Conditioning memory. How to choose a charger for a mobile device or an e-book. What you need to consider when choosing

Many modern devices work not from the electrical network, but from the battery accumulating energy. For such a principle, cars are arranged, mobile phones, players, etc. For the maintenance of equipment use different types Chargers. It is possible to apply them for industrial purposes, as well as for servicing home portable devices.

Main species

There are different classifications of battery chargers. All of them are based on various parameters and properties of devices. Depending on how they work, 2 types are isolated:

In addition, the chargers are customary to subdivide . Taking into account this criterion distinguish the following types:

Pulse devices

These devices are designed for the charge of household appliances of small dimensions. They are equipped with an electronic timer, which is capable of operation within 4 hours in fast charge mode. For such a period, almost any discharged battery is gaining its container.

After this time, the device enters the pulse charge mode. Energy is fed to the output elements of the device to maintain the charge level.

The advantages of such models are as follows:

1. Low cost.
2. Technical simplicity.
3. Ease of use.

Usually manufacturers set the timer based on the fact that the battery is completely discharged. If it was partially discharged, then the risk of obtaining damage to the battery with overcurrent is arisen. This feature does not apply to branded batteries of mobile phones, tablets and other digital equipment, unless they are charged using universal devices.

The most perfect in its row are the types of chargers with microprocessors. They do not allow recharge batteries, so they can be used to work with any devices, even if they are not completely discharged, but partly. The disadvantages of such models include a very high price.

It is extremely undesirable to replace the proprietary device from the phone or PDA to the universal, as they may have differences in the structure of electrical connectors. When connected to charging any household appliance At first, the most charge device is included in the network, and then the phone or other device is attached to it.

Fixtures for cars

All charging devices car batteries It is customary to divide into several groups. Based on the existing classification, distinguish:

Choosing a car charger, you should consider some features of its operation. If possible, then it is better to give preference to a charging and starting option. Having at hand such a device and an electrical outlet, you can always run the carwithout waiting for a complete battery charge.

Buying a charger, it is better to choose a model that exceeds the battery requirements by about 10%. For those who are not strong in electrical engineering, the automatic model will suit more - although it costs a little more, but it will help to avoid unnecessary difficulties.

Buy the device is better in proven stores, preferring reliable manufacturers. Before starting the instrument, the instructions should be learned.

Charger - This is a special device that is intended to charge the electricity battery from external sources. In most cases, they use energy from the AC power. Such devices can be used to recharging tablets, phones, laptops, toothbrushes, cars and other units, where recharging battery is required.

Often, battery charging devices are included with the purchased equipment, for example, is a charging for a cell phone. But in some cases, such a device must be purchased independently. Today there are a large number of devices that allow you to recharge the battery. But for right choice You need to know how to correctly assess the selected product, for which, first of all, you should pay attention.

Views

The charger is the method of its application can be:

• External.
• Built-in.

Devices can be classified according to the method of charging the battery, indication type, execution, the presence of the discharge function and others. For example, in devices for cell phones, the indicator is the mobile screen, where the battery charging level is displayed.

Charging can also be:

• Rechargeable - Work is carried out according to the accumulation scheme and its further return to the battery device.

• Network - The power is carried out from the electrical network, after which there is a voltage conversion to the desired unit.

• Automotive - They act from the cigarette lighter, located in the car. The power source here is the onboard network.

• Universal - This is a wire that has a connector to connect a smartphone, as well as a USB connector for charging from a personal computer.

• Wireless - The phone does not interact directly with the current. The device represents a special platform. The work of this accessory is based on the principle of an induction coil.

For different species Batteries are produced by various charging devices, for example, for NiCD, NIMH, LI-ION or even combined batteries.

According to the charge method, the device can be charged with a permanent or pulse current. Depending on the required devices, the device can be professional or household. By charging time, the device can be slow or fast.

Device

Charger for most cases includes the following items:

• Voltage transformer. It can be a pulse power supply or transformer.
• Voltage regulator. It supports the voltage of a constant value, regardless of its oscillations occurring in the input chain.
• Rectifier. This element converts the electrical current of the variable value to the constant, that is, the one that is necessary to charge the battery of a particular device. Each type of battery requires an incoming voltage of a certain value.
• Device controlling charging process or electric current power.
• Led indicator.

The charger may have other elements, for example, the battery in external units and other devices. Industrial devices Additionally, have blocks with electronic equipment that control the charging process. Such devices are used for simultaneously charging 3-5 batteries. Certain models can be charged simultaneously with pulse currents and perform long-lasting charging.

