The invention of steam engines has become a turning point in the history of mankind. Somewhere at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries, a replacement of ineffective manual labor, water wheels and completely new and unique mechanisms - steam engines began. It was thanks to them that the technical and industrial revolution was possible, and the entire progress of mankind.

But who invented the steam car? To whom is humanity? And when was it? All these questions and try to find answers.

Even before our era

The history of the creation of a steam car begins in the first centuries to our era. Geron Alexandrian described the mechanism that started to work only when steam worked on it. The device was a ball on which the nozzles were fixed. From the tangential nozzles, steam went out, thereby forcing the engine to rotate. It was the first device that worked for a couple.

The creator of the steam machine (or more precisely, the turbine) - Tagi-Al-Dinome (Arabic philosopher, engineer and astronomer). His invention has become widely known in Egypt in the XVI century. The mechanism was arranged as follows: the steam streams were directed directly to the mechanism with the blades, and when the smoke of the Valil - the blades rotated. Something similar in 1629 offered the Italian engineer Giovanni Branka. The main disadvantage of all these inventions was too big flow Couple, which in turn demanded tremendous energy costs and was not appropriate. The developments were suspended, since the then scientific and technical knowledge of humanity was not enough. In addition, the need for such inventions was completely absent.

Development

Until the XVII century, the creation of a steam machine was impossible. But as soon as the level of the level of development of mankind soared, the first copies and inventions immediately appeared. Although no one seriously perceived them at that time. For example, in 1663, an English scientist published a draft of his invention in the press, which he installed Rellan in the castle. His device served in order to raise water on the walls of the towers. However, as all new and unknown, this project was adopted with doubt, and the sponsors were not found for his further developments.

The history of the creation of a steam machine begins with the invention of the paryatmospheric machine. In 1681, a scientist from France invented a device that pumped out water from mines. In the first time, powder was used as a driving force, and then it was replaced with water vapor. So the paryatmospheric machine appeared. A huge contribution to its improvement was made by scientists from England Thomas Newkomen and Thomas North. An invaluable help was also provided by the Russian self-taught Ivan Polzunov.

Failed attempt to papana

The paryatmospheric car, far from perfect, attracted special attention in the shipbuilding area. D. Papen his last savings spent on the purchase of a small ship, which took up the installation of a water-made paryatmospheric machine of its own production. The mechanism of action was to fall from height, the water began to rotate the wheels.

The inventor spent his tests in 1707 on the Fulde River. Many people gathered to look at the miracle: the ship moving around the river without sails and cheerful. However, during the test, a catastrophe occurred: the engine exploded and several people died. The authorities were angry with a unfortunate inventor and banned him any work and projects. The ship was confiscated and destroyed, and after a few years it died and Papen himself.

Error

The steamer Pappen had the following principle of work. At the bottom of the cylinder it was necessary to pour a small amount of water. Under the cylinder itself, there was a brazier, which served to heat the fluid. When the water began to boil, the formed couple, expanding, raised the piston. From the space above the piston through a specially equipped valve, the air was pushed out. After the water boiled down and started to pour steam, it was necessary to remove the roasting, close the valve to remove the air, and with the help of cool water to cool the cylinder walls. Thanks to such actions, the steam, which was in the cylinder, condensed, was formed under the piston, and due to the power of atmospheric pressure, the piston again returned to its original place. During his movement down and committed useful work. However, the efficiency of the steam car Pappen was negative. The steamer engine was extremely uneconomical. And most importantly, it was too complicated and inconvenient. Therefore, the invention Papa did not have the future from the very beginning.

Followers

However, the history of the creation of a steam car was not over. The next, is already much more successful than Pappen, there was an English scientist Thomas Newkomen. He long studied the work of his predecessors, making emphasis on weak spots. And taking the best of their work, created its device in 1712. The new steam machine (photo is represented) was designed as follows: the cylinder was used in a vertical position, as well as the piston. This Newkuen took a papal from work. However, the steam formed in another boiler. Whole leather was fixed around the piston, which significantly increased tightness inside the steam cylinder. This car It was also a paryatmorphic (water rose from the mine with atmospheric pressure). The main disadvantages of the invention were its bulkiness and non-economic: the machine "eaten" a huge amount of coal. However, it brought significantly more benefits than the invention is papulated. Therefore, it was almost fifty years old used in dungeons and mines. It was used to pump groundwater, as well as for drying ships. Tried to transform his car so that it was possible to apply it to move transport. However, all his attempts were not crowned with success.

The following scientists who declared itself, became D. Hull from England. In 1736, he submitted to the world his invention: a paryoatmospheric machine, which had bladed wheels as a propeller. His development had a more successful than the Papen. Immediately released several such vessels. They were mainly used to tow barles, ships and other vessels. However, the reliability of the paryatmospheric machine did not cause trust, and ships equipped with sail as the main propulsion.

And although Hullu was lucky more than a papule, his inventions gradually lost relevance, and they refused them. Still, the paryatmospheric machines of that time had many specific flaws.

History of the creation of a steam car in Russia

The next breakthrough happened in the Russian Empire. In 1766, the first steam machine was created at the Metallurgical Plant in Barnaul, which was served in melting ovens with special blowing furs. Ivan Ivanovich Polzununov, who for merits in front of the homeland even gave an officer rank for their merit to the Motherland. The inventor presented his bosses and plans for the "fiery car", capable of activating blowing bells.

However, the fate played with a crawling joke: seven years after his project was accepted, and the car was collected, he fell ill and died from a consumers - just a week before the tests of its engine began. However, his instructions turned out to be enough to start the engine.

So, on August 7, 1766, the Steam Machine of the Polzunova was launched and delivered under load. However, in November of the same year she broke down. The reason was too thin walls of the boiler that is not intended for the load. Moreover, the inventor in his instructions wrote that this boiler can only be used during testing. The manufacture of a new boiler would be easily paid off, because the PDD of the Steam Machine Grinding was positive. For 1023 hours of operation with its help, silver 14 with excess pounds!

