Lenoire Etienne Lenoar Etienne

(Lenoir) (1822-1900), French inventor. Created a practically suitable engine internal combustion (1860).

Lenoir (Lenoir) Etienne (1822-1900), French inventor. Created a practically suitable internal combustion engine (1860).

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

Watch what is "Lenoire Etienne" in other dictionaries:

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Today it will be discussed by the inventor named Etienne Lenoir. Its invention is an engine on hydrogen fuel. It is also one of the best engineers to create engines for hippoomobiles. A journalist of one publication decided to take an interview from Etienne and learn better about his invention ...

- When and where were you born?

- What are you dreamed of in the youthful years?

I dreamed of learning in the Paris Technical Academic Institution. I often had to hear the conversations of mechanics and engineers. From the Small Years in my head, the idea of \u200b\u200bimproving the engine for hippoomobile was originated. Hippomobile is a car that was driven by the internal combustion engine of the Lenoara design.

- What was your first invention?

The innerimate invention was my engine (Lenoara engine), or as it is also called "internal combustion engine." The workflow of the Lenoara engine can be viewed from the movement of the piston from one of the extreme positions. In this case, the spools are set to a position in which air and light gas enters the working cavity of the cylinder, the combustion products formed in the previous tact are supplanted from another cavity. Simply put, gas is in some working cavity, which, due to the isobaric compression, gets energy. (Energy appears due to gas work)

- What year did the engine invented you?

In 1860, I received a patent for the invention of your own engine. Since I was very fond of the automotive business, after two years later, I demonstrated my car at the exhibition in Paris.

- What was the engine of Lenoara?

The design of the gas engine was single-cylinder, two-stroke. The combustion products produced by a gas generator were used as a working fluid. The cylinder burned down a mixture of light gas and air.

- What was the hindrance to use the engine? (In connection with which the release of the engine was stopped?)

Despite all the advantages of my gas apparatus, soon it turned out the engine Otto. The engine of my invention had a low efficiency, as well as low power. That is why my invention could not withstand the competition and was supplanted by the engine of the German engineer Nicolaus Otto, which came up with the fuel burned directly in the engine operating chamber (inside). OBS transforms thermal energy from fuel combustion into mechanical work.

- How many of your engines was released?

Over 300 units of these engines were released in more than 300 units in several French firms in which I placed my orders for the manufacture.

- Who and under what circumstances became your competitor?

It was my colleague, the German engineer Nicaus Otto. I presented him with my invention in 1860. After that, he began working on the invention of its engine. However, the characteristics of the invention Nicolaus OTTO significantly exceeded mine, so I was defeated in this competitive struggle.

Our suggestions for improving the invention of Lenoara

1 offer. It is possible to improve the hippoomobile by reducing the fuel consumption due to the gas compression device before its combustion. This will provide a larger power device.

To compress gas, you can use the piston that will move to move and make work on the gas, squeezing it.

In order for the efficiency of the invention to increase, you can add crankshaft, which will ensure efficient torque transmission.

2 offer. The use of more favorable gas, for example, propane will reduce the volume of the working fluid, which will lead to the convenience of transporting the device and will be able to compete with modern developments. We would still change the cylinder in the motor, which was located vertically, replacing it to a more practical sample and changed the location of the cylinder. It will also give an increase in the efficiency, since the course of 10% of the piston height does not provide rational use of energy (the energy is wasted).

Historically, the engine building is binding primarily with two surnames - Otto and dieselwho know even amateurs. The most important inventions of these engineers more than 100 years ago contributed to the rapid development of the design of internal combustion engines.

Many inventors worked on this problem, but all attempts to create a working sample were vain. All the same for work, people used steam vehicles, but such equipment was not suitable for artisans and small production. To form a couple, a boiler was required, which was supposed to heal, and in addition, the police required for the use of such mechanisms in production. Therefore, the creation of the Belgian mechanic Lenoar engine operating on the light gas has become a significant step forward.

Jean Etienne Lenouar (Jean Etienne Lenoir, 1822-1900) at that time lived in Paris and earned a living by working as a waiter. In his spare time, he was engaged in technical issues. He created his first engine in 1860. The figure shows the diagram of this engine.

Fig. Lenoara engine scheme

The construction itself was largely a reliable steam machine of that time. As a result, Lenoara turned out a double two-stroke engine of internal combustion. In the steam vehicle, the superheated pairs are fed into the cylinders under pressure from the steam boiler, and in the Lenoar engine, the working mixture of air and light gas through the intake spool was carried out into one of the cylinders under the influence of the permit caused by the movement of the piston in the cylinder. Then the working mixture flammped from the simplest spark plugs. Combustion products, expanding in volume, shifted the piston until the end of its working stroke. The treated gases were thrown out of the cylinder through the exhaust spool, while in another piston, this cycle just began. Lenoara engine cylinders had water cooling. Slap control of the inlet and the release of the working mixture of Lenoar borrowed from the design steaming. Both spools operated from the eccentrics on the crankshaft of the engine shaft. Spark plugs worked from the electroinductor with the wagner interrupter.

