External combustion engines are not as many as internal combustion engines (DVS). The thing is that the efficiency of the efficiency of the engines with the external combustion of fuel is much lower than that of the engines with the combustion of fuel inside the cylinder. For example, steam locomotives (and they have an external combustion engine), the efficiency of only 5 ... 7%. Fuel heats water (as in a pressure cooker), and it turns into steam. This pairs are fed to the working cylinder and there it makes a job. In this case, rotates the wheels of the locomotive. And the spent steam is simply thrown into the atmosphere.

More modern engines with external combustion, it is likely to modify the stirling engine. Stirling offered not to throw away the working body (for the locomotive it is a pair), but heat it inside the cylinder. This working body will warm up, will increase in volume, or if the volume is closed, the pressure will increase. This pressure and will work. Then this very cylinder must be cooled. Air, or another gas, decrease in volume and piston drop down. This is theoretically, in practice heats up and cools the gas itself, moving on special channels. But the principle remains the same, the gas does not leave the limits of the closed space, and the heat is supplied and removed through the walls of the cylinder.

The most modern stirling engines operating on solar energy give an efficiency of 31.25%. However, they are not yet installed on cars due to the complexity of the design and low reliability.

The internal combustion engine is because it is called that the heating of the working fluid (it does not matter, gas is either a pair) occurs inside the closed volume (most often the cylinder). The first such engine, as not strange it will sound, was a gun.

The powder charge, flamming, heated the air and the products of the combustion of the gunpowder inside the barrel channel, and the kernel was thrown into the core. Hence the gun, from "letting".

In all modern internal combustion engines, almost the same thing occurs - a certain combustible mixture is lit inside the closed volume. This "fire" or "explosion" heats the air, and it (hot air) produces the necessary operation. Just the piston in the engine is not thrown out, but makes movements back and forth inside the cylinder.

Engine inventors, which is now installed on the car

So, due to the fact that the first internal combustion engine was a gun, it would be necessary to know the name of the inventor, but it, unfortunately, was lost in the centuries. It is known only that in Europe the gun appeared in the 14th century, and in eastern countries in the 13th.

Christians Guiggens

Huygens Christians (portrait on the left) at the beginning of the 17th century offered inside the cylinder with a piston to pour a little porch. If this gunpowder is settling, the piston will rise up and the rod attached to the piston can make some work. The apparatus was then necessary to disassemble, fall asleep a new portion of powder and continue. The rod stayed in the upper position using a special retainer.

Of course, we are looking at it now with surprise, but for the 17th century it was a breakthrough.

Denis Papen

In 1690 (end of the 17th century) Denis Papen (the portrait of the right) improved this construction proposing instead of pouring water to the bottom of the cylinder. If you heat the cylinder water evaporates turning into steam and this couple will work raising the piston. Then the piston can cool steam inside will turn into water and the process can be repeated.

After 15 years, in 1705, English Blacksmith Thomas Newkun offered a car for pumping water from mines. His apparatus consisted of a boiler that produced steam. Couples fed into the cylinder and there made work. For rapid cooling of the cylinder, it applied the nozzle, which injected cold water into this cylinder, thereby cooling it. Of course, periodically accounted for water to pour water in the cylinder, but the car worked effectively. Turn such a machine internal combustion engine is difficult, because water heating occurs outside the cylinder, but such is the story. The entire 18th century is devoted to the invention of structures working on the use of steam energy.

Only in 1801, the French inventor Philip Le Bon came up with a lumising gas to the cylinder in a mixture with air and to upload it there. He even got a patent for this gas engine. But due to the fact that Leboon died early (in 1804 at the age of 35), did not have time to bring his brainchild.

Etienne Lenouar

Etienne Lenoir (Frenchman with Belgian roots), invented various mechanical structures, working on a galvanic plant. It is he who is considered the inventor of the first operating engine of internal combustion.

After improving the idea of \u200b\u200bLebo, in 1860 he took the two-way piston as the basis, which performed the work moving both to the right and left. A mixture of light gas and air he adjusted in a separate chamber with an electric spark. Guiding combustion products (depending on the position of the piston) or to the right, or to the left cavity, as steam in the locomotive.

