Charger for 3.7 V. Lithium-ion battery - how to charge, device, features correctly. Charging with the Laboratory Power Supply
The first company, who launched into serial production rechargeable lithium-ion battery large tank Sony became, while the battery life was much longer than it had a nickel-cadmium analogue.
Unfortunately, in the first models there was a significant disadvantage, which was manifested by the fact that at high current discharge, the lithium anode flamped.
It took about 20 years to eliminate this problem, the solution was the controller, which does not allow to form a pure lithium on the anode of a lithium-ion type batteries.
Modern models are reliable and safe, they gradually displaced nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium batteries in portable devices from the nickel-cadmium batteries, they are installed as a power source of a laptop, a camera, a mobile phone, etc.
The only niche in which lithium-ion type batteries are inferior to nickel-cadmium - these are devices whose work requires a high discharge current, for example, for screwdrivers. This type of batteries is called industrial.
Separately, it is worth mentioning the elements of Li-Pol. The only difference from the lithium polymer battery lies in the fact that another electrolyte is used in the base basis, while the principle of operation, the features and characteristics of these species are almost identical.
Features
Any type of power supply has its advantages and, accordingly, disadvantages, lithium ion batteries only confirm this axiom. Consider in detail their characteristic features.
The merits, undoubtedly, include:
- low speculation parameters;
- if you take a single element of the lithium-ion battery, the dimensions of which are equal to the batteries of another type, then it will be more charge (3.7V, in contrast to 1.2V). Due to this, it became possible to significantly simplify and facilitate the battery;
- there is no such parameter as a power memory, that is, the battery does not require regular discharge to restore power (capacity), which simplifies operation.
Speaking about the advantages that this rechargeable element, it is impossible not to take into account certain flawsTo which include:
- built-in "fuse", that is, the protection board, the task of which limit the supply voltage when charging and not allow a complete discharge of the battery, in addition to this, the maximum current is smoothed, and the temperature is controlled. Because of this, the price of lithium-ion batteries is higher than that of the analogues;
- despite the restoration of lithium-ion type batteries, they are exposed to "aging", even if they store them in accordance with the rules of operation. About how to slow down this processThis will be discussed below where the operation and its features will be considered.
Video: Overview, Opening of a lithium-ion battery from a mobile phone
Form factor
Lithium ion batteries are available in two form factors - cylindrical and tablet.
Many devices use several connected lithium-type batteries, for example, to reach voltage 12V or increase the discharge current, it must be considered if you want to buy a similar device (as a rule, the connection type is indicated on the housing).
How to charge
There are rules, thanks to which you can significantly extend the service life of lithium-ion type batteries.
The rule is the first: it is impossible to allow complete discharge, due to this you can increase the number of cycles in which charging and discharge occurs. Charged battery by 20%, it is possible to significantly extend its life, at least twice. As an example, we give the table of the dependence of the recharge cycles, depending on the depth of the battery discharge.
The rule is the second: with a frequency once every three months, it is required to produce a full cycle (that is, completely discharge and charge), due to this the process of "aging" of the batteries is slowed down significantly.
Rule Third: You cannot store a lithium-ion type battery fully discharged, it is desirable that the battery is charged by 30-50%, otherwise the restoration of its capacitance is not possible.
Rule Fourth: To charge the battery, use the original charger, which came complete from the manufacturer, this requires the difference in the battery protective circuit. That is, for example, batteries HTC, EN-EL, Sanyo, IRC, ICR, LIR, MAH, Pocket, ID-Security, etc. It is necessary to charge the Samsung battery device.
Rule fifth: You can not allow the battery overheating, the lithium-ionic device can be operated at ambient air temperature ranging from -40 to 50 ° C. With the impaired temperature mode, it is not possible to restore the battery or produce it, it will be necessary only to replace it.
Separately, it must be emphasized that rechargeable batteries famous brands Significantly superior to the specifications of analogs of unknown manufacturers. You may not doubt that DMW-BCG batteries, VPG-BPS, SAFT, as well as original models, such as BL-5C, BP-4L (Nokia), D-Li8, NB-10L (Canon), NP-BG1 (Sony ) Or LP243454-PCB-LD will definitely better than Chinese analogues.
Homemade charger
If you wish, you can make your own hands a device that will serve to charge lithium-ion type batteries, its scheme is shown below.