The voltage was fed to the ignition candles through the contact bus. Candles were alternately worked in constant mode, as a result of which the consumption of electricity was large and contacts often burned.

Lenoara engine produced the power of almost 3 hp and consumed approximately 4 m ^ 3 / kW * h luminaire gas. Noise when working the motor was very strong. However, such an engine was easier to install and maintain than the steam machine, so he quickly gained popularity. Soon a new engine learned the merchant Nicaus August Otto (Nikolaus August Otto, 1832-1891). Being a born mechanic and inventor, he himself constructed his first gas engine.

Just like Lenoir, Otto understood that a steaming machine for small production was too road and difficult to maintain. As a merchant, he realized that the internal combustion engine was able to cover the market deficit and will be in demand. Otto decided to improve the design of Lenoara, abandoning the use of light gas in favor of flammable liquid oil refining fractions, but in the first question of providing Patent OTTO was denied. After that, the inventor stopped thinking about the patent and dedicated time to improving the engine of Lenoara.

Otto clearly understood that the Lenoara engine works noisily and unstable, and a strong detonation with the ignition of a mixture of a luminous gas with air adversely affects the design details. These disadvantages of the designer decided to eliminate using the new composition of the working mixture. In this case, it turned out that at the end of the working stroke in the cylinder, there is a vacuum when the piston was typing a new portion of the mixture only by a quarter of his stroke. Because of this piston piston, again "was absorbed back." Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an atmospheric gas engine came to Otto.

This design, which still worked on a mixture of light gas and air, is schematically shown in the figure.

Fig. Atmospheric gas engine. Both eccentric passed once the rotation of the gear through the ratchet mechanism at each operating cycle. In this case, one eccentric lifted a slightly piston (suction stroke), and the second led the spool. After that, the eccentrics did not move until a new working cycle starts

The piston sucked on the tenth of his stroke up a mixture of gas with air, which was then flammable from the gas burner. The combustion products of the mixture, expanding, pushed the piston up, while the free-running mechanism was activated, separated the connecting rod and the engine power selection shaft. At the end of the stroke of the piston in the cylinder formed a vacation. Then, moving down, the piston was again connected to the power take-off shaft, and the weight of the lowering piston, reinforced by means of pressure, performed mechanical work.

During each work cycle from gears through ratchet mechanism Two eccentric were opened once, one of which lifted a slightly piston during the intake, and the second opened the control spool. After that, the eccentrics did not move until the next operating cycle start.

Fig. The torch ignition system. If the spool is in the inlet position, the piston pulls into the cylinder the working mixture from the gas and air in the bypass channel. At the same time, the melted mixture is formed in the outstanding channel, which is set on fire from the constantly working ignition burner and is transferred to the moving up the spool in the intake canal, where it lights the working mixture in the cylinder

To ignite the working mixture, Otto did not use the Lenoara ignition candle, since for her permanent work It took too much electricity. Instead, OTTO applied the flare ignition system developed by him. The processes of the release and intake of gases, as well as the ignition of the working mixture were controlled by an appliance, which was driven by an eccentric. Otto's atmospheric gas engine worked quite loudly, but a strong detonation during the ignition of the mixture no longer arose. In addition, the flow rate of the luminaire was much smaller compared to the Lenoara engine, since gas energy was much more efficient.

If the spool is in the inlet position, the piston pulls into the cylinder the working mixture from the gas and air in the bypass channel. At the same time, an ignitary mixture is formed in the outstanding channel, which is set on fire from the constantly working ignition burner and is transferred to the moving up the spool in the intake canal, where it lights up the working mixture in the cylinder.

Engineer participated in the development of this engine Oumen Langen (Eugen Langen, 1833-1895). Otto, who moved away from trade and completely devoted himself to his inventions, suggested Langen to create joint engine production. So in 1864, Otto & Cie was formed, later converted to the Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz factory for the production of gas engines, on the basis of which today's KLOCKNER-HUMBOLDT-DEUTZ AG appeared. Otto and Langen presented their atmospheric gas engine in 1867 at the Paris World Exhibition. Low gas consumption attracted universal attention, and the engine was awarded the Grand Prix. The power of the first gas engine was approximately 0.87 hp. With an overall height of almost 2 m. For the year, the designers were able to raise power up to 2, 72 hp, and it became the limit. The engines of even greater power due to their dimensions could not be installed in the workshops and, moreover, in small workshops. In addition, the noise when operating the engine became unbearable.

