, it is necessary to remove the air.

Replacing the filter

1. Loosen the tensioning bolt of the fuel filter fastening bolt.
2. Unscrew the fuel filter from the holder with a special key and remove it.
3. If there is, unscrew the sludge sensor to the nippers for the water pump, insert and scout it into a new filter.

1. Fill to the edges filter diesel fuel and scunning with your hand.
2. Remove air from the fuel system.
3. After committing a trial trip, check the tightness of the fuel system.

Removal of air from the fuel system

1. Pouring with a manual pump until the air bubbles will not disappear from the fuel removal bolt.
2. Tighten the bolt with a manual pump.
3. Pouring with a manual pump (about 15 times) until resistance is fastened.
4. Enable predicted and then start the engine.
5. If the engine does not start pumping, you should repeat.
6. Check visually tightness of the fuel system, especially the compounds of the fuel filter.

Carburetor engines

The fuel line is in the engine compartment in the supply fuel line. To disable the feed and return pipelines, you will need 2 clamps. You can use two clamps.

1. Pour supply and return pipes before and after the fuel filter by clips.
2. Loosen the hose clamps and disconnect the pipelines from the filter.

Installation

Engines with injection system

When removing the fuel filter, a large amount of fuel will flow, for its collection you need a suitable vessel. For overlapping fuel lines, you will need two rubber plugs.

1. Substitute a suitable vessel for fuel filter.

1. Let the fuel drain in the vessel.
2. Unscrew the upper connecting bolt and remove the fuel line with 2-threads.
3. Release the fuel filter from the mount.

Hydraulic Excavator Class 200, 270, 330

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FUEL SYSTEM

Use only high-quality diesel fuel (JIS K-2204) (ASTM 2-D). Kerosene is not used.

Filling

1. Install the machine on a flat surface.

2. Lower the ladle on the ground.

3. Turn off the automatic switch to the idling frequency.

Important: The turbocharger may be damaged if the engine is turned off incorrectly.

4. Run the engine at the minimum idling frequency without load for 5 minutes.

5. Stop the engine. Remove the electrical circuit breaker key

6. Set the control lock lever to the LOCK position (blocked).

CAUTION: Contact the fuel carefully. Mock the engine before refueling the machine. Do not smoke while filling the fuel tank or working with the fuel system.

7. Check the fuel level (3) or pointer (1) on the monitors panel. Add fuel if necessary.

Important: Protect the fuel system from contamination, dust, water, or other materials.

8. To avoid condensate formation, pour fuel to the tank at the end of each day shift. Make sure that the fuel does not spill on the car or to the ground.

Do not pour more fuel to the tank than provided by technical requirements. Stop the refueling as soon as the yellow label is visible on the fuel level indicator (3). Check the position of the refueling pistol: it should be located so that no part of it interferes with the rise in the fuel level pointer flood (3).

9. Install the lid (2) on the bulk neck. Drink the cover (2) the key so that it can not fall and get lost, as well as to prevent the removal of it with unauthorized persons.

Note: Be careful when refilling with an automatic refueling device (by request). Avoid pouring unnecessary fuel. When refueling with an automatic refueling device, in no case remove the lid of the bulk neck (2) and stop the refueling as soon as the yellow label is visible on the float.

1. Drain of sludge from the fuel tank --- daily

1. Install the machine on a flat surface and expand the turning part into 90s to facilitate access to the lubricant points.

2. Lower the ladle on the ground.

3. Put the automatic switching switch to the idle speed into the off position.

Important: If the engine is incorrectly, the turbogenerator may be damaged.

4. Run the engine without load at the low speed of idle speed for five minutes.

5. Turn the electrical circuit breaker to OFF (OFF). Remove the key from the electrical system switch.

6. Put the lock control lever to the LOCK position (blocked)

7. Open the drain crane (1) for a few seconds to merge water and sucks. Close the drain crane.

2. Check waterproof --- daily (before launching)

Watercraft resistance (4) separates water, which is contained in fuel. Watercraft resistance (4) has a float that rises as water accumulates.

Be sure to drain sucks when the float rose to the "Drain Water" label (drain water), which is applied on the outer surface of a water loss (4).

Important: If the fuel contains a large amount of water, check the waterproof through shorter time intervals.