Designations in Figure:
- R1- 22;
- R2 - 5,1K;
- R3- 2;
- R4 -11;
- R5 - 1kom;
- RV1 - 22kom;
- R7 - 1kom;
- U1 is the LM317T stabilizer (be sure to install on a radiator with a large area of \u200b\u200bscattering);
- U2 - TL431 (voltage regulator);
- D1, D2 - LEDs, you can use SMD type, first, signing about the start of the charging process, it is desirable to choose red, second - green;
- transistor Q1 - BC557;
- capacitors C1, C2 - 100N.
The input voltage on the lithium-ion type battery charging scheme should be from 9 to 20V, a pulse power supply can be removed for this purpose. The power of the resistors must be selected the following:
- R1 - minimum 2W;
- R5 - 1W.
- the remaining is not less than 0.1255W.
as a variable resistor RV1, it is desirable to take CG5-2 or its imported analogue of 3296W. This type allows you to more accurately output voltagewhich should be about 4.2V.
The principle for which the charging scheme is following:
When you turn on the battery is enabled, the current value depends on the resistor R5 (in our case it will be at the level of 100mA) the charging voltage ranging from 4.15 to 4.2V, the diode diode will be promoted on the start of the process. When the battery approaches the charging threshold, the load current will be reduced, which will turn off the D1 LED and turn on D2.
Note that when a voltage is reduced by about 0.05-0.1V, you can significantly increase the life of the battery, since it will not be charged to the end.
Contacts for charging block through which the battery will be connected, you can take from a broken device, do not forget to clean them before.
It is necessary to note that with incorrect adjustment, for example, an overestimated voltage or charging current, you can output the battery.
The production of the charger costs much cheaper than the price of a lithium-ion battery, whether it is a city of Moscow or St. Petersburg, so save (considering how the selling them is developed), risking with the battery, using the homemade device, does not make sense.
Today, one of the most popular battery formats for various electronic devices is 18650. It requires when operating proper handling. The durability and functionality of this power supply depends on this.
How to charge the battery 18650, you should consider in detail. This will help to understand the advice of specialists.
general characteristics
Today, many sizes are used and one of the most popular is a battery of type 18650. It has a cylindrical shape. Externally, such a battery resembles finger batteries. Only the presented view is slightly more in size than the usual devices.
In the course of operation, necessarily the question of how to charge the battery 18650. This is a simple procedure. However, refer to it with full responsibility. The durability of the use of the battery depends on the correctness of the charging.
The batteries of the presented type are used today to power laptops, as well as electronic cigarettes. This made presented sizes popular. Also, such batteries are installed in flashlights and laser pointers. Most often, the devices presented are produced by lithium-ion type. This type of batteries proved its effectiveness and simplicity during operation.
Features
Considering how to charge the 18650 battery for a flashlight, electronic cigarette and other devices, it is necessary to describe the principle of its operation. The presented sizes are produced in the category of lithium-ion batteries. It has minor dimensions. The height is only 65 mm, and the diameter is 18 mm.
Inside the device there are metal electrodes, between which lithium ions circulate. This allows you to produce an electric current to feed the technique. With a low or high charge on one of the electrodes, more ions are formed. They grow on the material by changing its volume and characteristics.
In order for the battery to work for a long time and fully, it is necessary to prevent the appearance of a deep or too high charge. Otherwise, the device will quickly fail. Depending on the nominal battery rates, special types of charging devices are used.
Battery protection
Today, the presented varieties of batteries are available complied with a special controller or have a manganese. Previously, there were batteries without protection. How to charge the battery 18650 correctly in this case, it was necessary to know for your own security.
The fact is that the device in which there was no special protection could be very overheated with an incorrect or too long charging. In this case, a short circuit could occur and even ignition or today the use of such structures has sunk in the fly.
All lithium-ion type batteries have protection against such negative phenomena in their design. The special controller is most often applied. It monitors the battery capacity. If necessary, it simply turns off the battery. In some types of structures, a manganese is included. It significantly affects chemical reactions inside. Therefore, such batteries controller is not needed.
Features of charging
Many buyers are interested in how to charge the 18650 Li-ion battery (3.7V). You need to familiarize yourself with the features of this process. He is quite simple. Modern manufacturers make special devices that control the battery charging.
