Frame SUVs. Rama or bearing body: What is better? Frame marks

By that time, many brands began to appear mass models, the production of which was striving to reduce and simplify and by reducing the material consumption and simplify the assembly technology. The constructions with the frame chassis and bodies on the wooden frame did not have it, and, despite the higher prices, the bodywork was reoriented from wood for metal.

The body began to boil from stamped metal parts. Designers who received at its disposal technology stamping framework parts of the desired profile and strength remained only to increase the spatial structure of the body to the extent that it can carry nodes and aggregates of the entire car.

Methods of calculation and metalworking technology by that time reached the level when it became possible with mass production to achieve a small weight and sufficient rigidity of the three-dimensional system.

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Lancia Lambda Torpedo 4 Series 1922-1924

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Opel Olympia 1935-1937

So, in fact, the born of a car body was born. The first frameless serial cars are the Italian Lancia Lambda (1922) with the Open Body "Torpedo". Then there were a compact Opel Olympia sedan (1935) and later the legendary front-wheel drive Citroen 7 Traction Avante (1934). They showed that the frame for mass passenger car is not necessarily. But these cars were akin to today's TESLA or BMW I8. Everyone knew about them, but had very few.

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Fracture

By the middle of the twentieth century, another significant advantage of the all-metal carrier body in front of the frame structure was designated. The public has begun to take care of the passive safety of vehicles. Crash tests have shown that the machines with a spar frame are dangerous for the most common clashes - frontal.

Too rigid frame did not allow the "front" of the car to deform and need to absorb the energy of the blow to the desired degree, as a result, passengers in the cabin received deadly injuries from hitting the interior details.

The frameless car turned out to be much easier to calculate the deformation zones for the most "popular" collision types and ensure the safety of the "inhabable capsule". Bearing the body also allowed designers when it was substantially crushed from the frontal blow to send a heavy power unit under the bottom, and not to the salon, as often happened from the frame structure, closed at the bottom with rigid spars.

Thus, a whole range of reasons that led to the departure from the widespread use of frame structures are formed:

1. The emergence of technologies for the production of carrier bodies of small mass and sufficient rigidity;

2. Fight for car relief;

3. The desire to increase the useful volume of the body;

4. The desire to improve car handling by reducing the center of gravity;

5. Increasing the requirements for passive car safety.

The NASH 1942 car in the figure is allocated body amplifiers.

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FORD CROWN VICTORIA POLICE INTERCEPTOR

At the specified reasons, frame structures were kept in the American auto industry until 2011, when the plant was closed, which produced the last of the full-size Mogican - Ford Crown Victoria, which we all know on the American militants of the 1990s and the 2000s as the main transport of the police.

The car was durable, hardy and comfortable, although according to the current standards with significant dimensions (5.4 x 2.0 x 1.5 m), could not boast the corresponding space in the cabin. The next police officer Ford is the Taurus Police Interceptor sedan (we wrote about it in the article about) - it is already performed on a solid-sized scheme.

What about off-roud?

Not so simple it was easy in the SUV community: to deprive their frames without significant losses turned out more difficult. At a minimum because there is somehow riding in bad roads or off-road, it assumes the frequent "hanging" of the machine - its diagonal skew.

In order to ensure the preservation of the geometry of the carrier body, it is necessary to significantly increase it at the expense of additional slats, spacers, more powerful beams. Otherwise, the dosage of openings is inevitable with the inability to open or close the door, and even fatigue cracks in the most loaded places. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that most SUVs have large five-door body, to ensure the spatial rigidity of which is even harder.

In general, the structures could not completely "pick up" the framework of large SUVs - they were made integrated. In other words, light parts of the ordinary frame built into the power frame of the body. First of all, these were longitudinal spars, developed to three-dimensional form in certain "areas" of the body. So made the creators of the third generation of Land Rover Discovery (2004) or Suzuki Grand Vitara (2005) of the second generation.

Suzuki Grand Vitara and Land Rover Discovery

And one of the pioneers of the integrated frame among uncompromising SUVs was. At birth in 1966, "Volynanka" received a light open body, in the bottom of which a sparier frame from longitudinal and transverse beams was welded. In detail about the history of this amazing car, we have already written.

It should be noted that the framework of the frame, representatives of the glorious tribe of the harsh "passing" risk losing the opportunity to have many close "relatives" - a certain number of variations of the bodies and models. After all, the frame chassis facilitates the creation "

The frame is called the hard element of the car, which takes on the main loads and is used to fasten the other elements presented by transmission, body and a variety of equipment. In contrast to the alternative carrier body, the frame in most cases is flat and represents a kind of "rod", which gives the rigidity of the entire design as a whole. In fact, the body frame design is the basis of which the car is going - due to this, it becomes much easier in production and maintenance compared to other types of layouts.

