Types of trams. Synopsis of the traffic rules lesson on the topic: “Urban public transport. And I want to help you

Amazing nearby " we say when we notice or learn more closely what we have passed hundreds of times, but either did not know, or did not pay attention .... I would also add- "Unknown around", because often in life we ​​are surrounded by things so banal and familiar that for some reason we think that we know everything about them ... why such a conviction and confidence cannot be understood ... it is also not clear why, having lived a fair number of years, knowing great for example, what a tram is, we know so little about it ... when and where it first appeared, what it looked like, who was its predecessor ... We can learn these and many other interesting facts and details from the history of trams and tramways if we show interest ...

Tram is a type of street rail public transport for transporting passengers along given (fixed) routes. Used mainly in cities. Probably, anyone who is asked to describe this type of public transport will answer this way ...

Word tram derivative from English. tram (carriage, trolley) and way (way). According to one of the versions, it came from trolleys for transporting coal in the mines of Great Britain. As a mode of transport, the tram is the oldest form of urban passenger public transport and emerged in the first half of the 19th century - initially on horse-drawn.

Horse

In 1852 a French engineer Luba made a proposal to arrange railways along the streets of large cities for the transportation of wagons by horses. Initially, it was used only for cargo transportation, but after the construction of the first passenger lines, the horse tram began to carry passengers as well. Such a road was built by him in New York ....

Horse tram on New York street

and very soon a new type of transport spread to other cities in America and Europe.

Detroit Koenigsberg

Horse tram in Paris

London

Sweden Czechia

"And what about Russia?" probably you ask .... Soon the horse tram appeared here too ....
In 1854 in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, near the Smolensk settlement, an engineer Polezhaev a horse-drawn road was made of longitudinal wooden beams upholstered with iron. In 1860 an engineer Domantovich built a horse-drawn railroad in the streets St. Petersburg.

Despite the low speed (no more than 8 km / h), the new form of transport soon spread and took root in many large cities and provincial centers.

In Moscow at the Serpukhov Gate

in Minsk

Samara

Voronezh

in Tiflis

Kiev

Tashkent

For example, in St. Petersburg, horse-drawn railways ran along all significant highways from the center to the outskirts.

In most cases, the horse tram was built with the participation of foreign capital, and if at the beginning it had a positive effect on the development of the transport network in cities, then over time it greatly slowed down the development process ... Firms that owned the horse tram became ardent opponents of the introduction of steam and electric trams ...

The history of the electric tram

The prototype of electric trams was a car created by the German engineer E rnst Werner von Siemens. It was first used in 1879 at the German Industrial Exhibition in Berlin. The locomotive was used to drive visitors around the exhibition area.

Siemens & Halske Electric Railway at the Berlin Exhibition in 1879

The first electric tram appeared at the end of the 19th century - in 1881 in Berlin, Germany. Four carriages were attached to the locomotive, each of which had six seats.

The train was later shown in 1880 in Dusseldorf and Brussels, in 1881 in Paris (out of service), in the same year in action in Copenhagen and finally in 1882 in London.
Following the success of the exhibition attraction, Siemens has begun construction of an electric tram line 2.5 km away in a Berlin suburb Lichterfeld.

The car of the world's first electric tram line in the former Berlin suburb of Lichterfelde, opened on 16.05.1881. Voltage 180 volts, engine power 5 kW, power supply was carried out through the running rails until 1890. Photo of 1881

The motor car received current through both rails. In 1881, the first tram, built by Siemens & Halske, ran on the railway between Berlin and Lichterfeld, thus opening up tram traffic.
In the same year C Names built a tram line of the same type in Paris.

In 1885, the tram appeared in Great Britain in an English resort town Blackpool... It is noteworthy that the original sections have been preserved in their original form, and the tram transport itself is carefully preserved in this city.

The electric tram soon became popular throughout Europe.
Haalle

Warsaw

View of the portal of the Rhine Bridge in Mannheim a lovely-looking tram is rolling

tram in Barcelona

The appearance of the first trams in the United States occurred independently of Europe. Inventor Leo Daft(Leo Daft) began experimenting with electric traction in 1883 by building several small electric locomotives. His work interested the director of the Baltimore horse tram, who decided to transfer the three-mile line to electric traction. Daft took up the electrification of the line and the creation of trams. On August 10, 1885, an electric tramway opened on this line - the first on the American continent.

Boston Two-axle tram with open areas. USA.

However, the system turned out to be inoperative: the use of the third rail led to short circuits in the rain, moreover, the voltage (120 volts) killed many unlucky small animals: (cats and dogs); and it was not safe for people either. Soon, the use of electricity on this line was abandoned and returned to horses.

Cincinnati. Ohio. USA.

However, the inventor did not abandon the idea of ​​an electric tram, and in 1886 he managed to create a workable system (instead of the third rail, a two-wire contact network was used). Daft trams were used in Pittsburgh, New York and Cincinnati.

St. Petersburg ice tram

In St. Petersburg, under an agreement with the owners of the horses (it was concluded for 50 years), no other public transport shouldn't have been. In order not to formally violate this agreement, in 1885 the first electric tram ply the ice of the frozen Neva.

Sleepers, rails and overhead catenary posts crashed right into the ice.

They were called “ice trams”.

It is clear that this type of transport could only be used in winter,

however, that the time of horse-drawn trams was coming to an end soon became quite clear.

Steam tram

Little known, but the fact, in addition to the traditional horse tram, there were two more lines in St. Petersburg steam horse... The first line of the steam tram or among the common people - steam engine, was laid in 1886 along Bolshoy Sampsonievsky Avenue and Second Murinsky Avenue, although this line was officially called the "line of the steam horse-drawn railway".

The steam engine had a number of advantages over the horse tram: higher speed, more power. Due to the resistance of horse car owners and the appearance of an electric tram, the steam train did not develop - the steam tram line from Vosstaniya Square to the village of Rybatskoye along the present Obukhovskaya Oborony Avenue became the last.

Also in the early 1880s, a steam locomotive line was laid along the embankment of the Ligovsky Canal.

Steam locomotives were kept in the Vyborg horse park. As a passenger transport, the steam tram barely survived the show jumping (the last trip in 1922), but it reappeared on the streets of besieged Leningrad to transport goods and weapons.

Electric tram in Russia.

Contractual obligations with the owners of horse trams in some cities delayed the development of electric trams in them. Somewhere the tram tracks were laid parallel to the horse tram tracks in order to bankrupt it. Sometimes the city authorities simply bought out the farm of horse roads in order to turn the horse tram into a tram. Thus, the first electric tram in Russia was first launched not in St. Petersburg, as many mistakenly believe, but in Kieve.

Here he appeared in 1892 year on the Aleksandrovsky (Vladimirsky) descent. The builder is Siemens. Quickly becoming popular, he literally captivated the whole city. Soon other Russian cities followed Kiev's example: a tram appeared in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896

IN Yekaterinoslav(now Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine) in 1897,

the tram appeared in Moscow in 1899

in Saratov

Smolensk

Electric horse tram, as the tram was also called, appeared in Tiflis and had a fairly extensive network there.