Nichaus Otto

As you can see, it is again not quite similar to the modern engine in our understanding, but the progenitor it is for sure. After releasing more than 300 such engines, it is rich and stopped being inventive. Invented by August, Nicholas Otto engine displaced Lenoara engines from the market. It was Otto that offered and built a four-stroke engine. The efficiency of its engine reached 15%, it is almost 3 times higher than that of Lenoara engines. By the way, to say modern gasoline engines have an efficiency no higher than 36%, all of what we have achieved in 150 years of work on internal combustion engines. At this four-stroke cycle, most engines work now.

Only after the invention of engines operating on liquid fuel (kerosene and gasoline), they could already be installed on the wagon, which was made by Karl Bens in 1886.

Gottlieb Daimler

In the company, Otto worked Gottlib Daimler (left) and Wilhelm Maybach (on the photo on the left). And although the company worked profitable (OTTO engines were sold more than 42 thousand pieces), the use of luminaire gas sharply narrowed the scope of application. Daimler and Maybach subsequently organized the production of cars constantly improving them. Their names know almost everything. After all, they came up with the Mercedes car. The son of Wilhelm Maybaha - Karl (on the photo on the right), was engaged in aircraft engines, and then the release of famous cars "Maybach".

Wilhelm and his son Karl Maybach

Rudolph Diesel

In 1893, Rudolph Diesel patented the engine operating on the waste production of gasoline - diesel engine. In its engine, the mixture was not necessary to ignite, it lights up from high temperature in the cylinder. But the mixture of air with fuel was preparing somewhat differently. In its engine, fuel (diesel fuel) was fed into the cylinder at the end of the compression cycle with a special pump. It was a revolutionary breakthrough. Many modern gasoline engines use this method of forming an air-fuel mixture. The diesel engine has not undergone special changes.

Now to the question of who inner internal combustion engines in the question you know the answer.

Introduction

The internal combustion engine (internal combustion engine) is the type of engine, a heat machine in which the chemical energy of the fuel (liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel is usually used), combining in the working area, is converted into mechanical work. Despite the fact that the internal combustion engine is an imperfect type of thermal vehicles (strong noise, toxic emissions, less resource), due to its autonomy (the required fuel contains much more energy than the best electric batteries) DVS found a very widespread. The main disadvantage of DVS is that it produces high power only in the narrow range of revolutions. Therefore, the inherent attributes of the internal combustion engine are the transmission and starter. Only in some cases (for example, in airplanes) you can do without a complex transmission. In addition, the engine is needed a fuel system (for supplying a fuel mixture) and an exhaust system (for removal of exhaust gases).

engine Internal combustion car

History of creating an internal combustion engine

Currently, no one will surprise the use of an internal combustion engine. Millions of cars, benzogenerators and other devices are used as a DVS drive (internal combustion engines). The appearance of this type of engine in the 19th century is primarily due to the need to create an efficient and modern drive for various industrial devices and mechanisms. At that time, in the main mass, a steam engine was used. He had a lot of shortcomings, for example, a low efficiency (i.e., most of the energy spent on the production of the steam simply disappeared), was quite cumbersome, demanded a qualified service and a large number of time for starting and stopping. Industry required a new engine devoid of these shortcomings. They became an internal combustion engine.

In the 17th century, the Dutch physicist Christianhagens began experiments with internal combustion engines, and in 1680 the theoretical engine was developed, the fuel for which was a black powder. However, before incarnation, the ideas of the author did not reach.

The first who managed to create the world's first operating internal combustion engine was NisheforNave. In 1806, he was submitted to the National Institute with his brother (then the French Academy of Sciences was called) the report on the new car, which "would be comparable to steam, but would have consumed less fuel." The brothers called it "Pieotoofor". With Greek, it can be translated as "tight by the fiery wind." It worked on coal dust, and not on gasoline or gas. In those days, there was neither gas, nor the oil refining industry. The invention of the Pierolofora caused great interest. The two commissioners were instructed to understand the invention. One of the commissioners was Lazar Carno. Carno gave a positive feedback, even in the newspaper. Although the engine had a number of flaws, many of them could not be eliminated at that time due to the lack of necessary technologies: the dust approach, for example, was carried out at atmospheric pressure, the distribution of the fuel inside the chamber was uneven, and the piston adjustment to the walls of the cylinder required improvement . In those days, the piston of the steam car was considered to be fitted to the walls of the cylinder, if a coin was with difficulty between them.