However, engines buyers demanded a greater power model, so I had to develop a new design. Otto made a sketch of a new engine with a direct connection of the pistons and crankshaft And invented a way to reduce detonation when inflammatting the working mixture. The idea was that gas and air should be located in the cylinder in such a way that at the ignition point in the piston, the mixture contained as smaller gas as possible.

At that time, Otto thought that the greatest invention in its new engine was a layered charge of a working mixture, which was also compressed before ignition. In fact, the ingenious idea was the creation of a four-stroke method of work. The four-stroke work method consists of the following parts (clocks):

• inlet of the working mixture of gas and air;
• compression of the working mixture;
• inflammation of the working mixture with the subsequent expansion of gases formed during combustion;
• the release of exhaust gases.

The first four-stroke engine Otto and Langen, created in 1876, developed the capacity of 2.72 hp at 180 rpm. It is a prototype of all modern four-stroke engines.

A few years later, a new type was invented power plant - diesel engine. His inventor Rudolph Diesel (Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913) Developed refrigeration units in the company "FA. Lindes Eismaschinen. Carefully studying refrigeration equipment and heat engineering, he developed a steam car worked on ammonia. Working with overheated ferry crawled diesel on the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an engine in which highly compressed air will operate at high temperatures. Such a thermal engine in terms of efficiency should have exceeded all other designs. High temperatures Diesel wanted to achieve with air compression up to 250 bar. To prevent premature ignition, fuel should be injected into the air in the engine cylinder only at the end of the compression tact. When the working cycle is selected, the diesel still made an error by selecting a carno cycle, which consists of two isoentropy and two isothermal changes in the state of the gas and has the best thermal efficiency of the efficiency of all thermodynamic cycles. The carno cycle is still not suitable as a working cycle for an internal combustion engine, since the isothermal burning in the engine is impossible. In addition useful work When the carno cycle is so small that covers only the loss of engine friction. This is due to a small cycle area (closed process), which is visible in the figure.

Fig. Carno cycle

Soon, diesel discovered that its engine could operate and without using the carno cycle. The inventor patented his new principle of motor operation and began to look for an enterprise capable of creating its design in the metal. After long negotiations, MAN in Augsburg agreed to build an engine according to Diesel drawings. The first prototype created in 1893 was four-stroke, did not have a cooling system and started using an external mechanical drive. Initially it was supposed to be used as fuel gasoline, but these attempts were unsuccessful. At the same time, without cooling system, the design quickly overheated, and the system of direct fuel injection simply did not work, since the production of that time was unable to create a fuel pump with the required accuracy of the manufacture of parts.

The inventor changed the principle of fuel supply, which was selected kerosene. Now he was injected into the cylinder at the time of ignition with compressed air. To prevent engine overheating, a water cooling system was developed. For the first time, a modified diesel engine engine independently earned in 1894, there were still many experiments and constructive changes before the engine was ready for use. In 1897, Diesel demonstrated its engine big circle stakeholders. On the test bench force aggregate Diesel developed power 17.7 hp at 154 rpm, and fuel consumption was 324 grams / kW * hour. With such a low fuel consumption, the diesel engine surpassed all thermal motors, becoming in fact the most economical thermal engine of its time. Excellence at fuel consumption The diesel engine saves and now.

Today gas engine With forced spark ignition, it is very often called the engine Otto, and the motors with self-ignition mixture from compression - diesel engine. Thus, the glorious memory of two Great Motor Builders is preserved - Nikolaus August Otto and Rudolph Diesel.

Lenouar Jean Joseph Etienne(Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir) - one of the creators of the internal combustion engine - was born in Belgium in 1822.

His father, the Belgian industrialist, died when the boy was eight years old. I gathered to enter Paris Ecole Polytechnique - the most famous technical university of France - Lenoir was forced to leave his dream to become an engineer and began to work as a waiter in a rather unpretentious restaurant "idle Parisan". Among the regulars of the institution often met the owners of workshops and mechanics. So, feeding snacks and spreading alcohol, a young man lived with problems of mechanics and engineers, and a brave plan on the fundamental improvement of such a wonder as the engine was already started to be born in his head. Soon, leaving the place of Garson, Lenoar went to work in one of the workshops, where his duty was to draw up new enamels. About a year later, having quarreled with the owner, Lenoire became a single mechanic, who reinforced everything - from the crews to the landfits and kitchen utensils. Having worked out for a while and without achieving gratitude, no money, he entered the mechanical and foundry institution of the Italian Marini, which with the help of Lenoara was transformed into a galvanoplastic workshop. Finally, Lenoar led a peaceful life and received opportunities for experimental invention. At that time, he created its variations of a low-power electric motor, a dynamomy regulator, a water meter. Lenoire patented all his inventions and continued experiments. Widely using the engineering experience of its predecessors, Lenoar approached the dual-action steam machine diagram.