Drain of sludge (main filter)

1. Install the container, with a capacity of 0.5 liters or more, under the drain plug (3) to collect the drain water.

2. Early the flow of fuel, closing the tap on the bottom of the fuel tank (3).

3. Loosen the plug (1) at the top of the main fuel purification filter.

4. Unscrew the drain plug (2) at the bottom of the filter, counterclockwise, approximately 4 turns to drain the water accumulated in the filter.

5. After the water is fused, tighten the drain plug (2) and the plug (1). Install the fuel tap (3) in the original position.

6. Turn on the engine. Check the drain plug (3) and the plug (1), whether there are leaks.

Key: 10 mm

Fuel Preheating Filter

1. Install the capacity, with a capacity of 0.5 liters or more, for a drain plug (5) to assemble the drain water.

2. Early the flow of fuel, closing the tap (5) on the bottom of the fuel tank.

3. Loosen the plug (4) at the top of the fuel pre-cleaning filter.

4. Unscrew the drain plug (5) counterclockwise to completely drain the water.

5. After the water is merged, tighten the drain plug (5) and the plug (3). Install the fuel tap (3) in the original position.

6. Turn on the engine. Check the drain plug (5) and the plug (4), whether there are leaks.

Note: After the water is merged, release the air from the fuel system.

Key: 14 mm

Release of air from the fuel system

Important: The presence of air in the fuel system may make it difficult to start the engine or make its work unstable. After draining the water and sludge from a water loss, replacing the fuel purification filter, cleaning the mesh filter of the fuel pumping pump or degrading the fuel tank, be sure to release the air from the fuel system.

The machine is equipped with a fuel pumping pump.

CAUTION: Fuel flow can lead to fire.

2. Turn the electrical system switch to the ON position and hold it in approximately 3 minutes. As a result, the fuel-pumping pump begins to work, initiating the release of air.

3. Holding the electrical system switch in the ON position (enabled), work with the pumping pump (6) of the main fuel purification filter. After the release of air from the main filter, return the pumping pump (6) to the original position.

4. After filling in the main filter fuel, hold the electrical system switch in the ON position for 30 seconds.

5. Run the engine. Check if there are no flows in the fuel supply system.

CAUTION: Even if the air has not been completely released, do not keep the electrical system switch in the ON position for longer than 5 minutes. If the air has not been completely released, first return the electrical system switch to OFF (OFF). Then, waiting at least 30 seconds, turn the electrical circuit breaker to the ON position again. Failure to comply with this condition may damage the electrical pump and / or to the discharge of batteries.

Release of air using pumping pump

In the case when it is impossible to release air a using the fuel pumping pump, the air can be released only by pumping pump.

1. Check that the fuel tap (3) on the bottom of the fuel tank has been opened.

2. Loosen the air intake plug (1) on the main fuel purification filter.

3. Insert the fuel by working by pumping pump (6). After the air is stopped through the air intake plug (1), tighten the air intake plug (1).

4. After the air intake plug (1) is tightened, we will work with a pumping pump (6) of approximately 150 moves.

5. Wipe all the spilled fuel.

6. Turn on the engine, check that there are no leaks. If the engine does not start, repeat the process starting from step 1.

Key: 10 mm

3. Replacing the element of the main fuel purification filter --- every 500 hours

Replacing the element:

1. Close the crane (3) on the bottom of the fuel tank.

2. Install the drain container with a capacity of at least 1 liter for a drain plug (2).

3. Unscrew the plug for air (1) and drain plug (2). Fully drain fuel from the filter.

4. Unscrew the transparent filter housing (7) using a special tool.

5. After the transparent housing (7) is deleted, the element is open. Remove the element with hand.

6. Install a new item. Tighten the transparent housing (7) until the tightening is 29.4 ± 2 N M (3 ± 0.2 kgf mg), a special tool.

7. Tighten the air intake cork (1) and drain plug (2).

8. Open the faucet (5) on the bottom of the fuel tank.

4. Replacing the fuel pre-purification filter element --- every 500 hours

Important: Be sure to use only Hitachi brand elements of the main fuel purification filter and fuel cleaning filter. Failure to comply with this requirement can lead to a deterioration in engine characteristics and / or to a decrease in the service life of the engine. Please remember that all engine malfunctions caused by the use of elements of other manufacturers are excluded from the Hitachi warranty program.