The brothers built the engine and equipped it in 1806 a three-meter boat, weighing 450 kg. The boat went up the river Sona at a speed of twice the speed of the flow.

Lazar Carno had a son - the Lieutenant of the Chief Headquarters of the Sadi Carno, which in 1824 publishes in 200 copies of work perpetuating his name later. It is "reflections on the driving force of fire and cars that can develop this power." In this book, he laid the basics of thermodynamics - theory for the development of internal combustion engines. The book mentioned the Nieques car, which perhaps and pushed the Sadi Carno to think about the motors of the future - all internal combustion engines: and gas, and carburetor, and diesel. It also offers further engine perfection, ranging from compression of air in a cylinder, etc.

It will take another quarter of a century, before the English physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and the German physicist Rudolf Clausius will rejudge the ideas of carno and make thermodynamics with science. No one will remember about the niepsies. And the next engine of the internal combustion will appear only in 1858 in the Belgian engineer Jean Josefaetelenlenoara. A two-stroke electric carburetor engine, a spark ignition engine, the fuel for which was served by coal gas, will be the first commercially successful engine of this kind. The first engine worked only a few seconds due to the lack of the lubrication system and the cooling system, which were successfully applied on subsequent samples. In 1863, Lenoar improved the design of his engine using instead of gas fuel, kerosene. On it a three-wheeled prototype of modern cars drove historical 50 miles.

The Lenoara engine was not deprived of the flaws, its efficiency reached only 5%, it did not exercise fuel and lubricants very effectively, it was heated too much, etc., but it was the first, after a long year of oblivion, a commercially successful project for creating a new engine for The needs of industry. In 1862, the French scientist Alfons Bee de Rojas suggested and patented the first four-cylinder engine. But before it is created, and even more so commercial production it has never come.

1864 - Austrian engineer Siegfried Marcus created the world's first single-cylinder carburetor engine, operating from the combustion of crude oil. A few years later, the same scientist constructed a vehicle moving at a speed of 10 miles per hour.

1873 - George Brighton offered a new design of a 2-cylinder carburetor kerosene engine, in consequence became gasoline. It was the first secure model, the truth is too massive and slow for commercial use.

1876 \u200b\u200b- Nicholas Otto, 14 years after the theoretical substantiation of the work of the 4-cylinder engine Rojas, created a working model, known as the "Otto cycle", a cycle with ignition from the spark discharge. DVS Otto had a vertical cylinder, the rotated shaft was located on the side, a special rack was connected to the shaft. The shaft raised the piston, due to which the vacuum was formed, due to which the fuel and air mixture was absorbed, which was subsequently ignited. The engine did not use the electrical ignition, the engineers did not have a sufficient level of knowledge in electrical engineering, the mixture flammped with an overlooked flame through a special hole. After the explosion, the mixture increased the pressure, under the action of which the piston rose (first under the action of gas, and then by inertia) and the special mechanism disconnected the rack from the shaft, the vacuum was again created, the fuel was sucked into the combustion chamber, and the process was repeated again. The efficiency of this engine exceeded 15%, which was significantly higher than the efficiency of any steam machine of the time. Successful design, high economy, as well as constant work on the unit of the unit (it was OTTO in 1877 that he patented a new type of internal combustion engine with a four-stroke cycle, which underlies most of the modern internal combustion engine) made it possible to take a significant fraction of the drive market for various devices and mechanisms.

1883 - French Engineer Eduard Demar-Debolovil Designs a single-cylinder four-stamp engine, fuel in which gas served. And although the case did not reach the practical embodiment of ideas, at least on paper Demar-debtul ahead of Gotlibadimlerai Karl Benz.