Lithium-ion batteries have practically no memory effect. This provides a number of rules when charging and operating batteries. The effect of memory is the gradual decrease in the battery capacity with an incomplete discharge. This property was characteristic of nickel-cadmium batteries. They needed to discharge completely.
On the contrary, do not tolerate deep discharge. They need to be charged to 80% and discharge up to 14-20%. In such conditions, the device will serve as long as possible and productive. The presence of special boards in the design allows you to simplify this process. When the capacity level drops to a critical value (most often up to 2.4 V), the device turns off the battery from the consumer.
Holding charging
Many buyers of various electrical engineering are interested in how to charge the 18650 Li-Ion battery (3.7V, 6800mAh). This process is carried out using a special device. It starts charging at a voltage of 0.05 V, and finishes at the maximum level 4.2 V. Above this value, the battery is not necessary.
You can charge the batteries of 18650 current 0.5-1a. What he is more, the faster the process passes. However, more smooth current is preferable. It is better not to speed up the charging process if the battery does not need to be used urgently.
The procedure takes no more than 3 hours. After that, the device will turn off the battery. This prevents its overheating and failure. Available for charging devices that cannot control the flow of this process are presented. In this case, the user must follow its execution. Experts recommend purchasing devices that themselves manage the process. This is a secure method.
Parameters
Batteries with different capacity indicators are available. This affects the duration of the work and the process of charging. Low capacity has a battery 1100-2600 mAh. The most popular in this category are Ultrafire products. This manufacturer manufactures high-quality lights. Therefore, consumers have reasonably the question arises on how to charge the battery 18650 Ultrafire.
In this case, it should be noted that the devices with a capacity of up to 2600 mAh need to be charged with a current of 1.3-2.6 A. This process is carried out in several stages. At the beginning of charging, the battery enters the current, which is 0.2-1 from the size of the battery capacity. At this point, the voltage is maintained at about 4.1 B. This stage lasts about an hour.
During the second stage, the voltage is held at a constant level. For some manufacturers of charging, this procedure can be carried out using AC. It should also be taken into account that in the presence of a graphite electrode in the battery design, it cannot be charged with a current more than 4.1 V.
Varieties of chargers
There is a simple technique, how to charge the battery for this you need to buy a specific type of device. On sale presented big choice Charger for batteries of this type. The simplest and inexpensive is the device for one battery. The current level in it can reach 1 A.
Instruments in which several batteries can be placed immediately. Most often, such designs are equipped with an indicator. Some models can also be used for other varieties of lithium-ion type batteries. Their planting sockets have the appropriate design. Such devices differ acceptable cost and high functionality.
Also available universal chargers are presented. They can charge batteries not only lithium-ion type, but also other varieties. Such aggregates need to be properly configured before conducting the procedure.
Homemade instrument
Some users have a question about how to charge the 18650 battery in emergency situationWhen there is no special device at hand. In this case, it can be done independently. Sometime is old charger from the phone (for example, Nokia).
It is necessary to remove the shell of the wire and disconnect the wires minus (black) and plus (red). With the help of plasticine, you can attach the bare contacts to the battery. It is necessary to observe the appropriate polarity. Next, the device includes network.
Such charging can last about an hour. This will be enough enough to ensure that the battery can provide the right work of the technique.
Specialists recommend responsibly referring to the charging process and its durability depends on it. Discharge the battery completely and charge it up to 100%. It is better to limit the charging process to a level of 90%. However, periodically (once every three months) can be fully discharged and complete battery charging. This is necessary to calibrate the controller.
You can store a battery long enough. For this you need to charge by 50%. In such a state, it can be about a month. At the same time, it should not be too hot or too cold. The ideal conditions are considered to hold temperatures at 15 ºС.
Having considered how to charge the battery 18650, you can maintain and operate the battery correctly. In this case, its use will be significantly longer.
One of the most important criteria for the correct work, good efficiency and long service life of the battery is considered its correct charge. This applies to all batteries all the batteries, be it massive industrial rather big capacity, or tiny batteries in your tablets or phones.
Most of rechargeable batteries Have the so-called "effect of memory" in the other degree. It is expressed in the fact that the batteries "remember" the limits of the operated capacity.
For this reason, in fact, the preparatory training of batteries is carried out. Due to the presence of the above result, it is not recommended to charge not yet sitting until the end of the battery.