There are many types of frames used in the automotive industry. The most common currently is a straight spa frame, which is created from two longitudinal metal beams passing along the entire length of the body. In certain places, they are connected by crossings - the so-called traverses that give this element of rigidity and are intended for the attachment of individual aggregates. A special modification of the spar frame is the peripheral construction, which implies a significant increase in the distance between the longitudinal spars in the central part of the body. Such frames have a fairly lowered floor, which is located between beams playing the role of thresholds.

There are also exotic options - in particular, the ridge frames in which the bearing element is the central pipe, in which transmission shafts pass. It allows you to significantly reduce the mass and dimensions of the car regarding the case of using the classic spa frame, and also makes it possible to apply. However, it also has its own drawback - the complexity of transport repair, to implement which it is necessary to fully disassemble the machine.

Video about how the design of the SUV frame is arranged:

It is also necessary to mention the lattice frames used in - they create not only the carrying basis, but also the security framework on which the lung body panels are hung. Sometimes the car frame design is combined with the bearing body - in this case, they are talking about the integrated frame that takes over only part of the loads. By type of compound, the frame parts are divided into the following types:

• Wall - easy to produce.
• Bolts - have increased strength, but very high complex complexity.
• Welded - and durable.

Essential advantages

If you look at the list of passenger-type frame cars, you can see that most of it belongs to large SUVs, such as Toyota Land Cruiser, Nissan Patrol, and other. This is not surprising - because the frame can carry heavy loads compared to the bearing body. Due to this, the best permeability is achieved - the car is not deformed when overcoming essential slopes and serious obstacles. Also an increase in permissible loads contributes to the increase in the mass of the transported cargo. That is why most of the commercial vehicles are based on a rigid frame.

UAZ Patriot - Representative of frame cars

From the point of view of manufacturers, the frame is also more preferable - it is easier to mount the basic units and attachments. A similar design is more convenient to pass through the conveyor - it can be assembled separately from the body, which significantly speeds up the process of manufacturing the vehicle, allowing it to divide it into two technological chains. In favor of the frame, employees will be expressed - with its use, it is much easier to restore the geometric integrity of the body. In the case when damage is too strong, it is possible to simply replace the frame that has a smaller cost than the body-carrying body. Nevertheless, the majority refused to refuse the framework - therefore, they were their reasons.

Minuses of a rigid basis

Even the use of modern materials is not able to significantly ease the frame or reduce its dimensions - it will still lose the car, and to force it to give it large sizes without a significant increase in the useful volume inside the body. Therefore, exhaust gas emissions increase and significantly harm the environment. On the scale of the narrow segment of the SUVs, this is not very important, and if most passenger cars have a similar layout, all the advantages of the car's frame design are fascinated before such problems. In addition, the increase in mass means an increase in the load on the running part. Springs are not always able to cope with the weight of the frame transport, so they are often replaced by more enduring, however, not so comfortable springs.

It is worth saying. When using an indestructible communication frame between it and the rest of the body does not exist. Accordingly, when a very strong impact occurs, a mutual displacement of various parts of the vehicle occurs. This leads to very serious consequences, in particular, to obtain passenger injuries or even to death. Consequently, the main reason for the refusal of most manufacturers from the frame is to change the requirements for a modern car, which must be as secure as safe and economical.

Who will come in handy frames?

Knowing what the "frame car" means, we can easily conclude about the appointment of such vehicles. They are suitable for use as commercial equipment, as well as special cars intended for performing very hard work. In addition, the frame is necessarily needed and the SUV, which is designed not to overcome urban borders. If you definitely do not need such machines, you should pay closer attention to modern cars with a carrier body. They have greater fuel use efficiency, as well as security and practicality.

The topic of our today's article is a framework SUV with a full drive. Many believe that this design has long been a remnant of the past. But not all motorists support this opinion. Yes, and a number of manufacturers continue to produce classic jeeps of this type. You will learn about this type of construction, as well as what cars can be found on the modern automotive market.

What is frame jeeps?

Frame jeep - what is it? This is a type of car in which the engine is mounted on the frame, gearbox, crushing and so on. And the body is put on, as if the lid on this design. In some auto, a slightly different system is used, which is customary to be called an integrated frame. In this case, the frame is welded with the body, although it looks like the same way.

What is the difference between carrier bodies from analogs with an integrated frame? In the second case there are spars. They pass from the rear bumper to the front. There is such a solution to its pros and cons. Plus, the manufacturer can create a deformation zone in the right places. Yes, and the running is much better perceives riding for complex areas of the road and transportation of heavy cargo. The minus is that such models of SUVs have problems with vibrations on the body.