The first, the prototype of the engine was pleasantly surprised by Lenoara and his sponsor Marini with her sacchability. There were also minuses - it was too quickly heated during operation and demanded fundamentally different cooling. Due to the legal miscarriage, the Lenoara car was sealed, however (there is no goodness without good), it was this whipped it to the creation own company. And very soon began the work firm for the production of gas engines "Lenoir and Co.". Motor Lenoara, power in 4 horsepower, produced French firms "Marini", "Lefevre", "Gauthier" and the German firm "Kun".

In 1860, Lenoire received a patent for his invention, and in the same year the German engineer Otto became acquainted with the engine, who later created a company to produce such engines with Langen. It was this company that initially glorified Lenoara's work, subsequently takes his laurels.

Lenoir's car was successfully demonstrated at the Paris exhibition of 1862. The French magazine "Ilcrand" offered the public drawing and description of the Omnibus Lenoara - a three-wheeled eight-star crew with this engine. It was an interesting time - time of engineering dazes and inexhaustible ideas and opportunities. The most courageous and revolutionary solutions did not give rest to the brilliant "technics" throughout the light - ahead was the era of progress. In December 1872, the gas engine of Lenoara was installed on a airship, the test was successful. However, the glory of Lenoara was short-lived - already in 1878 he was bypassed by the Germans. The noisy and bulky 4-stroke machine of his former colleague Otto with a large vertical wheel of the flywheel worked with an efficiency equal to 16%, whereas in two-stroke engine Lenoara he achieved only 5%. Of course, the record was broken.

Jacques Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900)

Born in Saint-Denis - Paris suburb. Worked as a waiter, then a working enameling workshop. The nature was awarded Lenoara and the mind and abilities, but by him, thanks to the newspaper chatter, there was a naive idea of \u200b\u200bcreativity in the technique, as some kind of lottery, where the case is solved. It seemed to him that the smallest knowledge and experience was enough to have the right to participate in this game, hoping for his happiness. That the role of the case in creative work is extremely limited that the case only helps to get out of the framework of the usual thinking, but helps the researcher, and not the first oncoming that cases surround all and everyone everywhere, but remain unnoticed - Lenoir did not think about all this , I did not know and did not guessed.

By the mid-19th of the century, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an internal combustion engine hung in the air. Many inventors B. different countries Created by the experienced designs of engines operating on a mixture of hydrogen and air, on a light gas, on coal dust and even on liquid fuel, using various combustible fluids for this.

Especially he did not think that the creative process was mainly in the fight against the usual attitude towards things, in overcoming the usual thinking and in the assimilation of a new look, a new relationship. With his ideas, Lenoar probably would have remained forever a blank dreamer, but he was a persistent man, neat, energetic, tireless and enterprising worker.

Working in the Belgian electroplating plant, Lenoar familiarized himself with the principles of electrical engineering. Experiments with electricity conducted by Lenoir in 1859 led him to the idea of \u200b\u200busing an electric spark to ignite the air-gas mixture. This led him to the solution to create an engine using this principle. Perhaps Lenoire was familiar with the work of Lebo.

Becoming the master of a shallow enameling workshop, Lenoire understood how the small industry is needed a compact convenient engine. Lenoire began to study patents on gas engines, which were discovered by several dozen. About violation of the rights of inventors Lenoar did not worry: the idea of \u200b\u200bthe gas engine was so popular that it seemed to be no one belonged to anyone, and the case was reduced only to creating a workable design.

In 1860, Lenoara managed to create a practically operating internal combustion engine operating on the light gas, and the first to establish it commercial and get a patent for its gas engine with ignition from the electrical spark.

Many engineers, contemporaries of Lenoara, did not consider his engine in an independent invention, since Lenoire collected together the nodes and details, widely used before. But the engine of Lenoara turned out to be the first, practically operating engine of internal combustion, produced serially and received a commercial continuation.

Lenoire was happy. His name for all the frets was repeated in print. The patent delivered him means for life. He Tolstie, bald and more and more often preferred to chat in a cafe than working on the engine.

Soon, several lawsuits of the inventors of gas machines were collected at Lenoara. Many, seeing the success of Lenoara, remembered their unused patents and presented claims. With difficulty, fighting off the competitors, Lenoir continued to work on the engine. Stone in 1867 at the Paris World Exhibition to appear gas engine The German firm "Otto-Dayts" is more economical than the Lenoara engine, as the demand for them ceased. The famous inventor came down from the scene. All forgotten, but preserved his income to the end of his life. Lenoire died in 1900.