Sophisticated devices are equipped with microcontrollers, allowing the whole range of parameters as accurately as possible: temperature, battery voltage, charge and other indicators. In more advanced devices even there is an outdoor temperature sensor, because it significantly affects the charging process.

Operating principle

All devices that are used to recharge batteries almost always operate according to a single principle. When connected to an electrical network, the voltage of 220 V voltage is received on the charger, the device elements correct the strength and voltage of the current to those indicators that are necessary for charging a particular battery. In addition, each type of battery requires its method and order of recharging.

For automotive acid batteries, recharging is recommended until their complete discharge. Alkaline batteries should be discharged completely, because they have a memory effect. But at the same time, both types of batteries should be recharged to the maximum value. Therefore, only automatic devices for machines have recently been produced, which do not require human intervention. They only need to connect to the network and install clamps on the battery terminals.

Automatic charger controls all:

Controls the level of charge, cycle, as well as the procedure itself. After charging a hundred percent, the unit itself turns off. If the device does not disconnect, it will constantly monitor the status of the battery. When dropping the charge, the sensors see it, as a result of which the battery begins to charge again. As a result, the charging level will be at 100 percent level.

There are wireless charging systems in which the principle of electromagnetic induction is used. This means that the charging occurs at a certain distance due to the appearance of an electric current in the closing circuit when changing the magnetic voltage, which permeates this circuit. The system includes the first and second coil. As a result, a system with inductive bond is formed.
The current of the variable value, which goes in the winding of the primary coil, forms a magnetic field, forming an induction voltage in the second coil. It is this voltage that is used to charge the battery. But this principle acts only at a short distance. When you delete a phone or other device, the main part of the magnetic field is dissipated, as a result, the secondary coil does not receive it.

It also happens a manual charger, which is often used to charge a cell phone somewhere in the wilderness, where there is no electrical network, for example, in the taiga. However, the principle of their perfect other, they act on the principle of wind turbines. The main element of such devices is the handle for rotation. The function of this handle is comparable to the function that the wind turbine screw performs.

When the handle is crashed, the rotation is transmitted to the rod. As a result, the kinetic energy that is created by a person is sent to the charging generator. It is the last element that gives an electric current with a slight voltage of the order of 6 volts. This voltage is enough to be somewhat charging the sebage battery, make the necessary call or send a message.

Application

The charger is devoted to charging batteries of devices and equipment:

• Cell phones and smartphones.
• Tablets.
• Laptops.
• Toothbrushes.
• Portable, and many other electric tools with battery.
• Electric steres.
• Portable vacuum cleaners, hair dryers.
• Cars, motorcycles and other equipment.

How to choose

Captions of batteries are sold a huge amount. These are domestic and foreign. Therefore, sometimes it is difficult to decide on the choice.

• If a device is required to charge a car from time to time, look at a simple but reliable device without unnecessary functions. For example, such a charging can be useful for charging the battery due to its downtime during a cold or a trip to foreign countries during the holidays.
• For beginners, it is best to choose automatic devices where you do not need to set up. For experienced car owners, multifunctional or commissioning devices are recommended. The number of options is limited to financial resources.
• It is necessary to acquire only the device for charging, which is intended for a particular electrochemical system. Should know that most of Devices are used only for a specific type of equipment. For example, the phone connector may not fit or the device produces a current voltage. Whereas for a certain device, a completely different voltage is required. Do not charge the battery in case of voltage inconsistencies.
• Application device for charging more high power Allows you to reduce charging time, however, there may be limitations from the battery itself. Fast charging in the absence of such a function of the unit can reduce the battery life or even to derive it.
• Also, you should pay attention to the form, design, design, and dimensions of the charging device. The choice here in this case depends on the buyer.
• When you select a wireless device, you need to pay attention to the manufacturer of technology. Not every brand produces devices with batteries that are suitable for wireless charging. There are also their power standards "PMA" and "QI". There may also be limitations here. Not the whole technique can support these two standards.
• When selecting a wireless device, you should also pay attention to power, functionality, operation and safety.

When they talk about the use of electrical energy into everyday life, in production or transport, they mean the operation of the electric current. Electric currents are summarized to the consumer from the power station on the wires. Therefore, when electric lamps unexpectedly come out in the houses or the movement of electric trains, trolley buses, they say that the current disappeared in the wires.

What is an electric current and what is necessary for its occurrence and existence during the time you need?

The word "current" means movement or the course of something.

What can move in the wires connecting the power plant with electrical energy consumers?