Details about the Tiflis tram can be found from Tiflis travel guide in 1903

In Odessa and St. Petersburg - in 1907.

At the end of 1904, the City Duma announced an international competition for the right to produce works. Three firms took part in it: Siemens & Halske, General Electricity Company and Westinghouse ( English). On September 29, 1907, a regular electric tram service was opened on the streets of St. Petersburg. The first line ran from the General Staff Building to the 8th line of Vasilievsky Island.

St. Petersburg. Consecration of tram cars

Details:

On Sunday, September 15, at 10 o'clock in the morning, those invited to the grand opening of tram traffic along the line: the main headquarters, Nikolaevsky bridge and the 7th line of Vasilyevsky Island began to gather in the Alexandrovsky Garden. People were allowed to enter the garden on personalized summons. The audience, for the most part, occupied the opposite panel. There were brand new carriages in 2 rows at the entrance to the garden. Here the carriage drivers and conductors in new uniforms were grouped. A tent was pitched in Alexandrovsky Park, a prayer service was served there.
The first toast to the health of the Tsar was proclaimed by the mayor Reztsov, then the mayor, Major General Drachevsky proclaimed health to the entire city government and its representative Reztsov. The chairman of the tram commission Sokov in a long speech expressed his gratitude for the assistance in the work on the construction of the tram to the administration and the audit commission. The mayor in his speech emphasized that despite the difficulties of the task, almost 80% of all work on the construction of the tram was completed in one construction period. Cute toast suggested Chief Engineer Tram Commission Statsevich, who raised a glass to the tram worker, who carried a million poods of tram work on his shoulders. The workers heard this fair assessment of their work, since their representative was not present at the celebration.
At the end of the prayer, the guests entered the brand new carriages and made their way to the 7th line and back. The cars are striking in their diminutiveness. The cars are striking in their diminutiveness. A tax is posted in conspicuous places: for a broken large glass - 7 rubles, for a small one - 8 rubles, for damaged doors - 40 rubles. "Spitting and smoking are prohibited." The carriages are divided by a partition into 2 classes: in the first 14 seats, in the second 10. There can be 10 passengers on the back platform, and 6. The car drivers were apparently worried, but they passed the first test with flying colors. In the first carriage, the mayor Drachevsky and the mayor Reztsov opened traffic.
Upon return, before opening passenger traffic, the mayor went to the platform of the head car and, addressing the public, proclaimed: "Tram traffic in St. Petersburg is open, hurray!" To this there was a response "hurray" from those present. The audience rushed into the carriages, in front of all the boys. The older ones hesitated, and the little boys took all the seats. In the blink of an eye, the bells of the conductors were heard and the cars rolled with the first paid passengers. . "

After the appearance of the electric tram in 1907, the horse tram was gradually replaced by it, on September 8, 1917, it completely disappeared. The use of the horse tram in Moscow continued until 1912.

Moscow

The old electric trams were very different from the modern ones. They were smaller in size and less perfect. They did not have automatically closing doors, the front and rear platforms were separated from the interior by sliding doors. On the front landing, the driver himself sat on a high stool with metal legs and a thick round wooden seat. In front of him is a tall black engine. With "Dynamo" lettering on the lid.
There were wooden seats inside the carriages. In some, they were in the form of sofas for two passengers with common backs on one side of the carriage and chairs designed for one person on the other. At the end of each car there was a place for a conductor. A special sign warned about this, so that, God forbid, someone would not sit on this place. The conductor (more often the conductor) was often in a service uniform overcoat, or even just in a coat or fur coat. He had a huge leather money bag over his shoulder, and a ticket board was attached to his belt. Tickets were of different denominations, depending on the distance of travel and the number of payment stations. The tickets were very cheap. Then the cost became the same, and the ticket roller was now hanging from the conductor's belt. A thick rope was stretched from the conductor to the driver through the entire carriage under the ceiling. When the boarding was over, the conductor pulled this rope, and the bell rang loudly for the driver on the foreground. There were no electrical signals at that time. From the second car, the signal was sent by the second conductor to the rear platform of the first car in the same way. Only after waiting for him and checking the boarding of his car, the conductor of the first car could signal the car driver about the end of boarding.
Standing passengers could hold onto canvas hinges along the entire cabin and hanging from a thick wooden stick. These loops could move with the passenger, sliding on the stick. Later, the hinges began to be made of plastic. Metal handles on the backs of the benches were also added, as well as handles on the walls between the windows. But that was much later. The windows opened completely. They descended to the lower wall. They were not allowed to lean out. It was written about this even on the plates at each window.

Small children were entitled to free travel. But no one asked the child's age. It was just that there was a deeply cut and whitewashed mark on the platbands of the salon doors, which determined the child's height and whether he needed to be paid or not. Above the mark, the child already had to pay for his fare.

Intercity trams

Trams are primarily associated with public transport, but intercity and suburban trams were also very common in the past.
Tram following the Pierrefitte - Cauterets - Luz route (or vice versa) in the French Pyrenees. You can say an intercity tram, which is not quite usual.

This is one of the most picturesque places of the designated tram line that emerged on the border of the 19th and 20th centuries, decorated with a bridge named Pont de Meyabat.

Intercity mountain tram in France

In Europe, Belgium's long-distance tram network, known as niederl, stood out. Buurtspoorwegen(literally translated - "local railways")
The first section of local railways (between Ostend and Nieuwport, now part of the Coast Tram line) was opened in July 1885. Intercity trams were also common in the Netherlands. As in Belgium, they were originally steam trams, but then steam trams were replaced by electric and diesel trams. In the Netherlands, the era of intercity trams ended on February 14, 1966.

Until 1936, it was possible to get from Vienna to Bratislava by city tram.

Few people know, but there was an intercity tram in Italy. Tied Solerno and Pompeii.

There was also an intercity tram in Japan between Osaka and Kobe.

After the heyday, the era of which fell on the period between the world wars, the decline of the tram began, but already somewhere in the 70s of the XX century, a significant increase in the popularity of the tram has again been observed, including for environmental reasons and thanks to technological improvements.

Interesting facts about trams in the world

The largest tram network in the world is located in Melbourne, Australia
The oldest tram cars still in use in normal operation are the No. 1 and 2 of the Isle of Man tram (Manx Electric Railway). They were built in 1893 and operate on the 28.5 km long Douglas en Ramsey country line]
The longest tram ride in Germany is from Krefeld, or rather its suburb of St Tönis, to Witten. The length of the trip will be 105.5 km, it will take about five and a half hours to overcome this distance, and you will have to make a change eight times.
The longest direct tram route is the Coast Tram (niderl. Kusttram) in Belgium. There are 60 stops on this 67 km line. There is also a line from Freudenstadt to Öhringen via Karlsruhe and Heilbronn with a length of 185 km.
The northernmost tramway system in the world is located in Trondheim.
A children's tram has been operating in Frankfurt am Main since 1960

The so-called low-floor trams belong to the third generation of trams. As the name suggests, their distinctive feature is the low floor height. To achieve this goal, all electrical equipment is placed on the roof of the tram (on "classic" trams, electrical equipment can be located under the floor). The advantages of a low-floor tram are convenience for the disabled, the elderly, passengers with strollers, faster boarding and disembarkation.