But despite this, no one to repair the mechanism. The steam machine of the grinding was dusting for more than 15 years in stock, until the world of industry stood in place and developed. And then it was disassembled on parts. Apparently, at that moment Russia has not yet grown to steam engines.

Time Requirements

Meanwhile, life was not standing on the spot. And humanity constantly wondered to create a mechanism that would not depend on the capricious nature, but to rule the fate. From the sail everyone wanted to refuse as quickly as possible. Therefore, the question of creating a steam mechanism was constantly hung in the air. In 1753, in Paris, a competition was nominated among masters, scientists and inventors. The Academy of Sciences announced the award to the one who can create a mechanism capable of replacing wind power. But despite the fact that in the competition, such minds as L. Eileler, D. Bernoulli, Canton de Lacraua and others, did not carry no one.

Years walked. And the industrial revolution covered more and more countries. The championship and leadership among other powers were delivered invariable England. By the end of the eighteenth century, it was the United Kingdom that became the creator of a large industry, thanks to which he won the title of global monopolist in this industry. The question of the mechanical engine was becoming increasingly relevant every day. And such an engine was created.

First steam machine in the world

1784 became for England and for the whole world a turning point in the industrial revolution. And the man who was responsible for this was the English mechanic James Watt. The steam car, which he created, became the loudest opening of the century.

For several years, studied the drawings, the structure and principles of the work of paryatmospheric machines. And on the basis of all this, he concluded that for the efficiency of the engine, it is necessary to compriment water temperature in the cylinder and steam, which enters the mechanism. The main minus of paryatmospheric machines was constantly the need to cool the cylinder with water. It was expendable and uncomfortable.

The new steam machine was constructed in a different way. So, the cylinder was a special steam shirt. Thus, the WATT achieved its constant heated state. The inventor created a special vessel immersed in cold water (condenser). A cylinder joined it to it. When steam was worked out in the cylinder, then through the pipe fell into the capacitor and turned back into the water. Working on the improvement of its car, WATT created a vacuum in the condenser. Thus, all pairs of cylinder condensed in it. Thanks to this innovation, the process of expanding steam has greatly increased, which in turn allowed it to extract much more energy from the same amount of steam. It was a crown of success.

The creator of the steam machine also changed the principle of air supply. Now the couple fell first under the piston, thereby raising it, and then gathered above the piston, lowering. Thus, both piston moves in the mechanism became workers, which was not even possible. And coal consumption per horsepower It was four times less than, respectively, at paryatmospheric machines, which James Watt achieved. Steam machine very quickly won the UK first, and then the whole world.

"Charlotte Dandas"

After the whole world was struck by the invention of James Watt, the widespread use of steam machines began. So, in 1802 the first ship appeared in England - the Charlotte Dandas boat. His creator is considered to be William Simington. The boat was used as a towing bargain on the canal. The role of the propeller on the vessel played a rowing wheel installed on the stern. The boat from the first time successfully passed the test: towed two huge barges for 18 miles in six hours. At the same time, he was very disturbed by the head wind. But he coped.

And yet it was put on a joke, because they feared that due to the strong waves, which were created under the rowing wheels, the banks of the channel will be blurred. By the way, the person who today considers the creator of the first steamer today on the tests of Charlotte.

in the world

The English shipbuilder from the youthful years dreamed of a vessel with a steam engine. And his dream has become feasible. After all, the invention of steam engines has become a new impetus in shipbuilding. Together with the Messenger from America, R. Livingston, who took upon himself the material side of the question, Fulton took up the project of the ship with a steam vehicle. It was a complex invention based on the idea of \u200b\u200ba junior propulsion. On sides of the vessel stretched into a row of plumbers, imitating many fun. At the same time, the pliers continually interfered with each other and broke. Today you can easily say that the same effect could be achieved in just three-four plitsa. But from the position of science and technology of that time it was unreal. Therefore, shipbuilders had much more difficult.

In 1803, the invention of Fulton was presented to the whole world. The steamer slowly and smoothly went through Seine, hitheaking the minds and the imagination of many scientists and figures of Paris. However, the Government of Napoleon rejected the project, and the annoyed shipbuilders were forced to look for happiness in America.

And in August 1807, the world's first steamer called "Clermont", in which the most powerful steam car was involved (photo was presented), went on the Hudson Bay. Many then simply did not believe in success.

At its first flight "Clermont" went without goods and without passengers. Nobody wanted to go on a journey aboard the firewall. But on the way back the first passenger appeared - a local farmer who paid six dollars per ticket. He became the first passenger in the history of the shipping company. Fulton was so strongly drowned, which gave the bold a lifelong free travel to all its inventions.

The principle of steam engine

Sociality

annotation

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Temporary chain

1.2 Steam Engine

1.2.1 Steam Cowle

1.2.2 Steam turbines

1.3 Steam machines

1.3.1 First steamers

1.3.2 The birth of two-wheeled transport

1.4 Application of steam engines

1.4.1 Advantage of steam machines

1.4.2 Efficiency coefficient

2. Practical part

2.1 Construction of the mechanism

2.2 Ways to improve the machine and its efficiency

2.3 Questioning

Conclusion

Bibliography

application

steam engine useful action

annotation

This scientific work consists of 32lists. It includes the theoretical part, the practical part, application and conclusion. In theoretical part, you will learn about the principle of operation of steam engines and mechanisms, about their history and the role of their application in life. The practical part is described in detail about the process of designing and testing the steam mechanism at home. This scientific work can serve as a visual example of work and the use of Energian.