Replacing the element:

1. Close the crane (3) on the bottom of the fuel tank.

2. Install the drain container, with a capacity of at least 1 liter, for a drain plug (5).

3. Remove the plug for air output (4) and drain plug (5). Fully drain fuel from the filter.

4. Unscrew the transparent filter housing (8) using a special tool.

5. After the transparent housing (8) is removed, the element is open. Remove the element with hand.

6. Install a new item. Tighten the transparent housing (8) until the tightening, a special tool is 30 ± 2 N M (3 ± 0.2 kgf m).

7. Tighten the air intake cork (4) and drain plug (5).

8. Open the faucet (3), on the bottom of the fuel tank.

9. Release the air from the fuel system.

After replacing the fuel filter element, release the air from the system. (Refer to this topic on page 7-45).

Key: 14 mm

5. Cleaning the mesh filter of the electromagnetic pump --- every 500 hours

Procedure for replacement

When disassembling the mesh filter, replace it with the gasket. Install the cover and magnet only after sufficient cleaning. After assembly, check the Herme

the pativity of the mesh filter.

Disassembly / assembly

To remove the lid (1), use the key. After removing the lid, the laying (2), the mesh filter (3) and the gasket (4) are easily removed in the specified order. Promoy

3.9. Drain and checking fuel sludge

Drain and checking fuel fuel are performed in order to detect and remove mechanical impurities from the benzosystem, undeveloped water and ice crystals.

Drain of fuel sludge is performed: - when accepting the crew of the aircraft (if the aircraft fuel will not be made);

After refueling (refueling) of the aircraft, the fuel is allowed to combine fuel slide after refueling (refueling) and after the parking lot more than 12 hours with a drain at the receipt of the aircraft by the crew.

Drains of the sludge is made from the filter-sumps not earlier than 15 minutes after refueling the aircraft of 0.5-1 liters from each group of gas tanks, switching 4-chassing gas station. In cases where, in the winter, after refueling or after the flight, the sucks does not follow from the filter-sump crane, you should heat the filter-sump and merge sucks.

On aircraft on which AHR is being performed if they are refilled during the working shift from one container, the fuel drain is made only once at the beginning of the work shift.

Attention! Immediately before refueling the aircraft fuel;check fuel sucks in petrol stovers.

3.10. Butter refilling

Applied varieties of oils for engine AS-62IR - in summer and winter:

MS-20 and MS-20C. These oils are allowed to mix in any proportions like this:

Before refueling, check the passport of the compliance of the submitted oil.

Fuel oil through a funnel with a metal grid.

If before refueling, all the oil was fused from the oil carrier and the engine radiator, then the complete refueling should be increased by 10-15 dm 3 (l). The amount of oil refilled into the tank, check the oven.

In winter, if the oil from the system was fused, it should be filled with oil, heated to + 75 ... 85 ° C.

3.11. Loading and centering of the aircraft

Proper placement and reliable aircraft mounting is important for flight safety. In all cases, the placement of the download on the aircraft should be performed in accordance with the flight restrictions on the center. The centering of the aircraft should not exceed the permissible limits.

Incorrect loading worsens the stability and controllability of the aircraft, complicates take off and landing.

Range of plane centering

1, For all options for aircraft on the wheel chassis:

extremely anterior centering of 17.2% sahs;

maximum rear center 33% sac.

General guidance on the loading of the aircraft

1. The maximum take-off mass of the aircraft is set:

in passenger and cargo versions 5500 kg;

in the agricultural embodiment 5250 kg.

In the passenger version, the number of passengers should not exceed 12.

In passenger and cargo versions, commercial boot should not exceed 1500 kg.

In the agricultural embodiment, the mass of the pesticides should not exceed 1500 kg.

When placed on the plane of passengers, baggage, mail and cargo, it is necessary to take into account that the main impact on the center of the aircraft are passengers placed on the back chairs (seats), and the cargo most distant from the center of severity of the aircraft. Therefore, with the incomplete number of passengers, they must be placed on the front chairs. Passengers with children in all cases must be planted on the front armchairs, and luggage, mail and cargo place so as to create an airplane center, closest to the middle.

Notes: 1. Place luggage, mail and cargo along the passage between the rows of seats forbidden.

2. In each case, the actual commercial load (no more than 1,500 kg) is determined by the range and mass of the empty aircraft.

6. In the cargo option, the location of the download in the aircraft is usually produced by the labels indicated on the right side of the fuselage. If the load is 400, 600, 800 kg and so on. Place in the cargo cabin against the corresponding numbers with a red arrow, this will lead to the creation of a maximum allowable rear centering. Therefore, it is desirable that the center of gravity of the hosted cargo is not against the Red Arrow, and ahead of it.