Text: Max Novikov
Photo: Max Novikov

On October 29, the ExpoCityTrans exhibition opened in Moscow. One of its most striking exhibits was the innovative R1 (Russia One) tram. Futuristic vehicle, the design of which has been actively discussed on social networks in recent months, is the development of a subsidiary of UralVagonZavod (UVZ). Famous designer Alexey Maslov is responsible for its appearance. The concept of the tram was presented to the Moscow public for the first time - before that, the R1 was shown only in Yekaterinburg. The best shots of the "iPhone on the rails" are in our gallery.

Tram cabin R1

The R1 cabin of all the tram's parts is still causing the hottest controversy among designers. For example, Artemy Lebedev, criticizing the development of UVZ, called it "a killer tram, a meat grinder tram." “It is categorically impossible to make a form with such an inclination of the cabin and a raised nose. Even a passer-by who is accidentally hurt will be sent automatically under the wheels, ”the designer explained in a business link on his studio's website. His opponents parried: a comfortable angle of inclination is more important for safety. side glass, thanks to which the driver will receive a better view and will be able to minimize the risks of accidents.

Inside the cabin of the R1 tram

The tram driver, in addition to the best viewing angle, will have at his disposal an innovative dashboard and navigation systems GLONASS and GPS.

Tram car R1

Tram manufacturers emphasize that it is of Russian origin in every sense: almost 80% of the components are domestic, the rest of the materials and parts are supplied by UVZ contractors from Germany and Austria.

Inside the R1 tram car

The tram cars will be equipped with Wi-Fi, so that passengers can always use the Internet while traveling.

R1 tram car doors

According to the preliminary calculations of the manufacturers, the tram's capacity will exceed 300 people - inside R1 there will be up to 270 standing and up to 50 seats.

Tram R1

According to preliminary data, the production cost of one vehicle will be from 40 million to 50 million rubles.

Inside the R1 tram car

It is expected that the tram will "debut" in 2018 on the streets of the cities that host the matches of the FIFA World Cup.

FIRST TRAMS

Alexandrovsky descent in Kiev

FIRST ELECTRIC TRAM

This happened in Kiev on the former Aleksandrovsky Spusk (now Vladimirsky Spusk). It is interesting that the tram in Kiev was laid almost 20 years earlier than in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Until that moment, there were trams in tsarist Russia, but they were "moved" not by electricity, but by horses. Although also on rails.

In general, iron rails at that time were laid in many cities of the world, a horse-drawn rail tram was widespread, there were also attempts to build civil transport on steam, but due to discomfort and an abundance of smoke, this idea was abandoned in favor of electricity. The first electric tramway in the world passed in Berlin in the early 1880s, the builder was Siemens - its trade mark is still well known.

The Russian Empire followed the example of the Germans, and soon the German Pullman plant produced the first Russian electric tram.

Civil transport in Kiev, as in most European cities, began with a horse tram on rails, the routes of which connected the current area of ​​the Lybidskaya metro station with Khreshchatyk and extended further to Podil.

The city railway society, formed in 1891, with the support of the city authorities, decided to use electric traction on the Aleksandrovsky Spusk section. Considering that there is a very steep slope of the mountain, there were no other options: the horses could not cope and steam was out of the question. It was the complex nature of the Kiev relief that led to the need for more powerful and safer city transport on electric traction.

Since its inception, the Kiev electric tram has been a curiosity and one of the city's attractions. Most of the visitors and visitors tried to ride the tram several times, and as a commercial enterprise, the tram turned out to be extremely profitable and recouped all investments during the first year of its existence.

The rapid development of the tram in Kiev led to the fact that at the beginning of 1913 there were already more than twenty permanent tram routes in the city. At that time, all tram transport passed into the possession of one Belgian company, which saw in it only a source of profit and did nothing for development. In this regard, the city authorities in 1915 declared their right to buy out the enterprise, after which the auction began: the Belgians overstated the price, the city council underestimated. Numerous commissions and courts postponed the deal, and then came 1917, revolution and civil war.

The Belgians were left with nothing, and the tram service was restored only in 1922, and until the Great Patriotic War, the tram was the main type of civil transport in Kiev. After the war and the restoration of the city, the importance of the tram slowly but steadily declined. More comfortable trolleybuses, buses and metro appeared.

The Kiev tram functioned even under the Germans - both in 1918 and 1941-43.

At present, the Kiev tram has lost its former significance, the planned dismantling of most of the lines is taking place, as a result of which there will be only a few routes that are most in demand by passengers: the line to Pushcha - Voditsa, the high-speed line to Borschagovka.

Today in Kiev there is a tourist tram route - along the embankment, Podol in a restored tram car - an original and popular type of excursion.

In 1992, a monument to the first tram was erected on the Postal Square in Kiev, but on November 25, 2012, it was liquidated in connection with the construction of a new traffic intersection.

HISTORY OF MOSCOW TRAM

Brest station square in Moscow

On March 25, according to the old style, from Brestsky, now Belorussky railway station towards Butyrsky station, now called Savyolovsky, a tram car, ordered in Germany from Siemens and Halske, went on its first passenger trip

Tram at Butyrskaya Zastava. 1900

The year of the appearance of public passenger transport in Moscow should be considered 1847, when the movement of ten-seater summer and winter carriages along 4 radial lines and one diametrical line was opened. From Red Square it became possible to travel by carriages to the Smolensky market, Pokrovsky (now Electrozavodsky) bridge. Rogozhskaya and Krestovskaya outposts. It was possible to travel along the diametrical line in carriages from the Kaluga Gate through the city center to Tverskaya Zastava.

Crews plying in predetermined directions, the Muscovites in common parlance began to call the rulers. By this time, the city already had about 337 thousand inhabitants and there was a need to organize public transport. The society of Moscow rulers, created in 1850, has already become more qualified in solving the problem of passenger service. The line could accommodate 10-14 people, there were 4-5 benches. They were wider than ordinary cabbages, had a roof from the rain, and were usually carried by 3-4 horses.

Horse Ride on Serpukhovskaya Square

The first passenger line of the horse tram was opened on June 25 (July 7), 1872. It connected the city center (present-day Revolution Square) through Trubnaya and Strastnaya squares with the Smolensky (now Belorussky) railway station and was intended to serve visitors to the Polytechnic exhibition, which opened at this time in Moscow. The tram line was single-track, had a length of 4.5 km with a track of 1524 mm, there were 9 sidings on the line. On the line, 10 double-deck cars with imperials were operated, where steep spiral staircases led. The imperial did not have a canopy and the passengers, sitting on the benches, were not protected from snow and rain. Horse trams were purchased in England, where they were produced at the Starbeck plant. A feature of this line of the horse-drawn railway was that it was built by military builders as a temporary one.