Introduction

The world of submissive to any whiskers of nature, where the machines are powered by the muscular strength or power of water wheels and windmills - there was a world of technology before creating a steam engine. In ancient times, a person drew attention to the fact that the water vapor joining the vessel supplied On fire, able to shift the obstacle (for example, a sheet of paper), which turned out to be on its path. This caused a person to think about how to use as a working body of steam. As a result of this, after many experiments, a steam engine appeared. And imagine plants with steaming pipes, steam machines and turbines, locomotives and steamboats - the whole complex and mighty world of steam engineers created by the human carrier car was almost the only universal engine and played a huge role in the development of humanity. Investigation Steaming machine served to the further development of means of movement. For a hundred years she was the only industrial Enginewhose versatility made it possible to use it at enterprises, railways and on a fleet. The invention of the steam engine is a huge jerk that stood at the turn of two eras. And through the century, the whole significance of this invention is still sharper.

Hypothesis:

Maybe whether to build with your own hands the simplest mechanismworked for a couple.

Objective: Describing the mechanism capable of moving to a pair.

Task Research:

1. Examine scientific literature.

2. Describe and build the simplest mechanism worked for a pair.

3. Consider the possibility of increasing the efficiency in the future.

This scientific work will serve as a benefit on physics lessons for senior classes and for those who are interested in this topic.

1. T.eOre.thic part

Steam engine - a thermal piston engine, in which the potential energy of a water vapor coming from the steam boiler is converted into the mechanical operation of the reciprocating movement of the piston or the rotational movement of the shaft.

Couples is one of the common heat carriers in thermal systems with a heated liquid or gaseous working fluid, along with water and thermolates. Water pairs have several advantages, among which are simplicity and and flexibility of use, low toxicity, the possibility of summing up a significant amount of energy to the technological process. It can be used in a variety of systems implying direct contact of the coolant with various elements of equipment, effectively contributing to lower energy costs, reduce emissions, rapid payback.

Law of energy conservation- fundamental law Nature established empirically and consisting in the fact that the energy of an isolated (closed) physical system is preserved over time. In other words, energy cannot arise from nothing and cannot disappear into nowhere, it can only move from one form to another. From a fundamental point of view, according to the Neuter theorem, the law of conservation of energy is a consequence of the homogeneity of time and in this sense is universal, that is, inherent systems of different physical nature.

1.1 Sweet chain

4000 years BC e. - Man invented the wheel.

3000 years BC e. - The first roads appeared in ancient Rome.

2000 years before e. - The wheel has acquired a more familiar look. He had a hub, rim and connecting their knitting needles.

1700 BC e. - There were first roads paved by wooden bars.

312 BC e. - In ancient Rome, the first roads with a stone coating are built. Stone masonry thickness reached one meter.

1405 - The first spring hard crews appeared.

1510 - the equestrian crew acquired the body with walls and roof. Passengers have the opportunity to protect against bad weather during a trip.

1526 - German scientist and artist Albrecht Dürer developed an interesting project of the "Slevire Wagon", operated by the muscular power of people. People walking on the side of the crew, rotated special handles. This rotation with the help of a worm mechanism was transmitted to the wheels of the crew. Unfortunately, the wagon was not made.

1600 - Simon Stevein built a yacht on wheels moving under the action of wind power. She became the first design of the slaughtered wagon.

1610 - the carriers have undergone two significant improvements. First, unreliable and too soft belts, swinging passengers during the trip, were replaced with steel springs. Secondly, equestrian harness was improved. Now the horse pulled the carriage not neck, but a breast.

1649 - the first tests were held on the use of a spring pre-twisted as the driving force. A karet with a springs drive built Johann Hauch in Nuremberg. However, historians are questioned, since there is a version that instead of a large spring inside the carriage was sitting a person who led the mechanism in motion.

1680 - in major cities appeared the first samples of equestrian public transport.

1690 - Stefan Farffler from Nuremberg created a three-wheeled wagon moving with two handles rotated by hand. Thanks to this drive, the wagon designer could move from place to place without the help of the feet.

1698 - Englishman Thomas Severi built the first steam boiler.

1741 - Russian self-taught mechanic Leontius Lukyanovich Shamshurenkov sent to the Nizhny Novgorod provincial office "Dontosheny" with a description of the "self-chassis".

1769 - The French inventor Kyuno built the world's first steam car.

1784 - James Watt created the first steam car.

1791 - Ivan Kulibin constructed a three-wheeled self-propelled stroller, which accommodate two passengers. The drive was carried out with the help of a pedal mechanism.

1794 - Kyuno steam car handed over to the "Storage of machines, tools, models, drawings and descriptions for all types of arts and crafts" as another mechanical wonder.

1800 - It is believed that this year in Russia was built the world's first bicycle. Its author was the serfs of Efim Artamonov.

1808 - the first French bike appeared on the streets of Paris. It was made of wood and consisted of a crossbar connecting two wheels. Unlike a modern bicycle, he had no steering and pedals.

1810 - the carriage industry began to emerge in America and Europe. In major cities, whole streets appeared and even quarters populated by Kapetny's craftsmen.

1816 - German inventor Carl Friedrich Dryz built a car resembling a modern bike. Barely appeared on the streets of the city, she got the name of the "treadmill", as her owner, pushing his legs, actually ran on the ground.

1834 - in Paris there were tests of a sailing crew, designed by M. Hakuchom. This crew had a mast with a height of 12 m.

1868 - It is believed that this year by French Erne Misho was created a modity of a modern motorcycle.

1871 - The French inventor Louis Perra has developed a steam car for a bike.

1874 - Russia built a steam wheel tractor. As a prototype was used english car "Evelin Porter".

1875 - In Paris, a demonstration of the first steam car Amadeya Bdlyti was held.

1884 - American Louis Copland built a motorcycle on which the steam motor was installed above the front wheel. This design could accelerate to 18 km / h.