Pros and Cons Frame Design

Frame models have more opportunities for tuning. For example, if the owner of the car wants to put the wheels of the larger diameter, or make a "elevator", he can afford it. The second moment is associated with an accident. If your car got into an accident, the frame car restore is many times easier.

If we talk about the chassis, it will be more reliable here and last longer, subject to regular maintenance. If you have to operate the car in hard conditions, on the off-road, towing other cars, the chances are more like a frame jeep.

There are disadvantages, and they are very tangible for many owners. For example, the presence of a frame immediately affects the mass increase and decrease the volume of the cabin. You have to look for an exit in lightweight materials, an increase in body, etc. Improving the mass of cars negatively affects its economy. Tear from the spot a hard jeep more difficult. Increases fuel consumption.

In most cases, manageability from frame models of SUVs is worse. They are inferior in this parameter as passive security. Determine the deformation zones is very problematic.

Frame SUVs in Russia

In our country, such cars are quite reasonable for a long time. The most famous of them is UAZ Hunter. The Ulyanovsk jeep in the usual form is released since 2003. But, in fact, it is just upgrading the old car that has been produced from the beginning of the seventies. And that, in turn, was based on the GAZ-21 Volga. If you look at the design, it can be understood that it is a reference to the "military field" past, like Hammer, Gelendvagen and Land Rover Defender.

If you need a frame SUV with a full drive and more modern design, take a look at UAZ Patriot. This is such a Russian lend crue, only at times cheaper, and, clear, less comfortable. Although the clearance and dimensions are about the same. With a small surcharge, you can get a machine with ABS and air conditioning. There is a choice of diesel and gasoline unit.

Modern framework SUVs in China

The first we decided to remember the Chinese brand Great Wall. This manufacturer has several jeeps and pickups using a standard frame structure.

First, it is a Wingle 5 pickup 5. In the database it is cheaper than the UAZ, but if you want a four-wheel drive, the price is higher somewhere by 20%. The engines put on it either Japanese from Mitsubishi (gasoline), or their own, manufactured using licensed Bosch technologies.

Popular and other two cars are classic Haval H3 and Haval H5 jeeps. The first uses a two-liter engine produced under the Japanese license, has ABS and EBD. The car breaks all stereotypes of Chinese quality by taking 4 stars in EURO NCAP crash tests.

The "five fives" price is higher, the engine Boshevsky diesel, created together with the Great Wall engineers. Four drive plug-in. Transmission or automatic transmission - 5, or MCPP - 6.

Models from South Korea

Trucks are true and in South Korea. We did not make a list of framework SUVs of all brands produced in this country, but picked up interesting and inexpensive. The SSANG Yong brand is popular in the CIS in South Korea is considered the manufacturer of the second division, yielding Kia and Hyundai. But it is impossible to say that the products are noticeably inferior to competitors.

The flagship crossover Rexton is a living example of the fact that the car with frame design retain the relevance. Offered with gasoline and diesel engines. Versions are available before and after restyling. The difference in price between them is about a thousand dollars. Kyron, Actyon and Actyon Sports crossovers are also produced (pickup with diesel engine and automatic transmission). Machines are collected not only in South Korea, but also at the factories of Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine.

One of the leaders of the South Korean market is the brand of Kia Motors. Here is produced by the Mohave crossover with frame structures. They produce it at home, as well as in Kaliningrad and Kazakhstan Ust-Kamenogorsk. Five-door SUV is produced since 2008. Recently announced about the emergence of the updated version 2016 - 2017. She will receive engines:

• diesel 3.0 l. / 255 hp
• GDI 3.7 l. / 276 hp

Available 3 options for automatic transmission - 5, 6 and 8-speed.

Japanese jeeps with frame design

We list the best framework SUVs manufactured in Japan. Let's start with Nissan. This manufacturer offers two jeeps and two pickups of this type. The modern version of the Pathfinder is produced with a frame. In the basic package you get a complete drive and diesel engine. Transmission There are both automatic and classical mechanics.

The last generation of Nissan Patrol frame integrated. Pendant independent. How can this machine be attributed to the category described? It is possible, but only partially. Early generations had a classic frame structure.

There are also NP 300 pickups and expensive comfortable Navara. Both of 2.5 liters. Diesel and MCPP. But if the first is good for the suburbs, then on the second you can ride with a chic in the city. Mitsubishi has two cars on one platform - L 200 and Pajero Sport. The engine is the first - all the same as Nissan, 2.5 liters, an ACPP-4 box.