Steamer

At the same time, a steam passenger tram line was built in Moscow from Petrovsko-Razumovsky through the park of the Petrovskaya Academy to the station of the Smolensky railway station. Both lines were supposed to cease to exist immediately after the closure of the Polytechnic Exhibition, but Muscovites liked the new public transport: it was more convenient and cheaper to travel from the center to the Smolensky railway station in a horse tram car than a cab. The first passenger tram line continued to operate after the closure of the Polytechnic Exhibition until 1874, and the steam passenger tram line survived only on the section from the Smolensky railway station to Petrovsky Park.

Contrary to popular belief, the launch of the tram was not a simple electrification of the horse tram that had existed in Moscow since 1872. Until 1912, the horse tram existed parallel to the tram. The fact is that the horse tram brought a significant part of the proceeds to the city treasury, and the then city authorities considered the tram as a competitor to their cash cow. Only in 1910, the city began to buy out horse-drawn railways while preserving the jobs of horse-makers. Kucherov were retrained as carriage drivers, and the conductors, whom there was no need to retrain, remained conductors.

Type F tram on the Garden Ring in the Krasnye Vorota area opposite Afremov's house. October 1917.

In 1918, the length of tram lines in the city was 323 km. However, this year for the Moscow tram began with the fact that the number of tram routes began to decline. Unsettled workshops, the lack of parts and spare parts, materials, the departure of a part of the engineering and technical workers - all this together created an extremely difficult situation. The number of wagons leaving the line in January fell to 200 units.

The number of tram workers dropped from 16,475 in January 1917 to 7,960 in January 1919. In 1919, due to the lack of fuel in the city, passenger tram traffic was suspended from February 12 to April 16 and from November 12 to December 1. At the end of December, the tram in the city was again stopped. The freed workers were sent to work on cleaning tracks and roads and to procure fuel within an eight-verst strip.

At the same time, for the first time in history, the Moscow tram began to be used for cultural, educational and campaigning events. On May 1, 1919, tram trains with flying circus performances on open trailer cars ran along routes A and B, No. 4. The motor car was turned into a room for a spiritual band, and circus performers, acrobats, clowns, jugglers and athletes were located on the trailed goods platform, giving performances at the stops. The masses of the people enthusiastically greeted the artists.

The interior of a KM-type carriage - the first Soviet tram

From June 1, 1919, by order of the Moscow City Council, the City Railways Administration began to provide, at the request of institutions and organizations, a tram for excursions outside the city of workers. Since the fall of 1919, the tram has become the main carrier of firewood, food and other goods for most city institutions.In order to provide new functions of the tram, access tram lines were brought up to all freight stations, wood and food warehouses in Moscow. By the orders of enterprises and organizations, trammen allocated up to 300 freight tram cars. In 1919, about 17 miles of new routes were laid to solve the problems of organizing freight traffic. By the end of 1919, out of 778 motor and 362 trailers, 66 motor and 110 tram cars were serviceable.

KM tram on Krasnoprudnaya Street in 1970. To the right of it, a ZiU-5 trolleybus is moving in the opposite direction.

In 1920, tram travel for workers became free, but due to a shortage of rolling stock, the Moscow City Council was forced to organize the movement of special passenger block trains to transport workers to and from work during morning and evening rush hours.

Tram trains ran on eight lettered routes. They were used mainly by workers of large factories. In December 1920, the inventory included 777 motor and 309 trailed passenger cars. At the same time, 571 motor and 289 trailed tram cars were idle.

In October 1921, all divisions of the Moscow tram were again transferred to commercial self-sufficiency, which made it possible to significantly increase the number of employees on the Moscow tram, in 1922 there were already more than 10,000 employees.

The production of passenger cars grew rapidly. If in March 1922 only 61 passenger cars were produced on the line, then in December their number was 265 units.

From January 1, 1922, the issuance of free travel tickets for workers was discontinued. The amounts allocated by enterprises for free travel to their workers and employees were included in their wages, and from that time on, urban transport became paid for all passengers.

Salon of Tatra-T2 carriage: ticket office

In February 1922, the passenger tram service was carried out on thirteen tram routes, and it became regular again.

In the spring of 1922, traffic began to be actively restored on the pre-war networks: to Maryina Roshcha, to Kaluzhskaya Zastava, to Vorobyovy Gory, along the entire Garden Ring, in Dorogomilovo. In the summer of 1922, a steam tram line was electrified from Butyrskaya Zastava to Petrovsko-Razumovsky, a line was built from the Petrovsky Palace to the village of Vsekhsvyatsky.

By 1926, the length of the tracks increased to 395 km. In 1918, 475 wagons were carrying passengers, and in 1926 - 764 wagons. The average speed of trams increased from 7 km / h in 1918 to 12 km / h in 1926. Since 1926, the first Soviet tram of the KM type, built at the Kolomna steam locomotive plant, began to enter the line. The KM differed from its predecessors in its four-axle design.

The Moscow tram reached its highest point of development in 1934. Then he walked not only along the Boulevard Ring, but also along the Garden Ring. The latter was served by tram line B, which was later replaced by the trolleybus route of the same name. At that time, 2.6 million people were transported by trams per day, with a city population of about four million. Freight trams continued to operate, delivering firewood, coal and kerosene around the city.

The M-38 tram had a very futuristic look.

Before the war, a rather futuristic-looking tram M-38 appeared in Moscow. The first sample of the M-38 tram car arrived from the Mytishchi plant in November 1938 at the tram depot. Bauman and began to be tested on route 17 from Rostokin to Trubnaya Square.

In July 1940, due to the threat of war, the whole country switched to an eight-hour working day and a six-day working week. This circumstance has forever determined the mode of operation of tram trains in the capital. The first carriages began work on the route at 5.30 a.m. and finished work at 2 a.m. This work schedule has survived to this day.

After the opening of the first metro lines in the mid-1930s, tram lines were removed to coincide with metro lines. The lines from the northern and western parts of the Garden Ring were also moved to secondary streets.

More radical changes took place in the 1940s, when tram routes were replaced by trolleybus routes in the western part of the Boulevard Ring and removed from the Kremlin. With the development of the underground in the 1950s, some of the lines leading to the outskirts were closed.

Tram MTV-82

Since 1947, MTV-82 cars appeared on the lines, the body of which was unified with the MTB-82 trolleybus. The first such cars arrived at the Bauman depot in 1947 and began to operate first along the 25th (Trubnaya Square - Rostokino), and then along the 52nd route. However, due to the wider dimensions and the absence of characteristic beveled corners (after all, the tram cabin exactly matched the trolleybus one), the car did not fit into many curves and could only walk in the same place as the M-38 car. For this reason, all cars of this series were operated only in the Bauman depot and were called broad-browed. The very next year they were replaced by a modernized version of the MTV-82A. The carriage was lengthened by one additional standard window section (roughly speaking, it became longer by one window), and its capacity increased from 120 (55 seats) to 140 (40 seats). Since 1949, the production of these trams was transferred to the Riga Carriage Works, which produced them under the old MTV-82 index until mid-1961.