1901 - In Russia, a passenger bar of the Moscow cycling plant "Dux" is built.

1902 - Leon Cerpolla on one of his steam vehicles established the world speed record - 120 km / h.

A year later, he set another record - 144 km / h.

1905 - American F. Mariott on a steam car exceeded the speed of 200 km

1.2 steamengine

Engine, actuated by steam power. Couples obtained by heating water are used to move. In some engines, the power of the steam causes the pistons moving in the cylinders. This creates a reciprocating movement. The connected mechanism usually converts it into a rotational movement. In locomotives (locomotives) use piston engines. As engines also use steam turbines that are directly rotating movement, rotating a row of wheels with blades. Steam turbines are powered by generators of power plants and ships screws. In any steam engine, the heat transformation produced during the heating of water in the vapor boiler (boiler) into the energy of motion. Heat can be supplied from fuel combustion in the furnace or from the atomic reactor. The very first in the history of steam engines was a genus of a pump, with which water pumped out the shafts. He was invented in 1689 by Thomas Sayver. In this car, a completely simple design, steam condensed, turning into a small amount of water, and at the expense of this partial vacuum was created, due to which the water was sucked from the mine barrel. In 1712, Thomas Newkuchen invented a piston pump, activated by steam. In the 1760s. James Watt improved Newcomma's design and created much more efficient steam engines. Soon they began to use them in factories to actuate machines. In 1884, English Engineer Charles Par-Sona (1854-1931) invented the first steam turbine in practice. Its structures were so effective that they soon began to replace the steam engines of reciprocating action on power plants. The most amazing achievement in the area of \u200b\u200bsteam engines was to create a fully closed, working steam engine of microscopic sizes. Japanese scientists have created it using methods that serve for the manufacture of integrated circuits. A small current passing on the electric heating element turns a drop of water into a pair that moves the piston. Now scientists have to be discovered in which areas this device can find practical application.

In the representation of most people of the century of smartphones, cars on steam rod are something archaic, which causes a smile. The steam pages of the history of the automotive industry were very bright and without them difficult to present modern transport in general. Nor tried skeptics from lawmaking, as well as oil lobbyists different countries Restrict the development of the car for a couple, they managed it only for a while. After all, steam car is similar to the sphinx. The idea of \u200b\u200ba car for a couple (i.e. on the engine outdoor combustion) is relevant to this day.

In the representation of most people of the century of smartphones, cars on steam rod are something archaic, which causes a smile.

So in 1865 in England, a ban on the movement of high-speed self-propelled carriages in a vapor move was introduced. They were forbidden to move faster 3 km / h around the city and not to release the clubs of a couple, in order not to scare horses harvested in ordinary crews. The most serious and tangible impact on steam trucks already in 1933 the law on the tax on heavy vehicles. And only in 1934, when duties were reduced to the import of petroleum products, looked at the horizon the victory of gasoline and diesel engines Above steam.

So exquisitely and coolly mock the progress they could afford only in England. In the USA, France, Italy, the Enthusiast Inventors Wednesday literally buried the ideas, and the steam car acquired new outlines and characteristics. Although the English was invented by a significant contribution to the development of steam vehicles, the laws and prejudices of the authorities did not allow them to fully participate in the fight with the combat. But let's all in order.

Prehistoric certificate

The history of the development of a steam car is inextricably linked with the history of the emergence and improvement of the steam car. When in the first century n. e. Geron from Alexandria proposed his idea to force steam to rotate a metal ball, no more than to the fun reacted to his idea. Whether other ideas were more worried about inventors, but the first who put the steam boiler on the wheels was the monk Ferdinand Verbst. In 1672. To his "toy" also treated as a fun. But the next forty years have not passed the gift for the history of the steam engine.

The project of the self-dividing crew of Isaac Newton (1680), the fire apparatus of the mechanic of Thomas Severi (1698) and the atmospheric installation of Tomas Newcomine (1712) demonstrated the huge potential of using steam to commit mechanical work. At first, the steam machines were pumped out water from the mines and raised goods, but by the middle of the 18th century, there were already several hundreds of such steam installations at the enterprises of England.

What is the steam engine? How can couple moving wheels? The principle of steaming machine is simple. Water heats up in a closed reservoir to a state of steam. Couples are discharged through the tubes into the closed cylinder and squeezes the piston. Through the intermediate connecting rod, this translational movement is transmitted to the shaft of the flywheel.

This schematic scheme The work of the steam boiler in practice had significant disadvantages.

The first portion of a couple of clubs broke out, and the cooled piston under its own weight went down for the next tact. This schematic diagram of the work of the steam boiler in practice had significant disadvantages. The lack of a steam pressure control system often led to an explosion of the boiler. To bring the boiler to the working condition, a lot of time and fuel was required. Permanent refueling and gigantic dimensions of the steam installation only increased the list of its disadvantages.

A new car in 1765 suggested James Watt. He sent the pairs squeezed by the piston into an additional chamber for condensation and delivered the need to constantly pour water into the boiler. Finally, in 1784, he allowed the task how to redistribute the movement of the steam in such a way that he pushes the piston in both directions. Thanks to the spool created by him, the steam car could work without breaks between the clocks. This principle thermal Engine Double action and the basis of the majority of steam technology.

Many smart people worked on the creation of steam machines. After all, this is a simple and cheap way to get energy from almost nothing.

A small excursion in the history of cars on steam rod

However, if neither the grandiose were the success of the British in the area, the first who put the steam car on the wheels was the Frenchman Nicolas Joseph Kyuno.

The first steam car Kyuno

His car appeared on the roads in 1765. The speed of movement of the stroller was recorded - 9.5 km / h. In it, the inventor provided four places for passengers, which could be rolled with a breeze at an average speed of 3.5 km / h. This success was not enough to the inventor.

The need to stop to refuel water and inciting a new fire through each kilometer of the way was not a significant minus, but only the level of technology of that time.