Who offers the biggest list of frame jeeps, is Toyota. Here the choice is very large:

• FJ Cruiser - produced since 2007. 4 liter engine, classic design, all-wheel drive, automatic transmission with manual switching;

• Fortuner - SUV based on Hilux. Released in rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive modifications. The engines have gasoline by 2.7 and 4 liters, as well as diesel engines by 2.5 liters. and 3 l. with COMMON Rail;
• 4Runner - Jeep, manufactured since 1984. It is now produced 5 generation with a 4-liter unit and automatic transmission-5, four-wheel drive;
• Land Cruiser 200 and 150 Prado. Famous "Kruzaki" are produced in gasoline and diesel execution, and enjoy tremendous success;
• Hilux is one of the most successful pickups in history. There are diesel engines 2.5 l. / 144 hp With automation and 3 l. / 172 hp With mechanics.
• Tundra is a huge pickup, manufactured since 2000. The modern generation with a 5.7 liter benzomotor and ACP-6. The same "iron" at the SUV SUV, which is even more than the Land Cruiser.

Replenish our list of frame crossover and SUVs small, but remote Suzuki Jimny. This is such a Japanese UAZ, only with air conditioning and security systems. Comfortable ride on it is difficult. But this is a complete all-terrain vehicle, simple and reliable. Available only with a gasoline unit of 1.3 l. / 85 liters. from. There are 2 boxes to choose from - AKPP-4 and MCPP-5.

Another frame "Kid" - Daihatsu Terios. Permanent four-wheel drive and high reliability, engine 1.3 and 1.5 liters. The all-wheel drive version was even steeper more expensive and prestigious RAV4.

European framework SUVs

The most famous representative of Europe is the German Mercedes G-Class. What to say here - "Geliki" know and love all over the world, and our country is no exception.

The list of brands of SUVs with a frame structure of another expensive jeep is Land Rover. From Gelendwagen he is very different. First, it is not so comfortable, secondly, completely different in management. Land Rover Defender is released with a 2.4 liter turbodiesel and a full drive.

It is also worth mentioning Volkswagen Amarok. This is a pick-up, produced in two and four-door modifications. The first car sued the conveyor in 2009. Produced in Argentina and Germany. The car participated in the Rally Dakar, took 4 stars Euro NCAP, and as a whole shows perfectly.

Models from USA

Americans decided to keep up with Japanese colleagues. They produce a lot of representatives of the extinct family, which seem to unjust do not plan. Chrysler has two directions at once. These are Jeep Wrangler SUVs, having the most classic possible design, and pickups RAM 1500/2500/3500.

If you go through the most famous SUVs of the world, then the first will be Jeep. He is a real legend of the world car industry. Produced with 3 and 5 doors, equipped with gasoline and diesel engines. MCPP / automatic transmission box. Released since 1987. Now the market presents 3 generation. The coolest and off-road - Rubicon.

Dodge Ram since 2011 is simply called RAM - a good pickup, in which you will feel equally comfortable in the city and on a seeking road. The choice of engines is huge. But the most popular HEMI is 5.7 liters. Very powerful and very voracious aggregate.

If you continue to list American frame off-roads, the list of the best will continue Ford F-150 and no less popular Expedition. The first is one of the RAM competitors - a powerful pickup. The second is a classic SUV. Now 3 generation of these machines are produced with 3.5 and 5.4 liter engines and 6-speed automation.

Do not forget about the huge SUV Cadillac Escalade. The machine is also made with an extended base and in the form of a luxury pickup. In the US, enjoys great popularity. The choice of engines is limited by a single gasoline unit by 6.2 liters, which is completed with a reliable automatic transmission.

Also do not forget about Chevrolet Tahoe. In the CIS, this car did not become popular, but in my homeland is bought quite well. The car is not the cheapest, but its money is worth. There are models with an elongated base, produced under the brands of Chevrolet Suburban and GMC Yukon XL.

Perennial studies have shown that during the movement of the car on the body, unmanaged forces are affected, proportional to the mass of the car at the moment and its speed, which act in three directions - vertical, horizontal and frontal - and causes such types of deformation of the body elements as flexion, compression, Twisting. The task of repair work is to restore the projected endurance of the composite elements of the body according to the manufacturer installations. The technology of repair work should be such that the endurance of the repaired parts correspond to the unrestregnated parts of the car.

In vehicles with a carrier body, the functions of the frame either perform the body itself, or the frame (or replacement of its subframes) is constructively combined with the body and cannot be separated from it without disrupting structural integrity. Usually the body is attached to the frame using brackets on bolts with thick rubber gaskets, serving to reduce the level of vibrations.

All aggregates are attached to the car frame: engine, transmission, bridges, suspension. Together they form a chassis. The frame chassis is a complete design that can exist and move apart from the body.

Currently, frame chassis is used mainly on tractors and trucks, but in the past many cars also had a frame chassis. The "hard" SUVs often have a separate frame.

The following types of frames are distinguished: spar, peripheral, ridge, William-ridge, carrying base, lattice (they are also tubular).