1885 - Gotlibdaimler created that today is called the prototype of a modern gas engine - a device with vertically located cylinders and a carburetor. For these purposes, Daimler together with his friend Wilhelm MaiBach acquired a workshop near the city of Stuttgart. The engine was created so that he could move the crew, so the requirements for it were very significant. DVS was to be compact, possess sufficient power and not require a gas generator. "Reitwagen" - so called the first two-wheeled vehicle inventors. A year later, the first prototype of the 4-wheel car appeared. Maybach has developed an effective carburetor who provided effective fuel evaporation. At the same time, Hungarian banks patented a carburetor device with a joller. Unlike predecessors, in a new carburetor, it was proposed not to evaporate, but spraying the fuel, which evaporated directly in the engine cylinder. Also, the carburetor doses fuel and air and evenly mixes them in the desired proportion. Gotlibdaimler from the very beginning of its engineering career he was convinced that the steam engine is outdated and needs a speedy replacement. Gas engines - this is what I saw the prospect of the development of Daimler. He had to obstruct many thresholds of firms who did not want to risk and invest in the already unknown product. Maybach, the first person who understood him, subsequently became his friend and partner. In 1872, the Daimler together with Nicholas Otto collects all the best experts with whom he had to ever work led by Maybach. The task was formulated as follows: Create a healthy and efficient gas engine. And for two years later, this task was performed, and the production of engines was delivered to the stream. Two engines per day - a huge speed for those standards. But here the positions of Daimler and Otto on the further development of the company are beginning to disperse. The first believes that it is necessary to improve the design and conduct a number of studies, the second indicates the need to increase the production of already designed engines. At the soil of these contradictions, Daimler leaves the company, after him goes and Maybah. In 1889, they organize the company "Daimlermotorenellschaft", from the conveyor of which is the first car. And twelve years later, Maybach collects the first Mercedes car, named after his daughter, who will later become a legend.

1886 - January 29, Karl Benz patented the design of the world's first three-wheeled gas vehicle with electric ignition, differential and water-cooled. The energy to the wheels was supplied using a special pulley and a belt connected to the gear shaft. In 1891, the 4-wheel car was also constructed. It was Karl Benz first who managed to combine the chassis and the engine. In 1893, Benz cars become the first in the world in the world cheap mass production vehicles. In 1903, Benz & Company merged with Daimler, forming "Daimler-Benz", and later "Mercedes-Benz", and Benz himself became a member of the Supervisory Board, until he died in 1929. 1889 - Daimler improved its four-stamp engine, proposing the V-shaped cylinder arrangement and the use of valves, much increased the electrical power of the engine per unit mass.

Thus was the path of development of internal combustion engines, which brought comfort and speed to our lives. The further development of this area will show time, but now designers offer enough interesting alternative design options.

Internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is the engine in which the fuel combines directly in the engine operating chamber (inside). DVS converts thermal energy from fuel combustion into mechanical work.

Compared to external combustion engines, DVS:

does not have additional heat transfer elements - fuel, burning, itself forms the working body;

more compact, as it does not have a number of additional aggregates;

more economical;

consumes gaseous or liquid fuels, which has very hard given parameters (evaporation, flash of vapor flashes, density, heat of combustion, octane or cetane number), since the operability of the internal combustivity depends on these properties.

History of creation

In 1807, the French-Swiss inventor of Francois Isaac de Rivaz (François Isaac de Rivaz) built the first piston engine, called often the de Rivas engine. The engine worked on a gaseous hydrogen, having structural elements, since then included in the following KVS prototypes: a connecting rod-piston group and spark ignition. The first practically suitable two-stroke gas engine was designed by the French mechanic Etienne Lenoár (1822-1900) in 1860. Power was 8.8 kW (11.97 liters p.). The engine was a single-cylinder horizontal dual-action machine that operated on the mixture of air and light gas with electric spark ignition from an extraneous source. The engine efficiency did not exceed 4.65%. Despite the flaws, the Lenoara engine received some spread. Used as a boat engine.

Having become acquainted with the Lenoara engine, an outstanding German designer Nikolaus August Otto (1832-1891) created in 1863 a two-stroke atmospheric internal combustion engine. The engine had a vertical location of the cylinder, the ignition of the open flame and the efficiency of up to 15%. Pushed out the engine of Lenoara.

In 1876, Nicaus August Otto built a more perfect four-stroke gas engine of internal combustion.

In the 1880s, Ogneslala Stepanovich Kostovich in Russia built the first gasoline carburetor engine.

In 1885, German engineers Gottlib Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach developed a light gasoline carburetor engine. Daimler and Maybach used it to create a first motorcycle in 1885, and in 1886 - on the first car.