It decided on the invention of the tractor for guns. So a three-wheeled wagon with a massive boiler ahead appeared. The need to stop to refuel water and inciting a new fire through each kilometer of the way was not a significant minus, but only the level of technology of that time.

The following model of the Cuno sample of 1770 had a weight of about one and a half tons. The new telega could transport about two tons of cargo at a speed of 7 km / h.

Maestro Kyuno more occupied the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a steam engine of high pressure. He was not even confused by the fact that the boiler could explode. It was Kyuno who came up with laying a firebox under the boiler and carry the "fire" with him. In addition, his "cart" can rightly be called the first truck. The resignation of a patron and a series of revolutions did not give the opportunity to the master to develop the model to a full-fledged cargo machine.

Self-taught Oliver Evans and his amphibian

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating steam cars had a universal scale. In the North American states, the inventor Oliver Evans created about fifty steam installations based on the Watt Machine. Trying to reduce the dimensions of the James Watt installation, it designed steam machines for flour mills. However, the world's fame Oliver Evans acquired for his steam car amphibian. In 1789, his first car in the United States successfully passed land and water testing.

On your amphibian, which can be called the prototype of all-terrain vehicles, Evans set the car with a pair of ten atmospheres!

The nine-meter car boat had a weight of about 15 tons. The steam machine led the rear wheels and a rowing screw. By the way, Oliver Evans was also a supporter of creating a high-pressure steam engine. On your amphibian, which can be called the prototype of all-terrain vehicles, Evans set the car with a pair of ten atmospheres!

If the inventors of the 18-19 centuries were under hand of the technology of the 21st century, you imagine how much technology would they come up with!? And what technique!

XX century and 204 km / h on a steam car Stanley

Yes! The 18th century gave a powerful impetus to the development of steam vehicles. Numerous and diverse designs of self-propelled steam wagons began to dilute the gentle transport on the roads of Europe and America. By the beginning of the 20th century, cars on steam rods significantly spread and became the usual symbol of their time. Like a photo.

The 18th century gave a powerful impetus to the development of steam transport

It was its photographic company that the Stanley brothers were sold, when in 1897 they decided to seriously take the production of steam cars in the United States. They created the well-selling ferrybale. But this was not enough to meet their ambitious plans. After all, they were just some of the many of the same automakers. So it was as long as they did not construct their "rocket".

It was its photographic company that the Stanley brothers were sold, when in 1897 they decided to seriously take the production of steam cars in the United States.

Of course, cars Stanley had fame reliable car. The steam unit was located at the back, and the boiler was warmed with the help of gasoline or kerosene torches. Flywheel of the steam dual-cylinder motor dual action rotation to the rear axle by means of a chain transmission. Cases of blasting of the boiler near Stanley stimen was not. But they needed Furore.

Of course, Stanley cars had the glory of a reliable car.

They produced a "rocket" auror to the whole world. 205.4 km / h in 1906! So no one has yet traveled! Auto with DVS broke this record only 5 years later. Plywood steam "Rocket" Stanley determined the shape of racing cars for many years ahead. But after 1917, stimples were heavier to experience the competition of cheap Ford T and resigned.

Unique ferromobils Vasla brothers

This famous family managed to have a decent resistance to gasoline engines at the beginning of the 30s of the XX century. They did not collect cars for records. The brothers truly loved their parry. Otherwise, what else to explain the cellular radiator invented by them and the ignition button? Their models were not like small locomotives.

The Abner and John brothers made a revolution in steam transport.

The Abner and John brothers made a revolution in steam transport. To budge, his car was not required to warm up 10-20 minutes. The ignition button was heated kerosene from the carburetor into the combustion chamber. He fell there after the ignition is the replacement candle. Water heated in seconds, and after a minute and a half of the pairs created the necessary pressure and it was possible to go.

The spent pairs went to the radiator for condensation and preparation for the subsequent cycles. Therefore, for a smooth run for 2000 km, there were only ninety-liters of water in the system and several liters of kerosene. No one could offer such an efficiency! Perhaps it was on the Motor Show in Detroit in 1917, Stanley got acquainted with the model of the Vella brothers and began to turn their production.

The model E has become the most luxurious car of the second half of the 20th and the most recent version of the ferryobil. Leather interior, polished elements from the tree and bones of the elephant pleased the wealthy owners inside the car. In such a salon, it was possible to enjoy mileage at speeds up to 160 km / h. Only 25 seconds separated the moment of ignition from the moment of start. Another 10 seconds required a car with a mass of 1.2 T to be seen up to 120 km / h!

All these high-speed qualities were laid in a four-cylinder motor. Two pistons were pushed out by steam under high pressure in 140 atmospheres, and two other sent cooled steam low pressure In a cellular radiator capacitor. But in the first half of the 1930s and these beauties of the Vella brothers stopped producing.

Steam trucks

However, you should not forget that the steam traction is growing rapidly and on cargo transport. This in cities steam cars caused allergies from snobs. But loads must be delivered to any weather and not only in the city. And intercity buses and military equipment? There are no passenger small chants.

Cargo transport has one significant advantage over passenger - it is its dimensions.

Cargo transport has one significant advantage over passenger - it is its dimensions. They allow you to accommodate powerful power plants anywhere in the car. Moreover, it will only increase the lifting capacity and passability. And how the truck will look like - it did not always pay attention to it.

Among the steam trucks I want to allocate English Santinel and Soviet us. Of course, there were many others, for example, Foden, Fowler, Yorkshire. But it was Santineal and we turned out to be the most survivors and were produced until the end of the 50s of the last century. They could work on any hard fuel - coal, firewood, peat. "Ovtility" of these trucks for a couple put them out of the influence of prices for petroleum products, and also allowed them to use them in hard-to-reach places.