March 13, 1959 at the depot. Apakov, the first Czechoslovak four-axle motor car T-2 arrived, to which it was assigned No. 301. Until 1962, T-2 cars arrived exclusively at the Apakov depot, and by the beginning of 1962 there were already 117 of them - more than was purchased by any city in the world ... The arriving cars were assigned the three hundredth and four hundredth numbers. The new cars were sent primarily to routes 14, 26 and 22.

Since 1960, the first 20 RVZ-6 cars have arrived in Moscow. They entered the Apakovsky depot and operated until 1966, after which they were transferred to other cities.

RVZ-6 tram on Shabolovka, 1961

In the mid-1990s, a new wave of tram lines removal began. In 1995, the line was closed on Prospekt Mira, then on Nizhnyaya Maslovka. In 2004, due to the forthcoming reconstruction of Leningradka, traffic on Leningradsky Prospekt was closed, and on June 28, 2008, the line on Lesnaya Street, where routes 7 and 19 ran, was closed. It was this section that was part of the very first line of the Moscow electric tram.

A production report from one of the oldest tram depots in Moscow, in 2012 it will be 100 years old! During this time, all types of trams that have ever been operated in Moscow passed through the gates of the depot.

The tram is historically the second type of urban passenger transport in Moscow, the successor to the horse tram. In 1940, the share of the tram in the transportation of passengers around the city reached 70%, and according to 2007 data, only about 5%, although in some outlying districts (for example, in Metrogorodok) it is the main passenger transport that allows you to quickly get to the metro. The highest density of tram lines in the city is located to the east of the center, in the area of ​​the Yauza River.

1.
Now the Rusakov depot has 178 trams, which include linear rolling stock (passenger trams), as well as snow plows, chute cleaners, rail grinders, track gauges and water-washing cars. The depot serves nine routes: 2, 13, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 46 and the 4th right roundabout.

2.
The left route of the four serves the Bauman depot.

3.
There is such a thing as “route opening”. Early in the morning, the first tram leaves the depot and travels non-stop (with a zero run) to its final destination, from where it opens its route at about 4:30. In the event of a breakdown of the first tram, there is always a spare one at the ready to be sure to open the route at the set time. Trams finish working at about one in the morning. On weekdays, up to 120 trams leave the Rusakov depot for the city, and about 100 on weekends.

4.
For a full day on a tram, two drivers work out a shift, and the car itself runs an average of 250 kilometers. The maximum can reach 400 kilometers.

Each driver has a set of documents:
- a logbook for maintenance, which contains requests from the driver for repairs and marks of specialists on the work performed
- waybill, which marks the arrival of the tram at the end points and the time of departure and arrival at the depot
- driver's license (rights)
- insurance policy
- timetable for arrival time for each stop. Anyone who often travels by tram from terminal stops should have noticed that trams do have a certain timetable. Of course, Moscow traffic, traffic jams, as well as the increased loading time of passengers due to validators do not allow us to always strictly follow the set schedule.

5.
The total mileage of a tram for the entire period of operation can reach up to 750,000 kilometers. Some trams serve for 15 years or more (especially in the regions).

6.
For the long-term service of the tram, its scheduled preventive maintenance is carried out. The workshop for repair and maintenance of rolling stock includes 32 observation "ditches". On them
every day 20 cars are driven to TO-1 and all the necessary work is carried out during the night. There are up to 10 trams on TO-2 every day, where more complex work is underway with the dismantling of all equipment, such repairs have already taken several days.

7.
TO-1 each carriage runs once a week, TO-2 - once a month.

8.
An ordinary tram weighs about 20 tons.

9.
Every 60 thousand kilometers, a planned "average" repair is carried out, where the tram is almost completely disassembled, all components and assemblies are checked. After four such major repairs (about 240 thousand kilometers), the car is sent to the tram plant for overhaul.

10.
An important element of the tram is the wheeled cart. It contains motors, gearboxes and braking devices. All cars are equipped with four 50 kW engines, one for each axle.

11.
Motor shop where diagnostics and repairs of electric motors are carried out. Ecological transport costs the city an average of 1.7 MW * h per month in summer, and up to 2.4 MW * h in winter (2008 data for the Rusakov depot).

12.
To move heavy units and parts, overhead cranes are used.

13.
A range of gearboxes.

14.
The cart is equipped with three types of brakes:
... electrodynamic (traction electric motors in generator mode, returning part of the energy back to the network)
... drum-shoe with a spring-electromagnetic drive (similar to a car brake)
... rail electromagnetic (emergency braking)

For service braking, an electrodynamic brake is used, which reduces the speed of the car to almost zero. Braking to a full stop is performed by a drum brake. For emergency braking, a magnetic rail brake is used, where the shoe is magnetized to the rail, and its pressing force can be several times greater than the weight of the tram.

15.
Driver's cab for tram 71-608. The majority of such trams are now on Moscow streets.

16.
Gradually, old trams are replacing new models - 71-619 with an improved control panel, a fault diagnosis system and reclining-sliding doors.

17.
In 2009, the depot received 29 new cars. Each such tram costs about 10 million rubles, and overhaul at the plant costs 300 thousand rubles.

18.
Also, a lot of money is spent on repairing trams after cases of vandalism. For example, the rear window of such a tram will cost the depot 60 thousand rubles.

19.
Most often, trams are used in single mode, less often as part of a train of two cars. And in the old days on the street you could see three trams connected.

20.
If an accident occurs, a commission is assembled, which decides what to do with the tram - to repair it at the depot (if the frame is not damaged), send it to the factory or write it off.

21.
The old tram, which is already too expensive to repair, can also be written off.

22.
The car is disassembled for parts, and the remaining body is sawn and sent to scrap metal.

23.
Snowplow.

24.

25.
Chute cleaner based on Czech tram Tatra T3.

26.
A chute cleaning trolley is attached to it.

27.
Rail grinder based on the KTM-5 tram.

28.

29.
The Rusakov Depot was one of the first to put into operation a mechanized washing machine for rolling stock. Especially for our visit, they wash us a rare tram RVZ-6 of the Riga Carriage Works.

30.
For a huge number of cities, this car has become the main model of the tram.

31.
This copy went to the depot in a terrible state, rusty and covered with moss. It was restored, and now it occupies a worthy place in the capital's collection of trams.

32.
In Moscow, such trams were in operation from 1960 to 1966.

33.
Dozens of RVZs took to the streets every day in Kolomna until 2002!

34.

35.

36.
View towards the depot and the fan of the tracks.

Many thanks to all the employees of the Rusakov depot who participated in organizing the shooting and helped in writing the texts! Also materials from the sites wikipedia.org and tram.ruz.net were used in the description.

Taken from chistoprudov to the Rusakov Tram Depot.