The German engineer Rudolph Diesel sought to increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine and in 1897 offered an engine with compression ignition. At the Plant "Ludwig Nobel" Emmanuel Ludwigovich Nobel in St. Petersburg in 1898-1899 Gustav Vasilyevich Trinker improved this engine, using an uncomprisement of fuel spraying, which made it possible to apply oil as fuel. As a result, the uncompromising internal combustion engine of high compression with self-ignition became the most economical stationary thermal engine. In 1899, the first diesel engine in Russia was built at the Ludwig Nobel plant and launched mass production of diesel engines. This first diesel has a power of 20 liters. p., One cylinder with a diameter of 260 mm, piston stroke 410 mm and rotation frequency 180 rpm. In Europe, a diesel engine, improved by Gustav Vasilyevich Trinker, was called "Russian diesel" or "Trinker-Motor". At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, the diesel engine received the main prize. In 1902, the Kolomna Plant bought Nobel Ludwigovich Nobel from Emmanuel License for the production of diesel engines and soon settled the mass production.

In 1908, the chief engineer of the Kolomna Plant R. A. Korevivo builds and patents in France a two-stroke diesel with opposite-moving pistons and two crankshafts. Diesels Korevo began to be widely used on the waters of the Kolomna factory. They were produced at the plants of the Nobels.

In 1896, Charles V. Hart and Charles Parre developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine. In 1903, their firm built 15 tractors. Their six-path # 3 is the oldest tractor with an internal combustion engine in the United States and is kept in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, DC. The gasoline two-cylinder engine had a completely unreliable ignition system and a capacity of 30 liters. from. At idle and 18 liters. from. under load

The first practically suitable tractor with an internal combustion engine was an American three-wheel tractor LVEL Dan Elbourne 1902. About 500 such lungs and powerful cars were built.

In 1903, the flight of the first aircraft brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright took place. The engine of the aircraft made a mechanic Charlie Taylor. The main parts of the engine were made of aluminum. Wright-Taylor engine was a primitive variant of the gasoline injection engine.

On the world in the world, the oil ship - the oil barge "Vandal", built in 1903 in Russia at the Sormovsky factory for the "Nobel Brothers Partnership", were installed three four-dimensional diesel engines with a capacity of 120 liters. from. everyone. In 1904, the ship "Sarmat" was built.

In 1924, a diesel locomotive Yue2 (Schul1) was created on the project of Yakov Modestovich Gakkel at the Baltic Shipbuilding Plant in Leningrad (Schul1).

Almost simultaneously in Germany, by order of the USSR and on the project of Professor Yu. V. Lomonosov, on the personal indication of V. I. Lenin in 1924, in the German plant Esslingen (formerly Kessler) near Stuttgart, diesel locomotive Eel2 was built (originally YU001).

Types of internal combustion engines

Piston engines - the combustion chamber is contained in the cylinder, thermal energy turns into mechanical using a crank-connecting mechanism.

Gas turbine - energy transformation is carried out by a rotor with wedge-shaped blades.

The liquid rocket engine and the air-jet engine convert the energy of the combusting fuel directly into the energy of the jet gas jet.

Rotary-piston engines - in them the conversion of energy is carried out due to the rotation of the operation gases of the special profile rotor (Vankel engine).

DVS classify:

by appointment - on transport, stationary and special.

by the nature of the fuel used - light liquid (gasoline, gas), heavy liquid (diesel fuel, ship fuel oils).

according to the method of formation of a combustible mixture - an external (carburetor) and internal (in the Cylinder internal combustion).

in terms of work cavities and high-sir characteristics - light, medium, heavy, special.

by quantity and location of cylinders.

In addition to the above-mentioned Classification criteria for all, the criteria exist for which individual types of engines are classified. Thus, piston engines can be classified by the amount and location of the crankshaft and distributional shafts, by the type of cooling, by the presence or absence of Creicopf, upgrade (and in charge), according to the method of mixing and by the type of ignition, by the number of carburetors, by the type of gas distribution mechanism.

The engine is one of the main components of the car. Without the invention of the engine, the automotive industry was most likely stopped in development immediately after the invention of the wheel. The jerk in the history of car creation occurred due to the invention of the internal combustion engine. This device has become a real driving force that gives speed.

Attempts to create a device similar to the internal combustion engine began from the 18th century. The creation of a device that could convert the fuel energy into mechanical, many inventors were engaged.