Spar frame with X-shaped cross

The sparse frames consist of two longitudinal spars and several crossbars called "traverses", as well as fasteners and brackets for installing body and units.

The shape and design of the spars and the crossbar may be different; Distinguish tubular, K-shaped and X-shaped crossbars. The spars, as a rule, are a channel in cross section, and the length of the section is usually changing: in the most loaded areas, the height of the section is often enlarged. They can be placed in parallel, and at some angle relative to each other.

Peripheral Rama

Sometimes considered as a kind of spar. At such a frame, the distance between the spars in the central part was enlarged so much that when installing the body, they turn out to be directly behind the door thresholds. Since in the places of transition from the usual distance between the spars to the increased frame weakened, special box-increments added in such places, in English-speaking countries called the thermal Torque Box.

This solution allows to significantly lower the floor of the body, placing it completely between spars, and therefore - reduce the overall height of the car. Therefore, the peripheral frames were widely used on American passenger cars since the sixties. In addition, the location of the spars directly behind the body thresholds is very helping to increase the safety of the car during lateral impact.

Range Rama

The main constructive element of such a frame is the central transmission tube, rigidly combining engine crankcases and force transmission knots - clutch, gearbox, transfer box, main transmission (or main gears - on multi-axis cars), inside which is a thin shaft, replacing the cardan in this design . An independent suspension of all wheels is necessary.

The advantage of such a scheme is high twist rigidity; In addition, it makes it easy to create vehicle modifications with a variety of leading bridges. However, the repair of prisoners in the frame of the aggregates is extremely difficult. Therefore, this type of frame is used very rarely, and on passenger cars absolved absolutely.

Wilchato-Range frames

A variety of a ridge frame, which has anterior, sometimes the rear parts are forks formed by two spars and employees for fastening the engine and aggregates.

Unlike the ridge frame, the crankcases of the force transmission nodes as a rule (but not always) are performed separately, if necessary, an ordinary drive shaft is used in it. This frame was among the other representatives of the Tatra from T77 to T613.

The same type also includes X-shaped frames that are considered by some sources as a type of spar. They have spars in the central part very closely close to each other and form a closed tubular profile. Such a frame was used on Soviet cars "Seagull" GAZ-13 and GAZ-14 of the highest class.

Carrying ground

This frame is combined with a body floor to increase rigidity.

This design was among the other Volkswagen Beetle and the LAZ-695 bus. Currently, this scheme is considered quite promising due to the possibility of building a variety of cars as on the platform on the same carrying basis.

Grident

Also called Tubular Frame or SpaceFrame.

The lattice frames have the form of a spatial farm with a very high ratio of the twist rigidity to the mass (that is, they are easy and very durable torsion).

Such frames are used either on sports and racing cars, for which a small mass of high strength is important, or on buses, for the angular bodies of which it is very convenient and technologically in production.

When it comes to the repair technology, it is often a question of how to repair or change an element, which is by its constructive peculiarities of carriers. For example, consider the front at an angle deformation of the front of the car, at which the front panel, the hood, wing, mudguard and the spar are deformed. Of these, in this node, two removable elements can be distinguished - the wing and hood - and three or more welds - the frame of the radiator, the mudguard, the spar. During the repair work of the deformed elements, it is necessary to provide functions laid by the manufacturer (symmetry of the structure, the symmetry of the body shape and its elements, the safety of passengers while driving and so on).

Therefore, if we accept the repair of the mudguard and wing, then the hood, the frame of the radiator and the spar must be replaced. When the hood is replaced, there is the possibility of control over the repaired surface of the wing in the place of adjustment to the hood, controlling the location of the radiator frame when it is replaced and the adjoining of the repaired mudguard. When replacing the radiator frame, there is the possibility of controlling the geometry of the hood opening, the correctness of the mudguard adjoining to the top.

When replacing the spar, it is necessary to ensure the strength of this node, weakened by the repair of the mudguard and wing. In this case, it is necessary to take into account that conditionally to the wing and mudguard will be repaired without heating and welding. If one of the repaired elements is heated for metal shrinkage or welding or technological cut, then another element must be replaced by a new one. In this case, it is most advisable from an economic point of view to replace the wing. If the decision is made to repair the spar assembly, that is, the spiner of the P-shaped form with a minor heating itself, then the amplifier should be replaced, whether it is a separate amplifier that is an amplifier of the mudguard or a different element.

It must also be remembered that although the manufacturer's factory structural endurance of body elements is designed to the safety factor N \u003d 1.3-1.5, and for the edges of the case, which can be aggregate by the turbulent formed by the gearbox and wheels during the movement, security coefficient Even 1.5-2.0, not having proper equipment, technological maps and load distribution charts during accidents, we cannot determine how the repair factor will affect the safety of passengers during deformation in the future.