If you have a production or service that you want to tell our readers about, write to me - Aslan ( [email protected] ) Lera Volkova ( [email protected] ) and Sasha Kuksa ( [email protected] ) and we will make the best report, which will be seen not only by the readers of the community, but also by the site http://bigpicture.ru/ and http://ikaketosdelano.ru

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Municipal autonomous preschool educational institution

"Kindergarten number 97 Bee"

with the priority implementation of the cognitive and speech development of children.

Lesson summary

on traffic rules on the topic:

Work completed

Educators of the senior group number 7

Naberezhnye Chelny, 2012

INTRODUCTION

(From the history of the creation of public urban transport)

1. Bus

What is the bus for?

When we need to go to kindergarten, to work, to visit, we get on the bus. The bus is accessible to any person, therefore, they are public transport. Public transport means transport for all.

At the bus stop pandemonium:

People are looking forward to the bus.

People need to get to work -

Everyone fit into the hunt bus.

It's just a shame that the transport is gasoline

Everyone will not enter: alas, it is not rubber!

What does a bus look like?

The word "bus" means "multi-seat". Outwardly, it looks like a large wagon on wheels with windows and doors. The inside of the bus is equipped so that people are comfortable in it.

You can ride the bus either sitting or standing. For seated passengers, rows of seats are located near the windows. For those who are standing, there are crossbars - handrails so that you can hold on to them and not fall while driving. Buses that travel to other cities or abroad may have a TV, toilet and other additional amenities. You can often see the so-called "double bus" or "accordion bus" on the roads. This is one of the types of road train.

What are the buses?

Depending on the route, buses are urban, suburban, intercity and special. Urban buses run around the city, suburban carry people out of town or work out of town. On the intercity on buses, passengers can get to other cities or go abroad. Special buses can take, for example, children to a summer camp or a construction team to work.

How does the bus work?

This type of public transport usually travels along a specific route. When the bus arrives, we usually look at it windshield... If, for example, we see the number 37, then the bus is following route 37.

The bus stops after certain sections of the route. At each stop, the driver presses a special button to open the doors. After some passengers have left and others have entered, the chauffeur closes the doors of the bus and drives to the next stop.

In a city bus, as a rule, it works conductor who sells tickets. If there is no conductor, then the passenger is obliged to buy a ticket from the driver and punch it with a special device called a composter.

Sometimes a controller gets on the bus. He checks if passengers have tickets or validated tickets. Free riders must pay a certain fine to the controller.

Minibus.

The word "micro" means "small". A minibus is a small bus.

A minibus can accommodate fewer people than a bus, but more than a passenger car, so it is used as a minibus. This type of transport is called "minibus". The minibus carries passengers on a specific route, and not to any place like a taxi.

"Minibus" travels faster than a regular bus. The bus must stop at any stop in order to let passengers in or out, and the minibus must stop even when asked by the people traveling in it.

2. Tram and his family.

It was hard to live without a tram in a big city. But big cities began to appear several centuries ago.

And what did the townspeople drive then?

First, they came up with an omnibus - a large multi-seat carriage. The word "omnibus" is Latin, it means "for everyone." Omnibuses are long gone, but the word has proved to be tenacious. A piece of it - "bus" lives in the names of today's cars: "trolleybus", "bus".

When the Russian scientist Boris Semenovich Yakobi invented the electric motor in 1837, he tried to adapt it to transport people. Soon an electric trailer was ready, running on rails. A person could get into the trailer. True, it fit there with difficulty: almost all the space was occupied by batteries. Jacobi calculated that such a trailer with batteries is 12 times more expensive than a steam locomotive!

Almost forty years passed before the first power plants appeared. Now it was no longer necessary to carry expensive batteries, and in 1879 the first tram appeared.

The word "tram" came to us from England. Only it is pronounced there "tram-wei". "Tram" - "carriage", "wei" - "way". "Tram-way" - "a carriage walking on tracks, on rails."

And yet it is being replaced by a trolleybus. What does this word mean? The ending "beads" is part of the word "omnibus" - "carriage for everyone." And "trolls" are "contact wire". The trolleybus, like the tram, is powered by electric current from the contact wires suspended above the street. But trolleybuses have no rails.

The trolleybus rolls softly, almost inaudibly, on its rubber tires. He seems to be walking in his soft slippers, and the tram, no matter how hard they try to calm him down, rattles with its wheels, like forged boots.

If one tram gets damaged on the way, stops on the line, all trams will follow it. They are in good working order, but they cannot go - the line is busy. And the trolleybus will be rolled aside, disconnected from the wires - and the path is clear.

It is much cheaper and easier to run a trolleybus in the city than a tram. After all, a trolleybus does not need rails. True, he needs not one contact wire, but two. But all the same - it is much easier to hang the second wire than to lay the rails. Therefore, more and more trolleybuses appear not only in large, but also in small cities.

But why is this good car did not appear immediately? The trolleybus is almost the same age as the tram. The first experimental trolleybus was built in 1882. Only experiments with him were unsuccessful. There were no rubber inflatable tires at that time, the wheels of the first trolleybus were the same as those of the cart. And the streets in the cities were paved with cobblestones. On the cobblestone pavement, a high-speed trolleybus bounced and swayed like a cart rushing down a mountain. It is clear that at the same time his current collectors jumped off the wires all the time. And no matter how hard the engineers fought, they could not help this grief.

The tram won. His carriage rolled smoothly on the rails, the arc did not jump off the wire. And the trolleybus was ridiculed like the ugly duckling in Andersen's tale.

But fifty years passed - and the streets of big cities were covered with smooth asphalt. Cars on elastic tires rolled silently and smoothly over them. And then it was finally time for the trolleybus. On a good road, it seemed better than a tram. Walking around the city, you notice that the asphalt road is crossed by railway lines. They, like snakes, wriggling, run away into the distance. But these are not snakes at all - they are rails. Electric wires are stretched over the rails. Before us is the city railway - tram lines.

On them, loudly knocking wheels, a tram drives up to the stop - another type of urban public transport.

So that we do not go on foot,

There are tram tracks.

Let's go to the stop

And we'll wait for the tram.

What does a tram look like?

Tram and trolleybus are similar to each other. They are both powered by electricity from wires stretched over the road. But if the arcs with which the trolleybus clings to the wires are similar to the antennae of a butterfly or horns, then the arc of the tram resembles a bent hand with which it firmly holds an electric wire.

Externally, both types of transport are wagons on wheels, however, a tram can consist of several wagons connected

between themselves.

If the wheels of a trolleybus are "shod" in rubber tires, as it drives on asphalt, then the tram has iron wheels, therefore they knock so loudly on the rails.

Inside the tram, like a trolleybus and a bus, the same rows of seats and handrails are the same to hold onto. It works the same way: letting in and out of passengers at stops, hurries on, rattling cars.

3. Trolleybus.

What does a trolleybus look like?

One little girl, seeing an unfamiliar vehicle, said to her friend: "Look, what a funny bus - with mustache like a butterfly!"

Her friend, the same little girl, objected: "These are not antennae at all, but horns, they hold on to the wires!"