We already know that there are electrons in bodies, the movement of which is explained by various electrical phenomena (see § 30). Electrons have a negative electrical charge. Electrical charges may have larger particles of substances - ions. Consequently, various charged particles can move in the conductors.

Electric current is called ordered (directional) movement of charged particles.

To get an electric current in the conductor, you need to create an electrical field in it. Under the action of this field, charged particles that can freely move in the conductor will come in the direction of the electrical forces on them. An electric current will occur.

So that the electric current in the conductor existed for a long time, it is necessary to maintain an electric field in it all this time. The electric field in the conductors is created and can be supported for a long time. sources of electric current.

Current sources are different, but in any of them work on the separation of positive and negatively charged particles is performed. Separated particles accumulate on poles Current source. So call the places to which the conductors are connected using terminals or clamps. One pole of the current source is charged positively, the other is negative. If the source poles connect the conductor, then under the action of the electric field, the free charged particles in the conductor will begin to move in a certain direction, an electric current will occur.

Fig. 44. Electroplated machine

Fig. 45. Transformation of internal energy into electric

In current sources, in the process of working on the separation of charged particles, the mechanical, inner or other energy into electrical energy occurs. So, for example, in electrophetic machine (Fig. 44) mechanical energy turns into electrical energy. It can be carried out and converting internal energy into electrical. If two wires made from different metals are soldered, and then heat the place falling, then the wires will arise in the wires (Fig. 45). Such a source of current is called thermoelegen. In it, the internal energy of the heater turns into electrical energy. When illuminating some substances, for example, selenium, copper oxide (I), silicon, there is a loss of negative electrical charge (Fig. 46). This phenomenon is called photo effect. It is based on the device and action photo cells. Thermal elements and photo cells are studying in the course of high school physics.

Fig. 46. \u200b\u200bTransformation of radiation energy into electric

Consider the device and the operation of two current sources - galvanic element and batterywhich will be used in experiments on electricity.

In the electroplating element (Fig. 47, a), chemical reactions occur, and the internal energy released during these reactions turns into electrical. The element depicted in Figure 47, the element consists of a zinc vessel (body) of C. A coal rod in the housing is inserted into the housing, in which there is a metal cover M. The rod is placed in a mixture of manganese oxide (IV) Mn0 2 and grinding carbon S. space between the zinc case and a mixture of manganese oxide with carbon filled with a jelly-like salt solution (ammonium chloride NH 4 Ci) P.

Fig. 47. Galvanic Element (Battery)

During the chemical zinc reaction, Zn with ammonium chloride NH4Ci zinc vessel becomes negatively charged.

Manganese oxide carries a positive charge, and the coal rod inserted into it is used to transmit a positive charge.

Between charged coal rod and zinc vessel called electrodesThe electric field occurs. If the coal rod and zinc vessel connect the conductor, then over the entire length under the action of the electric field, the free electrons will come to an ordered movement. An electric current will occur.

Galvanic elements are the most integrined DC sources in the world. Their dignity is convenience and safety in use.

There are often batteries that can be recharged repeatedly - batteries (from lat. Battery - accumulate). Simple battery It consists of two lead plates (electrodes) placed in a solution of sulfuric acid.

To the battery become a source of current, it must be charged. For charging through the battery, they pass a constant current from some source. In the process of charging as a result of chemical reactions, one electrode becomes positively charged, and the other is negative. When the battery is charged, it can be used as an independent current source. Poles of batteries are indicated by signs "+" and "-". When charging, the positive pole of the battery is connected to the positive pole of the current source, negative - with a negative pole.

In addition to lead, or acidic, accumulators are widely used by iron phones, or alkaline, batteries. They use a solution of a lump and plate - one of the compressed iron powder, the second - from the nickel peroxide. Figure 48 shows a modern battery.

Fig. 48. Battery

Batteries have wide and diverse use. They serve to power the lighting network of railway cars, cars, for launch car Engine. Batteries batteries feed electricity underwater boat under water. Radio transmitters and scientific equipment on artificial satellites of the Earth also receive power from batteries installed on the satellite.

a - mobile phone; B - laptop

In power plants, electric current is obtained using generators (from lat. Generator - creator, manufacturer). This electric current is used in industry, in transport, in agriculture.

Questions

1. What is electric current?
2. What needs to be created in the conductor so that there is a current in it and existed?
3. What transformations occur within the current source?
4. How is the dry galvanic element arranged?
5. What is a positive and negative battery poles?
6. How is the battery?
7. Where do batteries apply?