If you want to carry a cargo, the mass of which does not correspond to the numbers applied on board the fuselage, for example, 700 kg, it cannot be placed against the numbers 400 and 300, as this will lead to the creation of an unacceptable rear centering, which goes out for the established limits. In this case, the cargo weighing 700 kg should be placed against any digit from 1500 to 800 inclusive. Limit load on 1 m 2 floor should not exceed 1000 kgf.

7. Regardless of the form and dimensions, the load (luggage) must be securely enshrined in order to be eliminated by its spontaneous movement in the cockpit during take-off and landing the aircraft.

A warning. When loading the aircraft on the float chassis frommarks applied on the right side of the fuselage, it is impossible to be guided since they are only suitable for aircraft on a wheel chassis.

8. In the tail of the fuselage for the SP. No. 15 Place the cargo, as well as the spare parts forbidden.

9. Before departure, the aircraft commander is obliged to make sure that there is no cargo in the tail part of the fuselage, and the door is locked on the castle.

A warning. If, by flight conditions, there is no cargo (distillation, training flight, etc.) and landing the aircraft with a littlethe amount of fuel (150-300 kg), then it is necessary to determine the center for landing.

In cases where the calculated centering on landing is less than 17.2% sac,a permissible center can be obtained by placing accordinglyterrestrial and other equipment or ballast weighing up to 50 kg. When calculatingtools Determine the placement of this download.

10. Before departure, the aircraft commander must warn passengers so that they do not move around the cab, and before the take-off and landing were required. Stripped belt belt, did not touch the benzosystem pipelines, electrical wiring, shielded radio equipment, and also make sure that the restrictive belt is installed.

11. When installing the main ski sh4310-0 and the tail ski sh4701-0 instead of the wheels, the mass of the aircraft increases by 80 kg, and the center of gravity moves forward by 0.7% sac. When installing the main ski ski sh4665-10 and the tail ski sh4701-0 by plane instead of wheels, the mass of the aircraft increases by 57 kg, and the center of gravity moves forward by 0.3% sac.

Instructions and schedules for calculating the download and centering of the An-2 aircraft

The centering graphs given in this manual allow without computation and calculations to determine the An-2 an aircraft center of any modifications and with any download options.

Counting the centering of an an aircraft an-2 of a ten-bed variant and re-equipped on 12 passenger places (produced by centering graphics. (Passenger weight: from 15.04 to 15.10 -75kg; from 15.10 to 15.04 - 80 kg. Mass of children from 5 to 12 years - 30kg, up to 5 years - 20 kg).

When calculating the aircraft centering, the mass and centering data of the empty aircraft of all types must be taken from its formulation, taking into account the changes that occurred during the operation of the aircraft.

In the absence of information on the center of this aircraft and records on the modifications, changing the mass of the design and the aircraft, it is recommended to take into account the mass of the empty aircraft and the plus tolerance of the aircraft formation of the same series.

Example. Series-release 102.

Mass of a blank aircraft 3354 kg.

Mounting 21.4 + 1 \u003d 22.4% sah.

The aircraft series is indicated in the ship certificate and the aircraft form.

The center of aircraft of the domestic production, converted to ARZ to the passenger version (12 chairs on the flight), count on the centering graphics in Fig. 3.5 Regardless of the series of the aircraft.

Description and use of centering graphs

In the upper part of the centering of the centering graph (CS) indicates: type of aircraft, its modification.

The left of the source data table is given, with the help of which the take-off and operational mass of the aircraft is determined, the maximum commercial load. In this table, the pilot must put the mass of an empty (equipped) aircraft, permissible take-off mass and a mass of additional equipment (if available on board). Right - Flight No., Airport route, landing airport, date and departure time, f. and. about. The commander of the aircraft.

In the middle below the mass table (M) and the centering (x% sac) of an empty (equipped) aircraft *. To the left of it is the boot table, and on the right - the actual commercial boot table.

On the work field, the graphs are lines with accounting scales for changing the centering by separate download types.

Each page of the load accounting scale has a specific fission price specified in the division price column with a triangle showing the reference direction (right or left). For more accurate samples, the price of dividing the scale is divided into intermediate divisions. For example, large divisions of all scales "Passenger places" correspond to the mass of two (three) passengers, small divisions are the mass of one passenger. Scale for 12 passengers (Fig. 3.5., 3.6., 3.7.) Not to use.