Staby Santinel with English accent

These two trucks differ not only by the country manufacturer. The principles of the location of steam generators were also different. For Santineles, the top and lower location of steam machines relative to the boiler are characteristic. At the top arrangement, the steam generator served hot steam directly into the engine chamber, which was associated with the bridges of the cardan shaft system. With the lower location of the steam engine, i.e. on the chassis, the boiler warmed the water and served steam into the engine through the tubes, which guaranteed temperature loss.

For Santineles, the top and lower location of steam machines relative to the boiler are characteristic.

The presence of a chain transmission from the flywheel of the steam machine to the cardan was typical for both types. This allowed the designers to unify the release of Santineles depending on the customer. For hot countries, such as India, produced steam trucks with the lower, separated location of the boiler and the engine. For countries with cold winters - with an upper combined type.

For hot countries, such as India, produced steam trucks with the lower, separated location of the boiler and the engine.

Many proven technologies were used on these trucks. Spools and steam distribution valves, simple and double-acting engines, high or low pressure, with or without gearbox. However, this did not extend the life of English steam trucks. Although they were produced until the end of the 50s of the 20th century, and even consisted in military service before and during the 2nd World War, they were still cumbersome and reminded the locomotives. And since there were no interested persons in their cardinal modernization, their fate was predetermined.

Although they were produced until the end of the 50s of the 20th century, and even consisted in military service before and during the 2nd World War, they were still cumbersome and reminded the locomotives.

To whom, and we - us

To raise the destroyed war economy soviet UnionIt was necessary to find a way to not spend oil resources, at least in hard-to-reach places - in the north of the country and in Siberia. Soviet engineers were given the opportunity to explore the design of Santinela with the upper arrangement of the four-cylinder steaming machine directly and develop their "answer Chamberlain."

In the 1930s, Russian institutions and design bureau made repeated attempts to create an alternative truck for the forest industry.

In the 1930s, Russian institutions and design bureau made repeated attempts to create an alternative truck for the forest industry. But every time it stopped at the stage of testing. Using your own experience and the possibility of studying trophy parroids, engineers managed to convince the country's leadership in the need for such a pair truck. Moreover, gasoline cost 24 times more expensive than coal. And with the cost of firewood in the taiga can not be mentioned at all.

A group of designers under the leadership of Y. Shebalina simply simplified the steam unit as a whole. They combined the four-cylinder engine and a boiler into one unit and placed it between the body and the cab. They put this installation on the chassis of the serial YAEA (MAZ) -200. The work of steam and its condensation were combined in a closed cycle. The supply of wood saues from the bunker was carried out automatically.

So it was born, or rather on the forest off-road, Nami-012. Obviously, the principle of bunker supply of solid fuel and the location of the steam machine on cargo car It was borrowed from the practice of gas generator plants.

Fate of the owner of forests - Nami-012

Characteristics of a steam domestic onboard truck and forestry Nami-012 were such

• Load capacity - 6 tons
• Speed \u200b\u200b- 45 km / h
• Right distance without refueling fuel - 80 km, if there was an opportunity to update the supply of water, then 150 km
• Torque on small revs - 240 kgm, which exceeded almost 5 times the indicators of the base YAAZ-200
• The boiler with natural circulation created pressure in 25 atmospheres and brought steam to a temperature of 420 ° C
• Replenish water reserves maybe it was directly from the reservoir through ejectors
• The all-metal cabin did not have a hood and was put forward forward
• The speed was adjusted by the volume of steam in the engine using the feed / cut-off lever. With it, the cylinders were filled with 25/40 / 75%.
• One reverse gear And three control pedal.

Serious shortcomings of the steam truck were consumption of 400 kg of firewood per 100 km of way and the need for frost get rid of water in the boiler.

Serious shortcomings of the steam truck were consumption of 400 kg of firewood per 100 km of way and the need for frost get rid of water in the boiler. But the main disadvantage, which was present at the first sample, was bad permeability in an unloaded state. Then it turned out that the front axle was overloaded with a cab and a steam unit, compared with the rear. With this task, managed by installing the upgraded steamile installation on the All-wheel drive YAAA-214. Now and the power of the forest model Nami-018 was brought to 125 horsepower.

But, not having time to spread around the country, steam generator trucks were all disposed of in the second half of the 50s of the last century.

But, not having time to spread around the country, steam generator trucks were all disposed of in the second half of the 50s of the last century. However, together with gas generator. Because the cost of car alterations, the economic effect and convenience of operation were time consuming and doubtful, compared to gasoline and diesel trucks. Moreover, by this time, oil production has already been established in the Soviet Union.

High-speed and affordable modern steam car

Do not think that the idea of \u200b\u200ba car on a steam rift is forgotten forever. Now there is a significant increase in interest in engines, alternative DVS on gasoline and diesel population. World oil reserves are not limitless. Yes, and the cost of petroleum products is constantly increasing. Designers tried so hard to improve the engine, that their ideas almost reached their limit.

Electric vehicles, cars on hydrogen, gas generator and ferrybale again became relevant topics. Hello, forgotten 19th century!

Now there is a significant increase in interest in engines, alternative DVS on gasoline and diesel population.

British engineer (again England!) Demonstrated new opportunities of the steam engine. He created his INSPURATION not only to demonstrate the relevance of car steam rod. His brainy is done for records. 274 km / h - this is the speed that twelve boilers mounted on a 7.6 meter bar is accelerated. Only 40 liters of water enough so that the liquefied gas literally brought the temperature of the steam to 400 ° C. To think only, it took the stories 103 to beat the record of the velocity of the car on the steam rod set by the "rocket"!

In a modern steam generator, you can use coal in the form of a powder or other cheap fuel, for example, fuel oil, liquefied gas. That is why steam cars have always been and will be popular.

But in order to come an environmentally friendly future, it is necessary to overcome the resistance of oil lobbyists again.