The task

1. With the help of the Internet, find what types of charging devices exist and highlight their features.
2. Prepare a presentation on the use of batteries.

1. Introduction: Modern Chargers

A good charger is an integral part of a good accumulator system. The realities of the market are such that it is quite strongly filled with various chargers, for the most part - low price category. But the ideal situation is the maximum "kinship" of the battery and the charger, they should work in a pair as if the horse and the wagon. When developing and constructing new battery models, the charger to them should be developed in parallel, and even first. In fact, we often have a situation where the charger is already done in a hurry and post-finish, which is certainly displayed on the functioning of the entire battery system. Some manufacturers often do not recognize the difficulties that may arise due to flaws in chargers, especially when charging in adverse conditions.

Figure 1: The battery and charger must interact like a taiga horse and a wagon. With each other, they will not provide the desired result.

Some chargers for lithium-ion batteries have the "awakening" function necessary to restore the performance of batteries, in which the voltage fell to the critical level due to excessive discharge. The cause of such a state of the battery can be its long storage, during which the self-discord dropped the voltage to the cutoff point. The usual charger is not able to charge such a battery, so quite often it is recognized as defective and ejected. The correct algorithm of the restore charge is to apply a small charge current to the battery, which will raise the voltage to the value of 2.2-2.9 V, which will allow you to activate the built-in protection scheme, after which a normal charging will be possible. You should be careful if the voltage of the lithium-ion battery falls below 1.5 V. This may indicate the presence of dendrites in it - the formations that threaten the safety of such a battery. (See BU-802B: What happens with an increased self-discharge electrical batterywhere, in Figure 5, the causes of an increased self-discharge lithium-ion battery after a deep discharge are considered. See also BU-808A: how to awaken the "sleep" lithium-ion battery.)

Chargers for lead and lithium-based batteries operate by a special algorithm - CC / CV (Constant Current / Constant Voltage - from English. "Permanent current / constant voltage"). The value of the charging current is constantly, but when the battery reaches a certain voltage value, the charging current is reduced. Each electrochemical system has its own specific values \u200b\u200bof charging currents and stresses.

Nickel-based batteries charge dC Without binding to battery voltage. Full charge detection is fixed with a small voltage drop after the resistant rise period. The charger should be able to quickly stop charging after the full charge indication, as the reload can lead to external situations - a short circuit or failure of the elements. There is also a method for determining the complete charge based on changing the flow rate of the battery. This charging method for nickel batteries is known as DT / DT and shows itself in quick charging modes.

Increased temperature When charging is a normal phenomenon for a nickel battery, this effect is noticeable when the charge level is 70 percent achieved. The temperature rise occurs due to reduced charging efficiency, therefore, the charging current must be reduced to prevent damage to the battery. The charger records all these temperature changes and charging the required current power. If you notice that the charged battery still has an increased temperature for a long time, this indicates an incorrect charger algorithm, and in this case it should be turned off to avoid damage to the battery.

NICD and NIMH batteries should not be left connected to the charger unattended for weeks and months. In the absence of need in their operation, keep them in a cool place and charge before use.

Lithium-based batteries should always remain cool when charging. If you have noticed that the temperature of the charged battery rose by more than 10 ° C in comparison with the ambient temperature, the charging should be stopped. Thanks to the built-in protection scheme, lithium-ion batteries cannot be recharged, respectively, it does not matter, connected or disabled such a battery from the charger. But if necessary, long-term storage of a lithium-ion battery, it is better to put it in a cool place and charge immediately before use.

A classic example of a charger is a pretty slow device that is sometimes required for charging the battery. It goes back to a long-time time when a simple charger for nickel Cadmium Battery had a constant fixed power of charge 0.1C (one tenth of rated tank). Such chargers did not have a complete charge detection functions, and it took from 14 to 16 hours to achieve it. The achievement of a complete charge NiCD was fixed with a small increase in the temperature of the battery. For NIMH battery, such a charging algorithm is not suitable due to the reduced ability to absorb excessive charge. Modern inexpensive chargers for AA sizes, AAA and C are often used precisely this algorithm, so if it is necessary to constantly autonomous readiness for the operation of the device, you should stock up with several sets of batteries. Also during the operation of such a charger, it is necessary to monitor the temperature of the batteries.

If you take into account the charging speed, the charging devices can be divided into three groups - with a slow, medium and fast charge. A charger with an average charging time, which is 5-6 hours, is mainly used for consumer devices. As a rule, it has a built-in full charge detection system and a temperature sensor to ensure a safer charging process.