Given that the technology of repair work should cause the endurance of the repaired parts of the car in accordance with the informed, the ideal version of the repair of this node will be replaced by all elements that cannot be corrected without the use of heating or welding technological cuts.

Example of repairing a spar on a frame car

The right side member under the floor of the passenger seat is struck by through corrosion to such an extent that the front axle levers brackets are not only not able to perform their functions, but also come off.

For repair, b / y was purchased with a mudguard from which the necessary parts were cut.

In order to reliably put the backup under the threshold, it had to be replaced, and also partially replace the floor.

After that, the front axle levers are removed, the damaged part of the spar is cut and replaced. The work is not easy, because cutouts for the load distribution are made complex, sometimes access to them is difficult for welding, and the seams are needed on both sides.

The photo shows the floor amplifier to which the pad is welded, welded to the spar.

We weld the repair parts to the floor, we protect seams with sealant from all sides.

It is applied to all repaired places, we carry out the inner anti-corrosion treatment of the threshold and the spar and we obtain the result of the repair.

If a significant deformation has become the result of a car collision, it is necessary to remove the mechanical units - only so you can carefully correct the folds and replace parts that are not subject to repair. In addition, it will make it possible to remove residual stresses that may arise and remain after editing. When the car is moving, residual stresses can cause voltages in the mounting of shock absorbers and sleeves, and sometimes their breaks.

But in some cases, pre-straightening the body with installed mechanical aggregates can facilitate access to units to be removed, for example, to a motor aggregate for vehicles with front-wheel drive, front or rear bridge. In this case, it is necessary to take care of the replacement of fastening bolts and shock absorbers. This operation is performed on the stand.

If the blow to the front or rear semi is the deformation of the base of the body, it is also possible to straighten the body, fixing (engaging) the mechanism of stretching for mechanical units, such as, for example, wheel rims or suspension levers that have received deformation. Edit is made in the direction directly opposite to the blow. The execution of such an operation is possible only when the blow fell directly into the front or rear semi-seen, and its replacement is necessary.

It is also necessary to replace the ball supports and steering traction. Edit with a jack or other hydraulic mechanism is used to restore the shape or straightening the deformed part. However, starting to work, you should not forget that with a very sharp edge, the body parts can occur deformation of the neighboring zone. Therefore, when tension, i.e., simultaneously with the action of the jack, it is recommended to accompany the restoration of the body linearity by tapping folds. And after carrying out the drawing with the help of a jack, it is necessary to remove all internal stresses by performing (using a rattling hammer) of the entire area exposed to edit.

To be confident that later, the inverse movements of the refined bodies caused by residual stresses will not occur, the surface performance is produced through a wooden lining in the direction of impact. If at the same time the straightened body does not change its form, then the editing operation is performed correctly. Otherwise, it should be recovered again before receiving geometry within the tolerances installed by the manufacturer of the car.

If the car got a side blow, it causes the deformation of the base of the body, accompanied by a decrease in the body length from the damaged surface, which is easy to determine. When editing on the stand, the performer must take into account this circumstance. In practice, editing is carried out by stretching in two directions at the same time: lateral and longitudinal, which provides the possibility of restoring the initial geometry of the base base.

An example of the restoration of the side surface is the alignment of the middle rack, which is wrapped with a pulling chain. To protect the rack from damage and uniform distribution of the effort between the rack and the chain, a wooden bar is paved.

The longitudinal stretching performed simultaneously with the side can be made in various ways. If the deformation is concentrated in the lower part of the body, they produce direct adjustment of the base, fixing the clamps for flaking thresholds. The jack is placed between two clamps and under pressure moves them in the longitudinal direction as simultaneous lateral stretching. If the deformation is concentrated in the upper part of the body, stretching is produced in the longitudinal direction from the front and rear parts of the body.

Works on straightening and verifying new spars must be made on the exact equipment, which is only available in workshops.

In any case, the diagnosis of geometry is best done on good equipment, which will be discussed in the next room.

In the preparation of the article, materials from open sources are used in accordance with GNU Free Documentation License.

Powerful and comfortable frame offs-roads, the list of which we will imagine today, have long moved in the ratings from the category of "Working Horses for Countryside" in "Cars for middle class". This means that with the power of the tractor, capable of climbing the mountain range, the SUV acquired all the amenities that the luxury class machines earlier were equipped: a leather interior, an armchair with electrical control and heating, a powerful computer, controlling the electronics, which is enough for the average passenger liner.

Our rating is based on the opinions of Russian and foreign buyers about reduced transmission SUVs and a complete drive that satisfy the three main indicators: specifications, comfort and price.