The type of transport that the friends mistook for a horned bus is called trolleybus. Only on the roof it does not have antennae or horns, but arches. With these arcs, the trolleybus clings to the wires, and through them an electric current flows to its engine.

The trolleybus is moving forward

Holding onto the wires.

He takes people slowly,

Sighing sometimes.

What are the similarities and differences between a trolleybus and a bus?

The bus can go wherever there is a road, the trolleybus moves only where the electric wires are stretched. The bus is powered by gasoline, while the trolleybus is powered by electricity. Inside, the trolleybus differs little from the bus. Like the bus, the trolleybus is a public transport.

The trolleybus speed is not as high as that of the bus, but thanks to electric motor, this type of transport does not pollute the air with exhaust gases.

4. Metro.

What is the metro for?

On the roads of big cities different cars hurry about their business. Everyone needs to get somewhere urgently: both big heavy trucks and special transport, and nimble cars. Public transport - buses, trolleybuses, trams - is also in a hurry to dissolve passengers. But the trouble is: there is a lot of transport, but there is only one road! Not all cars fit on it! So there are congestions. They are also called plugs. Cars caught in such a traffic jam move at the speed of a turtle, or even stand still. There is also public transport. As a result, everyone is late.

And this is where METRO comes to the rescue of overloaded buses, trolleybuses and trams. As most of people descend underground and get to the desired place by metro, then on city roads it becomes more spacious. As a result, everyone is happy.

I go underground

I look and wonder:

All around it is beautiful and light

As at home, dry and warm.

What is Metro?

METRO is a type of railway transport that transports passengers underground. Underground trains are powered by electricity. The word "metro" comes from the full word "metro", which means "city", "metropolitan".

In our country, there are several cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan.

Software content

Educational: Provide during the lesson the repetition and consolidation of the following concepts: "public transport", "bus", "tram", "trolleybus", "metro".

Form the following skills:

Avoid public city transport correctly

Behave correctly on the bus, trolleybus and tram.

Developing: Promote the development of will and resilience to learning through problem solving.

Develop interest in learning through the introduction of play situations.

Continue the formation of the ability to compare, generalize, analyze.

Educational: Promote moral education by giving Special attention ethical standards.

Course of the lesson:

In the hall on the floor there is a diagram of an intersection with crossings, plane traffic lights, bus and tram stops are indicated.

Educator: - Children, look what they sent us. This is the invitation, let's read it:

My dear friends!

I invite you to my birthday!

Drive to my house

you can on city

public transport.

Don't forget about the traffic rules!

Your friend Owl.

Guys, what is “urban public transport”?

Children: People use this transport.

Educator: Yes, guys, public transport is a technical means of transporting people within the city and outside the city, which are under state (departmental) subordination.

What about public transport?

Children: Bus, trolleybus.

Educator: Yes, and we also forgot the tram and metro. These are all urban public transport. Look at the picture and guess what kind of transport is superfluous here?

Children: Airplane, ship and car.

Educator: That's right, now name the remaining species.

Children: Tram, bus, trolleybus and metro.

Educator: Now I will ask you a riddle, listen:

The house goes down the street

Everyone is lucky to work,

Not on thin chicken legs,

And in rubber boots.

Children: Bus.

Educator: Oh, guys, look who is this? It's a donkey. What are you embarrassed and upset about? Tell me, donkey, what happened to you?

Once in a big and noisy city,

I was confused, I was lost ...

Not knowing the traffic lights

I almost got hit by a car!

Around cars and trams,

Then suddenly the bus is on the way.

To be honest, I don't know

How can I cross the road.

Guys, can you help me,

And, if possible, tell us

How do I get to the bus,

And the path to go with you.

I'm in a hurry for my birthday

Congratulate the wise Owl.

Educator:

If you are going to visit

To the zoo or to the cinema

Make friends with this sign

You have to do it all the same.

You won't get there without it

Neither the bus nor the tram!

So you will go on foot ...

Guess the road sign!

Children: Public transport stop.

Educator: Yes, we will wait for the bus at this stop. Guys, how do you get on the bus?

Children: You need to get on the bus through back door and exit through the front.

Educator: Well done, let's go.

Now we are on the bus, look at the crossword puzzle. Let us solve it.

Crossword.

1. Our friend is right there

He will finish everyone in five minutes.

Hey, sit down, don't yawn

Go ………………

2. Place of the carriageway,

where to go

the street.

3. Knows firmly children -

on the road, by the road

prohibited ………… ...

4. "Bagel" of the car.

5. Houses stand in two rows,

10,20,100 in a row

And square eyes

They look at each other.

6. The man behind the wheel.

7. Fee for violation

Road traffic regulations.

8. What a miracle blue house

The windows are glowing all around

Wears rubber shoes

And it feeds on gasoline.

9. I blink my eyes

Relentlessly night and day

I help cars

And I want to help you.

10. Type of road surface.

11. A strip of land is part of a road.

12. Two brothers run away,

The two are catching up.

Crossword answers:

1. Tram. 2. Transition. 3. The game. 4. Steering wheel. 5. Street. 6. Driver.

7. Penalty. 8. Bus. 9. Traffic light. 10. Crushed stone. 11. Roadside.

12. Wheels.

(children, together with the teacher, solve the crossword puzzle)

Well done. And look, what word did we get?

Children: The traffic controller.

(a policeman comes out - traffic controller)

Policeman - traffic controller:

Policeman's post

It is very important and not easy.

Who makes sure that everything is on the way

They knew how to behave!

Educator: Do the guys know how to behave on the streets of the city? Tell me how to get around the bus and trolleybus?

Children: The bus and trolleybus must be bypassed from the back to see the cars

What is, guess:

Not a bus, not a tram.

Doesn't need gasoline

Though the wheels are on rubber.

Children: Trolleybus.

Educator: But before we sit down, let's remember the rules of conduct in public transport.

1. After landing, go ahead, do not linger on the steps and on the landing near the doors.

2. Don't distract the driver.

3. In the cabin, hold on to the handrails, do not interfere with the passage of passengers, prepare in advance for the exit.

4. When exiting, do not fuss or push.

In the meantime, we are going with you, we will have a little rest. (physical minute)

Trolleybus, trolleybus is running, buzzing. (children run in place)

The chauffeur sits in this trolleybus. (portrayed as driving)

The trolleybus, the trolleybus is full of children (tilts)

Let's go, the children are looking out the window. (showing the window with their hands).

(guys get off the trolley)

Educator:

Outside the window early

Knock and ringing and confusion.

On straight steel tracks

There are blue houses.

Children: Tram.

Educator: Look Winnie - Pooh. Let's ask where he is going.

Winnie the Pooh:

"I'm waiting for you on the name day, -

Owl wrote to me, -

Get on the tram, you will get there right away,

Just remember, don't yawn

Follow the rules! "

Educator: The guys and I are also going to the good Owl, we will go together. Only for some reason our tram does not run. Tell me guys, what is missing in our tram?