Fast chargers have several advantages and the most apparent of them is charging speed. The possibility of implementing these advantages implies a closer link between the charger and the battery. When charging at 1C (see BU-402: What is C-Rating), which is usually used by a rapid charger, fully discharged nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride battery can be charged only in one hour. As the battery approaches the full charge, some chargers for the nickel-cadmium electrochemical system reduce the charging current in order to avoid negative effects of reloading. Fully charged battery switches the charger into drip recharging mode, also known as the servicing charge. Most modern chargers for nickel-cadmium electrochemical systems have charging algorithm and for nickel-metal-hydride, which is distinguished by the absence of a drip recharging mode.

Current power in idle charger mode should be as low as possible to save energy. There is a five-pot assessment system of this energy efficiency, called Energy Star. The meaning of estimation is to assign charger for mobile phones and other gadgets of a certain number of stars. Five stars are obtained by chargers with a capacity of an idle mode of 30 MW and less; Four stars are responsible for the range of 30-150 MW; Three stars - 150-250 MW; Two - 250-350 MW. Chargers with even greater output are obtained, respectively, the lowest estimate is one star. Energy Star is designed to reduce electricity consumption by charging devices, which and idle mode for some reason remain connected to power grids. The number of such charger on our planet is estimated at one billion (!).

Use only a charger intended for a particular electrochemical system. Most of the charging devices are intended only for one electrochemical system. Make sure the battery voltage is consistent with the charger. Do not charge the battery when the voltage values \u200b\u200bare distinguished.

The actual battery capacity may differ slightly from the nominal. Charging the battery is greater capacity takes longer. You should not use the charger to the battery with a capacity exceeding the charger specification by more than 25 percent.

The use of a higher power charger reduces charging time, but there are limitations as to how fast the battery can be charged. Ultrafast charging In any case, it causes some stress of the battery.

The charger for the lead-acid battery should switch to the charge mode in full saturation, and for nickel, drip recharging is needed after a complete charge. Maintaining charge and drip recharging are designed to compensate for the loss of self-discharge.

If necessary, the charger must have a temperature sensor for fixing the full charge or battery malfunction.

Observe the temperature charging modes. Child-acid battery must remain a little warm to the touch; Nickel heats up by the end of the charge, but immediately cools off at full charge. The temperature of the lithium-ion should not exceed the ambient temperature by more than 10 ° C.

Especially follow the temperature when using a dubious inexpensive charger.

Calculate at room temperature. Lower temperature will affect the speed and quality of charging. Lithium-ion batteries cannot be charged with negative temperature values.

All chargers can be divided into 3 types. The simplest are non-automatic devices with a power supply unit. This is a transformer power supply unit. Such chargers do not have battery protection schemes. They can be distinguished by large size and weight. As for transformer charging devices, they are very reliable and durable. But they are not so secure. They lead to overheating of the battery, as well as bulging electrolyte. As a result, the battery elements are destroyed. Today, large transformer chargers almost completely come out of use.

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Pulse chargers

Today, the most popular chargers intended for laptop technology. These are automatic pulse chargers with the presence of an electronic timer. At the same time, the charger timer is capable of working in a quick charge mode about four hours. During this period, the discharged battery is able to gain the main part of its container. After that, the timer translates the charger to the pulse charging mode. In this case, electrical energy is supplied by small portions to the output of the battery elements to maintain it in the charged state.

Chargers with a timer are simple and cost inexpensive. They are also very comfortable. At the same time, they still need to be used with caution. Note that the timer is adjusted by the manufacturer for the period of charging the discharged completely battery. If you insert the battery in the device slot, which is partially discharged, then a reload will occur, and as a result, the battery may be damaged by overcurrent.
In cellular devices, as well as in PDAs, digital players and other technique with the presence of a branded battery this rule is not valid. But if you use universal chargers, then this rule should be considered.
Note that the full digit is very dangerous for any batteries, and first of all, for lithium-ion. They can even fail due to the complete discharge. Note that the unused device should be recharged from time to time.

The most perfect and universal are charging with microprocessor control. They can charge any batteries.

They exclude the reload of batteries. They can be used to charge any partially discharged batteries. But note that such chargers are very expensive.

Replace branded charging from the cell phone universal undesirable due to the differences in electrical connectors and possible errors. The branded chargers are created specifically for one or another type of battery. So this should be considered.
How to connect the charger? In the case of cell phones, the sequence is such - first you must connect the charger to the electrical network, after which the phone is to the charger. Otherwise, you can harm your phone.