In this case, rechargeable batteries among other things "will remember" the limits to which they are given the opportunity to reach.
The result will be the reduction of the physical capacity of the batteries, their rapid discharge, the diligence of the service.
When purchasing new batteries, it is recommended to produce their "training". It consists in full discharge / charge the batteries itself. Speaking easier, it is necessary to discharge batteries, then charge them "until the stop". The process is repeated 3-4 times.
Subsequently, the battery procedure will serve significantly longer. With all this, you seem to "accelerate" them, increase the potential container to the limits.
The less time the battery is discharged and the less deep is each separately taken its discharge, the longer the service life will be.
How can I charge the battery?
- Optimal option - Charging dC 0.1 - 0.2 C for 6-8 hours.
- Fast charge - for 3-5 hours. The current is about a third of the nominal.
- Accelerated charge - is performed by a current equal rated tank The battery itself, it is possible to warm up and destruction of the element.
Standardly received a shock that their voltage is 3.7 volts, but one element may have a voltage in the range of 2.5 (discharged) - 4.2volt and this is usually maximum.
On average, their resource 1000 - 1500 cycles charge-discharge
As a rule, if the battery is discharged below 2.5 volts or charge more than 4.2 volts - the battery fails. To protect from this in most of the batteries of this type there is a security board that turns off the battery bank when the voltage output beyond the norm.
A charging device should be able to charge batteries up to 4.2 volts and automatically disable charge.
A newer variety of lithium-ion batteries with greater density Energy and smaller size (element thickness from 1mm! With significant flexibility). Use up to minus 20 degrees. And the complete absence of a "memory effect".
The batteries of this type are swing and fire-dangerous, when recharging, fast discharge or closing the element. Therefore, all elements are equipped with a built-in charge controller and discharge board.
The number of working cycles in a wound 900 full charge-discharges. It should be noted that a deep discharge can completely remove the battery. It is recommended to discharge such batteries for no more than 40% of their maximum container.
Charging is made by voltage 4.2 volts per element, current in 1C and the charging process is completed at a current 0.1-0.2c. Charge time is about 2 hours.
Service life, approximately 200-500 cycles charge-discharge. Self-discharge: 100% per year.
In a minor degree, the battery owns the "memory effect", it means that if the battery is for a long time, the month - two, it was not used, then it's nada to make a full cycle of discharge - charge.
The charge with a small current extends the battery life, so the most optimal mode of operation will be charged current at 0.1 from the nominal battery capacity.
Charge time - 15-16 hours, according to manual instructions.
The charge of such batteries is better to do with a constant or impulse current with very short pulses of the negative value (asymmetric current) - this will help to eliminate the problems with the "memory effect"
The charge voltage on the element is 1.4 - 1.6 volts, and the voltage of the fully charged element is 1.4 volts. Discharge to produce up to 0.9 volts, below it is undesirable.
Most produced in the form of finger batteries and small-sized disk batteries (pills)
Power voltage of one element - 1.37 volts
This type of self-discharge is about 10% per month.
They are subject to the "memory effect" and such batteries are not recommended to be used in buffer mode. After a long inactivity of such a battery, you need to produce a circuit-discharge cycle of approximately the nominal container. The discharge cycle with 1.36 volts to 1 volt is not recommended below.
Rated charging current in the range of 0.1-1 from the nominal container of the element.
It can be used at temperatures up to minus 50 degrees.
PB (lead-acid) battery
The most common type of battery energy.The safest charging method looks like this, first the battery is charged with a constant current, and after receiving the desired voltage, this voltage is maintained on the battery.
The maximum charging current 0.2 - 0.3 from the nominal capacity of the battery. The optimal charge current is 10% of the nominal, it is safe and is punitive for the battery.
The maximum charge voltage should not exceed 13.8 volts. With a rapid charge, it is allowed to 14.5 volts.
The total time of the total charge must be in a rayan 5 - 6 hours.
The minimum charge temperature is not lower than -15 ° C
AGM battery
In contrast to lead-acid, they contain absorbed electrolyte, and not liquid as in acidic, edible glass tissue gaskets between lead plates are impregnated with electrolyte. And this gives them a number of advantages: resistance to large vibrations, confident operation, even with minus 30 s Although the voltage slightly seats, hermetic design and more secure charging.The number of full charge-discharge cycles from 500 to 1000 depending on the model brand.