Exactly 212 years ago, December 24, 1801, in the small English city of Camborne, Richard Trevik mechanic demonstrated the public with a steam engine Dog Carts. Today, this event could be boldly attributed to the category although notable, but insignificant, especially since the steam engine was known and earlier, and even applied on vehicles (although it would be very long to call them vehicles) ... but that's what's interesting: It is now that technological progress gave rise to a situation that is strikingly reminiscent of the era of the Great "Battle" of steam and gasoline at the beginning of the XIX century. Only to deal with batteries, hydrogen and biofuels. Want to know how it will end and who will win? I will not suggest. Nice: Technology has nothing to do with ...

1. The passion for steam engines has passed, and the engines have come internal combustion. For the benefit of the case, I will repeat: in 1801, a four-wheeled crew, capable of relative comfort and to transport eight passengers, rolled through the streets of Camborna. The car was driven by a single-cylinder steam engine, and the fuel was coal. The creation of steam vehicles engaged with enthusiasm, and already in the 20s of the XIX century, passenger steam omnibuses transported passengers at a speed of up to 30 km / h, and the average interremmonary mileage reached 2.5-3 thousand km.

Now comparable to this information with others. In the same 1801, the Frenchman Philip Lebrone received a patent for the design of the piston internal combustion engine working on a light gas. It happened that after three years, Leboon died, and the development proposed technical solutions had to be different. Only in 1860, Belgian engineer Jean Etienne Lenoire collected gas engine With the ignition from the electrical spark and brought its design to the degree of suitability for the installation on the vehicle.

So, the car steam engine and the internal combustion engine are almost peers. The efficiency of the steam machine of the design and in those years was about 10%. Efficiency engine Lenoara was only 4%. Only after 22 years, by the 1882th, August Otto improved him so much that the efficiency was now the gasoline engine reached ... as much as 15%.

2. Steam thrust is just a brief moment in the history of progress.Beginning in 1801, the history of steam transport actively continued without a small 159 years. In 1960 (!) In the United States, buses and trucks with steam engines were still built. Steam machines during this time were improved very significantly. In 1900, 50% of the fleet of cars were "for a couple" in the USA. Already in those years there was a competition between steam, gasoline and attention! - Electrical crews. After the market success "Model-t" Ford and, it would seem, lesions of the steam engine, a new surge in the popularity of steam car came on the 20s of the last century: the cost of fuel for them (fuel oil, kerosene) was significantly lower than the cost of gasoline.

Stanley made approximately 1 thousand steam vehicles per year before the 1927th. In England, steam trucks successfully competed with gasoline until 1933 and lost only due to the administration by the authorities of the tax on heavy cargo transport and reducing tariffs for imports of liquid petroleum products from the United States.

3. Steam machine is ineffective and uneconomical. Yes, once it was that way. "Classic" steam engine, which produced spent pairs into the atmosphere, has an efficiency of no more than 8%. However, the steam engine with a capacitor and the profiled flow part has an efficiency up to 25-30%. Steam turbine provides 30-42%. Gas and steam turbines are used by "in the bundle" of gas and steam turbines, have an efficiency of up to 55-65%. The latter circumstance was the promotion of BMW engineers to start studying options for using this scheme in cars. By the way, the efficiency of modern gasoline engines is 34%.

The cost of making a steam engine at all times was lower than the cost of carburetor and diesel motors of the same power. Fuel fuel consumption in new steam engines operating in a closed cycle on an overheated (dry) pair and equipped with modern lubrication systems, high-quality bearings and electronic systems The operating cycle regulation is only 40% of the former.

4. The steam engine is slowly started. And it was once ... Even Stanley's serial cars "diluted pairs" from 10 to 20 minutes. Improvement of the design of the boiler and the introduction of a cascade heating mode made it possible to reduce the readiness time up to 40-60 seconds.

5. Steam car is too leisure. This is not true. Record of the 1906 speed - 205.44 km / h - belongs to a steam car. In those years cars on petrol engines So quickly did not know how to ride. In 1985, on a vapor car drove at a speed of 234.33 km / h. And in 2009, a group of British engineers constructed a steam-turbine "car" with a steam drive with a capacity of 360 liters. With., Which was able to move with a record average speed in the race - 241.7 km / h.

6. Steam car smoke, it is not eastic. Considering the ancient drawings, which depict the first steam crews emitting thick clubs of smoke and fire from their pipes (which, by the way, testifies to the imperfection of the first "steam" furnaces), you know where the persistent Association of Steam Machine and Soota came from.

Concerning external view Machines, the matter here, of course, depends on the level of the designer. It is unlikely that someone will say that the steam cars of Abner Dobla (USA) ugly. On the contrary, they are elegant even in present ideas. And they traveled silently, smoothly and quickly - up to 130 km / h.

Interestingly, modern surveys in the field of hydrogen fuel for car motors A number of "lateral branches" were spawned: hydrogen as fuel for classic piston steam engines and especially for steam turbine machines provides absolute environmental friendliness. "Smoke" from such a motor is ... water vapor.

7. Steam engine Caprisen. It is not true. It is constructive significantly simply engine Internal combustion, which in itself means greater reliability and unpretentiousness. The resource of steam engines is many tens of thousands of hours of continuous operation, which is not typical of other types of engines. However, this is not limited to this. By virtue of the principles of work, the steam engine does not lose efficiency when the atmospheric pressure decreases. It is for this reason that vehicles on the steam line are extremely well suited for use in highlands, on heavy mountain passes.

It is interesting to note another useful property steam engine with which he, by the way, is similar to the electric motor direct current. Reducing the rotational speed of the shaft (for example, with an increase in the load) causes an increase in torque. Because of this property, cars with steam engines fundamentally do not need gearboxes - alone are very complex and sometimes capricious mechanisms.