Children: The tram has no arcs.

Educator: That's right, guys, the tram and trolleybus are powered by electricity using wires stretched over the road. But if the arcs with which the trolleybus clings to the wires are similar to the antennae of a butterfly or horns, then the arc of the tram resembles a bent hand with which it firmly holds an electric wire. Inside the tram, like the trolleybus and bus, the same rows of seats and handrails are the same to hold onto.

Guys, what is the difference between a tram and a trolleybus?

Children: A tram can consist of several carriages, and a trolleybus is one.

Educator: The trolleybus has rubber tires, but the tram?

Children: They are made of iron by the tram, that's why they knock so loudly on the rails.

Educator: So we arrived, children, but how should you bypass the tram?

Children: The tram must be bypassed in front.

Educator: Look, the Owl is already waiting for us. Let us congratulate her in unison.

(Congratulations to Owl in unison).

Owl: Thank you kids, how glad I am that you got to me. And on what did you get to me?

Children: By bus, trolleybus, tram.

Owl: Listen and guess what kind of public urban transport goes speech:

The lights are burning underground.

Palaces stand underground.

A miracle rushes under the earth.

Sit down and you can ride.

Children: Metro.

Owl: Right. What new have you learned about urban public transport today?

(children's answers are heard)

These traffic rules

Obey without a doubt.

You, my friend, trust them,

You will be safe and sound!

(At the end of the lesson, a tea party is organized, during which games on traffic rules are held).

Annex 1

ROAD RULES GAMES.

1. The game "TRAM"

Children stand along the wall of the room or the side of the platform in a column in pairs, holding each other's hand. With their free hand, they hold on to the cord, the ends of which are tied (one child is held with the right hand, the other with the left). The teacher is in one of the corners of the room and holds in his hand three colored flags - yellow, green, red. The teacher raises the flag green color- children run - "ride". Having reached the teacher, they look, if the color has changed, the movement of the children changes.

If there are many who wish, you can make a stop where children sit and wait for the arrival of the tram. Approaching a stop, it slows down and stops, some passengers get out, others come in. The teacher raises a green flag: "Let's go!"

You can replace the tram with a bus or trolleybus.

2. STOP game

At a distance of 10-16 steps from the boundary of the site, a line (initial) is drawn, on which the players stand close to each other. At the opposite end of the site, the place of the driver is outlined in a circle (with a diameter of 2-3 steps). Turning his back to the players, the driver says loudly: “Walk fast, don't yawn! Stop!". With these words, all the players move towards the leader. As soon as the driver said the word "Stop!", Everyone stops, the driver quickly looks around. The one who did not have time to stop in time after the word "Stop!" and made an additional movement, the driver returns to the original line. Then he again turns his back to the players and says: "Step quickly ..." and so on. Everyone continues to move from the place where they were caught by the stop signal. Those that have returned to the starting line start moving from there.

This continues until one of the players comes close to the driver and stands in the circle before the driver says "stop!" The one who managed to do this becomes the driver.

3. Game "COLORED CARS"

Children are placed along the wall of the room or along the edge of the playground. They are cars. Each of the players is given a flag of any color (optional) or a colored circle, a ring. The teacher stands facing the players in the center of the room (playground). He holds three colored flags in his hand. The teacher raises a flag of some color. All children with a flag of this color run across the playground (in any direction), they hum as they go, imitating a car. When the teacher lowers the flag, the children stop and each head to his garage. Then the teacher raises a flag of a different color and the game resumes.

The caregiver can raise one, two, or all three flags together, and then all cars leave their garages.

If the children do not see that the flag is down, the teacher complements the visual signal with the words: "The cars (names the color) have stopped."

The teacher can replace the color signal with a verbal one (for example: "Blue cars are leaving", "Blue cars are returning home").

Appendix 2

Riddles about the road order.

1. The house goes down the street,

Everyone is lucky to work,

Not on thin chicken legs,

And in rubber boots.

(bus)

2. What is, guess:

Not a bus, not a tram,

Doesn't need gasoline

Though the wheels are on rubber.

(trolleybus)

3. Our friend is right there

He will finish everyone in five minutes.

Hey, sit down, don't yawn

Heading off ………….

(tram)

4. The lights are burning underground.

Palaces stand underground.

A miracle rushes underground.

Sit down and you can ride.

Appendix 3

STORY

"What is a trolleybus and a tram for?

hold on to the wires with your "hands"? "

Early in the morning a trolleybus was driving through the city. I held on with my long "arms" - rods to the wires that stretched over the street, and rode. I was in a hurry. Apparently, he was afraid that people would be late because of him for work. I wanted to, I could even overtake passing cars. But the trolleybus stopped every now and then - to drop some passengers, take others with it, and therefore lagged behind everyone.

Suddenly, something rattled on its roof, immediately a bell flooded in the driver's cab, and the trolleybus stopped in the middle of the road.

Why aren't we going? - the passengers were worried, glancing at their watches.

The rod has come off the wires, ”the driver said. - Nothing, citizens, do not worry, please, I will quickly fix everything!

He opened the automatic door, went out into the street, untied the rope behind his car, pulled the trolleybus "arm" that had jumped to the side with it, again pressed it to the wire, got behind the wheel and rolled on.

The trolleybus must hold on to the wires by hand. At least one wire will let go - and not from a place. In this it is no different from a table lamp. She also needs two wires to shine. If one breaks, the lamp will go out.

In the lamp, the electric current heats up the spiral hair, and here it makes the electric motor work, which turns the wheels of the trolleybus.

The tram also holds on to the wire, but with one single "hand" - the arc for a single wire. The tram has no second. How so? And so. After all, he has rails. After working out in the motor, the current goes into the rails, and through them - into the ground.

Tram and trolleybus are two siblings. One is older, the other is younger. I have been a tram for over a hundred years. It's electric. Before the electric one, people were transported by another tram.

Rails ran along the street. Between them the horses in harness ran at a trot and pulled the trailer behind them. Isn't it a tram? A real horse tram. And his name was appropriate - horse.

Electricity was invented - the tram was given an electric motor. Horses - to the stable, to the trailer - an electric motor - and let's go! The carriage rolled and rumbled along the steel rails with steel wheels. On a sharp bend, the tram wheels rattled all over the area.

The younger brother of the tram is much quieter, much quieter. Rubber wheels run on the smooth asphalt a little rustling: shh-shh.

A tram breaks down - a long line of other trams lines up behind it. Where you go - there is only one way, and that one is busy! And if the trolleybus breaks down, the driver immediately presses both of its rods to the roof, yielding to others: they say, go through, go through, I'm not a hindrance to you!

But the tram still doesn't want to give up:

Ah, don't you like my noisy disposition? Well, I'll put rubber clothes on the most thundering parts - I will ride without a rumble!

Oh, you don't like my unprepossessing appearance - I'll dress up more smartly!

Oh, you didn't like my hard seats? Get others - soft, with a comfortable back!

And it rolls itself, fast, quiet, beautiful, through the streets to the delight of numerous passengers.