The first in this area were the Nieps brothers from France. They came up with the device who themselves called Pieotoofor. As a fuel for a given engine, coal dust was used. However, this invention has not received scientific recognition, and existed, in fact, only in the drawings.

The first successful engine that began to be sold was the engine of the internal combustion of the Belgian engineer J.Zh.zh. Etienne Lenoara. The year of birth of this invention is 1858. It was a two-stroke electric motor with a carburetor and spark ignition. Coal gas served fuel for the device. However, the inventor did not take into account the need for lubricant and cooling its engine, so he worked very long. In 1863, Lenoire reddished his engine - added missing systems and entered the fuel to use kerosene.

J.J. Etien Lenouar

The device was extremely imperfect - heavily heated, inefficiently used lubricant and fuel. However, three-wheeled cars went with the help of it, which were also far from perfect.

In 1864, a single-cylinder carburetor engine operating from the combustion of petroleum products was invented. The author of the invention was Siegfried Marcus, he also presented the public to the vehicle, developing the speed of 10 miles per hour.

In 1873, another engineer - George Brighton - was able to construct a 2-cylinder engine. Initially, he worked on kerosene, and later on gasoline. The disadvantage of this engine was excessive massiveness.

In 1876, there was a jerk in the industry of internal combustion engines. Nicholas Otto first created a technically complex device, which effectively converted the energy of fuel into mechanical energy.

Nicholas Otto

In 1883, the Frenchman Eduard Demar is developing the engine drawing, the fuel for which gas serves. However, its invention existed only on paper.

1185 in the history of the automotive industry appears a loud name -. He was able not only to invent, but also to launch a prototype of a modern gas engine - with vertically positioned cylinders and a carburetor. It was the first compact engine, which also contributed to the development of a decent movement rate.

In parallel with the daimler over the creation of engines and cars worked.

In 1903, the enterprises of Daimler and Benz were united, giving rise to a full-fledged enterprise of the automotive industry. So the new era began, which served to further improve the internal combustion engine.

The beginning of the "Hydrogen Era" historically refers to 1806, when Francois Isaac de Rivaz discovered an internal combustion engine operating on hydrogen, which the inventor produced water electrolysis. This technology eventually began to be used in aerostats, and with the appearancehydrogen fuel cells - and in other types of transport.

The great inventor was born in Paris, Latin knew well, mathematics, geometry and mechanics, worked as a surveyor and notary.

- Francois, tell us about your invention, what is the principle of his work?

This engine runs on hydrogen. It has a connecting rod-piston system and spark ignition.

The cylinder is driven by the detonation of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen by electrical spark. Spark is served manually when the piston is completely lowered.

- Tell me please, what are the dimensions of this self-moving crew and mass?

Length 6 meters, weight 1 ton.

- What year did the engine invented you?

In 1807, I filed a patent application called "Using the explosion of a luminaire or other exploding materials, as an engine power source." And in the same year built a self-devaluing crew, driven by a similar engine.

- Francois, tell us about the pros and cons of hydrogen use?

I think hydrogen has two indisputable advantages:

• high specific heat combustion;
• the absence of toxic exhausts, as the product of the combustion of hydrogen is water.

There are cons:

• imperfect technology of hydrogen storage system (hydrogen is stored in liquid form at a temperature of minus 253 degrees Celsius):
• high cost of hydrogen and hydrogen power plant;
• complexity of service;

There is still such a danger as the explosion of the hydrogen-air mixture.

Our advice on improving the invention Francois de Rivaz

- Dear Francois, with all its advantages of your invention (environmental friendliness, alternativeness), one cannot say that hydrogen transport is deprived of certain flaws. In particular, it is necessary to understand that the combustible shape of hydrogen at room temperature and normal pressure is represented as a gas, which causes certain difficulties in the storage and transportation of such fuel. That is, there is a serious problem of constructing safe tanks for hydrogen used as fuel for cars.

Francois, we wanted to offer you:

• Equip your car security system (HBO, emergency locking of hydrogen feed valve).

• Equip the car injector system of the mixture of education and modern DMRV sensors (air flow sensor).

• Install the battery, generator and rubber in the car, for automatic ignition spark.

Interview took a team -