Frame SUVs with lower transmission, lock and full drive: Top-10

First, we must clarify that almost all of the cars presented can be called "combined" with respect to the transmission design: they have a lower transmission, blocking differential and switch to "full drive" mode. This allows with the same efficiency to operate an SUV at rough terrain and run through the streets of settlements in the "City Cycle".

The list of the best framework SUVs got 10 of the most popular models of 2018-2019, selected according to statistics of total sales in the world. There are very prestigious names here, and modest (according to our understanding), but they are united by universal recognition:

Honda Pilot.

The crown "The Best Frame SUV" received a representative of the Japanese Concern "Honda Pilot", produced in the second generation after the update in 2011 (Class K2, front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive modification).

• engine - V6 3500 (cm3), gasoline;
• max. Power - 349 hp, torque - 347 N-M;
• transmission - automatic transmission, GRADE Logic system (engine optimization for road conditions). VSM system: managing the separation operation of cylinders with an increase in power. Lowering;
• consumption per 100 km - 11.1 (monolvodny), 11.7 liters (all-wheel drive version);
• differential lock, torque distribution system over axes;
• road clearance - up to 200 mm, reversal radius - 5.5 m;
• 18 - inch discs for the luxury configuration;
• All-metal body using superproof steels (lightweight);
• price range (in rubles) from 1.79 to 2.4 million.

Kia Mohave.

Korean frame SUV "Kia Mojave" was created for extreme conditions and the most comfortable "survival". In some countries, the car is sold under a different name - Kia Borrego.

• engines: V6, 3 l, CRDI series, diesel; 3.8 l, LAMBDA series, petrol;
• max. Power: 250 hp (Diz.), 275 (benz.);
• consumption per 100 km (medium) - 10.2 (diesel), 9.7-10 liters (gasoline);
• anti-lock system (ABS), brake force distribution (EBD). Stabilization and movement stability systems (TCS, ESC);
• 17, 18 - inch wheels;
• price range (in rubles) from 1.85 to 2.1 million (basic equipment).

Toyota Land Cruiser Prado

Japanese frame jeep "Toyota Land Cruiser Prado" is firmly held in the top ten most popular all-wheel drive SUVs.

• engines: V4, 3 l, diesel; V6, 2700 and 4 L (top version), gasoline. Indicators for the "exhaust" were brought to the most ecological stage "Euro 5";
• max. Power: 190 hp (Diz.), 163 and 282 (benz.);
• transmission: Diesel - 6-speed automatic transmission; gasoline - 5-speed automatic transmission;
• consumption per 100 km (medium) - 12.5 (diesel), 12.3 and 15 liters (gasoline);
• the Multi Terrain SELECT system (control of the engine operation modes is designed for 5 ways: gravel and stones, dirt and gravel, loose soil, sand and icing road);
• anti-lock system (ABS), braking control when descending from the mountain. Currency stabilization system;
• protection of "blind zones" and warning about obstacles at the "rear course", camcorder with a circular review;
• 17, 18 - inch discs;
• price range (in rubles) from 1.7 to 2.95 million (top pack).

Mitsubishi Pajero.

Mitsubishi Concern does not cease to improve its most popular all-wheel drive frame SUV - Mitsubishi Pajero. In 2018-2019, the sale of the sale of the IV generation was the sale of sales.

• engines: V6, 3 l, diesel; 3 and 3.8 l, gasoline;
• max. Power: 200 hp (Diz.), 178 and 250 (benz.);
• transmission: Diesel - 5-speed automatic transmission; Gasoline - 5-speed automatic transmission and for configuration "Invite Mt" from a motor. 3.0 - 5-speed MCPP;
• consumption per 100 km (medium) - 10-12 (diesel), 11-12 and 13-15 liters (gasoline);
• aDVANCED SUPERSELECT 4WD (SS4-II) branded transmission (SS4-II) operates in 4 modes: four-wheel drive (4WD Super SELECT); full drive with reduced transmission (4LLC); 2N (only the rear wheels are involved) or 4N (all wheels are included with the transmission of different torque per each); 4HLC (four-wheel drive with differential lock);
• 17, 18 - inch discs;
• high clearance - 235 mm;
• price range (in rubles) from 1.6 to 2.5 million (top pack).

Jeep Grand Cherokee.

The American framework SUV "Grand Cherokee" is offered in 4 modifications, each of which is equipped with its own engine model. Engines only gasoline.