Interest in a water pair, as an affordable source of energy, appeared together with the first scientific knowledge of the ancients. To tame this energy, people tried for three thousand years. What are the main stages of this path? Whose reflections and projects taught humanity to extract the maximum benefit from it?

Prerequisites for the appearance of steam engines

The need for mechanisms capable of facilitating labor-intensive processes has always existed. Around the middle of the XVIII century, windmills and water wheels were used for this purpose. The ability to use wind energy directly depends on the weather whims. And for the use of water wheels, the factory had to build on the banks of the rivers, which is not always convenient and appropriate. And the effectiveness of those and others was extremely small. I needed a principal new engine, Easily manageable and deprived of these shortcomings.

History of the invention and improving steam engines

Creating a steam engine - the result of long reflection, successes and crashes of the hopes of many scientists.

The beginning of the way

The first, single projects were only interesting ones. For example, Archimedes constructed steam gun, Geron Alexandria Used the energity of the pair to open the doors of the ancient temples. And notes on the practical use of the energies of steam to actuate other mechanisms researchers are found in Leonardo da Vinci.

Consider the most significant projects on this topic.

In the XVI century, Arabic engineer Tagi Al Dean developed a primitive steam turbine project. However, it did not receive practical application because of the strong scattering of the jet of the steam submitted on the blades of the turbine wheel.

We will be transferred to the medieval France. The physicist and the talented inventor of Denis pane after many unsuccessful projects stops on the following design: the vertical cylinder was filled with water over which the piston was installed.

The cylinder was heated, the water boiled and evaporated. Expanding pairs lifted piston. It was fixed at the top point of the lifting and expected the cooling of the cylinder and the condensation of the steam. After condensation, the vapor in the cylinder formed a vacuum. The piston liberated from attachment under the action of atmospheric pressure rushed into a vacuum. It is this fall of the piston was supposed to use as a work move.

So, the useful stroke of the piston was caused by the formation of a vacuum due to the condensation of steam and external (atmospheric) pressure.

Because the steam engine is pap Like most subsequent projects, the name of the paryatmospheric machines was called.

This design had a very significant disadvantage - there was no repeatability of the cycle. Denis comes to the idea of \u200b\u200breceiving steam not in the cylinder, but separately in the steam boiler.

In the history of the creation of steam engines, Denis Pappen entered as the inventor of a very important detail - a steam boiler.

And since the pairs began to receive outside the cylinder, the engine itself moved into the discharge of engines external combustion. But due to the lack of a distribution mechanism, providing uninterrupted work, these projects almost did not find practical application.

New stage in the development of steam engines

About 50 years old for pumping water in coal mines was used tomas Newcomine's steam pump. It largely repeated the previous designs, but contained very important novelties - the pipe for the conclusion of the condensed steam and the safety valve for the release of the unnecessary steam.

Its substantial minus was that the cylinder had to heal before injection of the couple, then cool before its condensation. But the need for such engines was so high, which, despite their obvious uneconomicality, the last copies of these cars were served until 1930.

In 1765. english Mechanic James Watt, Waking up the improvement of the Newcomine Machine, separed the capacitor from the steam cylinder.

There was an opportunity to keep the cylinder constantly heated. The efficiency of the machine immediately grew. In subsequent years, WATT will significantly improve its model, equipping it with a device to supply a pair of one, then on the other hand.

It became possible to use this car not only as a pump, but also to actuate various machines. WATT received a patent for its invention - a steam engine of continuous action. The mass production of these machines begins.

By the beginning of the XIX century in England, more than 320 Waest steam machines worked. They began to buy other European countries. This contributed to a significant increase in industrial production in many industries as the most of the England itself, so neighboring states.

Twenty years earlier, Waitt, in Russia, the Altai Mechanic Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov worked on the steam engine project.

The factory authority suggested that it would build an aggregate, which would result in a smelting furnace blower.

The car built by them was two-cylinder and ensured the continuous action of the device connected to it.

Successfully worked out over one and a half months, the boiler gave to flow. Solzunov himself was not alive for this time. Repair the car did not. And the wonderful creation of the Russian single inventor was forgotten.

Due to the backwardness of Russia of that time the world found out about the invention I. I. Polzunov with a large delay ....

So, to actuate the steam machine, it is necessary that steam produced by a steam boiler expanding, pressed on the piston or on the turbine blades. And then their movement was transmitted to other mechanical parts.

Application of steam engines on transport

Despite the fact that the efficiency of steam engines of that time did not exceed 5%, by the end of the XVIII century they began to actively use them in agriculture and in transport:

• in France, a car with a steam engine appears;
• in the United States begins to run a steamer between the cities of Philadelphia and Burlington;
• in England, a railway locomotive was demonstrated on steam rod;
• the Russian peasant from Saratov province patented crawler With a capacity of 20 liters. from.;
• attempts have repeatedly been made to build a steam engine with a steam engine, but, unfortunately, the small power of these aggregates with a large weight of the aircraft made these attempts unsuccessful.

By the end of the XIX century, steam engines, playing their role in the technical progress of society, are inferior to the place and electric motors.

Steam devices in the XXI century

With the advent of new energy sources in the XX and XXI century, the need for the use of steam energy appears again. Steam turbines become an integral part of the NPP. Couples, resulting in action, are obtained at the expense of nuclear fuel.

These turbines and condensation thermal power plants are widely used.

In some countries, experiments are carried out to obtain steam due to solar energy.

Not forgotten and piston steam engines. In mountainous locations as a locomotive still use locomotives.

These reliable workers and safer, and cheaper. The power lines are not needed, and fuel - wood and cheap coal varieties are always at hand.

Modern technologies allow you to catch up to 95% of emissions into the atmosphere and increase efficiency to 21%, so that people have decided not to part with them and work on the steam locomotives of the new generation.

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