If the center of gravity of the load is located between two swords, then the detention price is required to take the average between these splits.

Scatter "Chemicals" should be used when loading the aircraft by the aircraft.

The graph located in the lower part of the CG form shows the final result of the calculation - the centering (% SAH), depending on the take-off mass of the aircraft.

The range of extremely permissible centering on the graph is limited by inclined lines, the value of which corresponds to 17.2 - 33% sac. The shaded zone shows the centering, published beyond the permissible.

The centering of the CS aircraft is determined as follows: in the table above the mass of the empty (equipped) aircraft and its centering taken from the form; From the point of intersection of the center of gravity with the line of mass of the empty aircraft, the vertical is descended to the appropriate loading scale (point BUT).From the point BUTschedule left (right) in the direction of the triangle, the number of divisions corresponding to the download (point B).From the point B.lower the vertical on the subsequent scale.

* The mass of the exhaust aircraft (M) is determined as follows: from the Ca formatorthe mile is prescribed a mass of an empty aircraft, and from the management manualand loading - mass and influence on the centering equipment center.

Further calculation is made similarly to the actions produced (see Fig. 3.5.) To the lowest scale "Fuel". After counting the amount of fuel on the scale, we lower the vertical before intersection with the horizontal line of the take-off mass of the aircraft (lower chart). The intersection point shows the centering of the aircraft corresponding to its take-off mass.

On CG form (Fig. 3.5.) The calculation examples indicated by arrows are given.

Examplecalculation of the aircraft centering to 121 and series, re-equipped no 12 passenger seats.

Centering an empty aircraft ............... 22.4% with ah

Mass of an empty (equipped) aircraft .... 3320 kg

Additional gear ............... 30 kg

4. Oil ............... 60 kg

5. Crew (2x80) ............... 160 kg

Passengers on 12 chairs (seats) (12x80). 960 kg

Luggage (with the center of gravity located on

sP № 7) ............... 120 kg

Fuel ............... 400 kg

Permissible take-off weight (as condition and length of runway) .5100kg

10.The plane mass ..................... ..5050 kg

11. The center of the aircraft (takeoff) ............... 31.5% sah

Examplecalculation of the aircraft centering from the 121st series

Centering the empty about the aircraft ............... 20.7% sah

Mass of an empty (equipped) aircraft. ... .. 3350 kg

Crew (2x80) ............... 160 kg

Butter …………………. 60 kg

5. Passengers for 12 seats (12x75). . .. 900 kg

6. Luggage (with the center of gravity, located Nashp. № 7) 100kg

7. Fuel ............... 660kg

Permissible take-off weight (as condition and length of runway) 5230kg

Preliminary mass of the aircraft ................ 5230 kg

10. Plane centering (takeoff) ....... 30.6% SAH

The need to apply the An-2 center graphics from 121 and a series in a variant of 10 passenger seats is caused by the fact that from the 121th series of output of the An-2 aircraft, right in front install US-9DM, because of which the right row of the chairs had to shift back 120 mm, which led to an increase in the rear centering.

When installing additional chairs on these aircraft, you can use the same schedule. The additional 12th chair should be considered as the second 10th, i.e., at full load (12 passengers), the Passenger, Places, to produce two divisions - 2 passengers. The 11th chair on the center does not affect.

When calculating the centering of the aircraft in flight, you must remember the following:

Reducing the amount of fuel for every 100 kg shifts the center for ahead of 0.2-0.3% SAX, depending on the flight mass of the aircraft.

2 When flying by an An-2 aircraft with suspended containers for the transportation of luggage, mail and cargo, the mass of the empty aircraft from the installation of containers increases by 30 kg, and the centering is shifted forward by 0.15% SAH. In containers it is allowed to place a weight of no more than 60 kg in each, while the aircraft is shifted back to 0.3% SAH in cargo in 120 kg containers.

Definition of plane centering equipped

passenger seats that are located. by flying

The definition of the centering is made by centering schedule (Fig. 3.6).

Examplecalculation of centering on schedule

Centering an empty aircraft. . . . ..................... 18,05 V / OS

Mass of an empty aircraft .................................... ..3515 kg

Mass of passengers (12x75) .................................... ..900 kg

Luggage (with the center of gravity located in Nashpg. № 14) ... 120 kg

1. Crew (2x80) ..................... 160 ng