• complete set "Sport": Engine Tigershark Multi Air II, V4 (2400 cm3), 184 hp, 7.5 l / 100 km. Front actuator 4x2. Security system: 10 pillows. Cruise control (adaptive). 17-inch discs. Multimedia audio and video system, touchscreen display. Central electric lock, manual brake (electr.);
• "Latitude": Engine Pentastar V6 (3200 cm3), 271 hp, 9 l / 100 km. Two modifications: front-wheel drive 4x2 and full. Aluminum alloy wheels 17 inches. Heated seats, steering and engine in basic configuration;
• "Limited": the engine Pentastar V6 (3200 cm3), but the car acts as a limited series. Climate control into two zones. Chairs in leather covers, heated, with electric drive and memory for 4 and 8 positions. Modifications: front-wheel drive 4x2, four-wheel drive;
• "Trailhawk": Engine V6 (3200 cm3), four-wheel drive with multifunction transmission Active Drive Lock (Blocking Rear Diff-La, Select Terrain Mode Selector). Box - "Automatic" ZF, 9 stupas. The machine is designed for the hardest locality and is;
• prices for each modification in the base assembly comes with an interval of 1.5-1.8 thousand $: from 23 to $ 27.5 thousand from the manufacturer.

Audi Q7.

The category "The Best Frame SUV with a full-wheel drive" was replenished with a premium representative. This is a all-wheel drive SUV with a distribution of traction in the axes of 40:60 (more effort is on the rear axle).

• start kit: Engine V6, 3 l, gasoline, box - "Automatic", 8 steps. ABS, ESP systems, assistants for descending from the mountain and start moving on the rise, parking sensors. The salon is equipped with climate control systems, heated seats, powerful audio installation. Optics - bi-xenon;
• diesel engines: V6, 3 L (245 hp), V8 4.2 L (340 hp), V12, 6 L (500 hp). Diesel on 3000 is equipped with an "automatic" of 8 steps, and the last two models - boxes - "automata" 6 tbsp.;
• diesel modifications are equipped with the same systems as the gasoline "fellow". But besides, for an additional charge, you can purchase adaptive cruise control, the tracking system for blind zones, "smart optics";
• the price range is very wide: from 2,800,000 to 6,500,000 rubles.

Nissan Patrol

Traditionally, enjoys the success of the "best friend of hunters and fishermen" - Nissan Patrol. But the renewed body looks simply luxuriously, and the all-wheel drive frame SUV will make the honor to any resident of the elite suburbs.

• engine - VK56VD, V8 (5600cm3), 405 hp, 11.4 (outside) up to 20 l / 100 km (urban cycle);
• box - 7 - a stepped "automatic", downward transmission, distribution over the axes 50:50;
• systems of stabilization of movement and control of brakes (anti-slip) ABS, EBD, TCS, BA. HDC (control over the congress from the mountain);
• speed adjustment amplifier;
• 4 motion modes in different types of base: dirt, sand, asphalt, snow.
• blocking rear dief la;
• starting price from 3,900,000 rubles.

Hyundai IX55

Korean frame SUV Hyundai IX55 "IRBIS" received universal recognition for the best "price-quality" ratio. All-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle is produced in two modifications: with gasoline and diesel engines.

• engines: gasoline V6 DOHC (3.8 L), 264 hp, 9-12 l / 100 km; Diesel CRDI (3000 cm3), 239 hp, 7.6-9.4 l / 100 km;
• the box is a 6-speed "automatic", four-wheel drive, lowering the transmission with differential lock;
• aBS, EBD, TCS systems (anti-slip, braking control);
• 17-inch alloy wheels;
• prices begin from 1.86 million rubles.

Volkswagen Touareg.

The German framework SUV "Volkswagen Touareg" entered the salons of Volkswagen dealers after restyling and immediately conquered the love of European lovers of nature and comfort.

• engines: gasoline - V6 DOHC (3600 cm3), 249 hp, 11 l. and V8 (4200 cm3), 360 hp, 13 l.; diesel - V6 (3000 cm3), 204 hp, 6.6 l and V8 (3400 cm3), 340 hp, 9.1 l;
• box - 8-stupas. AISIN automaton with manual switching, lowering;
• the steering wheel is equipped with a SERVOTRONIC hydraulic switch (with an effort variable);
• 4motion full drive system, self-locking DIF-L TORSEN;
• brake control systems (ABS, EBD, ESP, ASR, EDS);
• starting price - from 2.5 million rubles.

Lexus GX.

The ranking of frame SUVs completes the result of Japanese-American cooperation - all-wheel drive "Lexus GX". A representative of the premium class with improved characteristics and design demonstrates in the photo, as the same organically looks next to luxury villas and on the background of mountainous areas.

• engine: V8 (4600 cm3), gasoline, 298 hp, 13 l.;
• 6-speed automatic transmission, four-wheel drive with inter-axis diff-scrap Torsen, changing around the circumstances of the mid-scene force in proportions 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50;
• leather interior, adjustment and heated steering and chairs, powerful multimedia system;
• kDSS, ABS, EBD, BAS, AVS stabilization systems, etc.;
• price range: from 2.9 to 3.6 million rubles.