Etienne Lenoir and its invention. Interview with Etienne Lenoar. Serial engine Lenoara

Beca, Etienne (B? QUET,? Tienne, 1796-1838), French journalist35Nighty bayonas won: They know and respect the law. // Les Ba Onnettes Aujourd'hui Sont Intelligents<…>. Hold in the ward of deputies 18 Aug. 1829 (on the hopes of the government of ultra-radicalists on "power of bayonets")? Boudet, p.

Historically, the engine building is binding primarily with two surnames - Otto and dieselwho know even amateurs. The most important inventions of these engineers more than 100 years ago contributed to the rapid development of the design of internal combustion engines.

Many inventors worked on this problem, but all attempts to create a working sample were vain. All the same for work, people used steam vehicles, but such equipment was not suitable for artisans and small production. To form a couple, a boiler was required, which was supposed to heal, and in addition, the police required for the use of such mechanisms in production. Therefore, the creation of the Belgian mechanic Lenoar engine operating on the light gas has become a significant step forward.

Jean Etienne Lenouar (Jean Etienne Lenoir, 1822-1900) at that time lived in Paris and earned a living by working as a waiter. In his spare time, he was engaged in technical issues. He created his first engine in 1860. The figure shows the diagram of this engine.

Fig. Lenoara engine scheme

The construction itself was largely a reliable steam machine of that time. As a result, Lenoara turned out to be double two-stroke engine internal combustion. In the steam vehicle, the superheated pairs are fed into the cylinders under pressure from the steam boiler, and in the Lenoar engine, the working mixture of air and light gas through the intake spool was carried out into one of the cylinders under the influence of the permit caused by the movement of the piston in the cylinder. Then the working mixture flammped from the simplest spark plugs. Combustion products, expanding in volume, shifted the piston until the end of its working stroke. The treated gases were thrown out of the cylinder through the exhaust spool, while in another piston, this cycle just began. Lenoara engine cylinders had water cooling. Slot control of the inlet and the release of the working mixture of Lenoar borrowed from the design of the steam machine. Both spools operated from the eccentrics on crankshaft shaft Engine. Spark plugs worked from the electroinductor with the wagner interrupter.

The voltage was fed to the ignition candles through the contact bus. Candles were alternately worked in constant mode, as a result of which the consumption of electricity was large and contacts often burned.

Lenoara engine produced the power of almost 3 hp and consumed approximately 4 m ^ 3 / kW * h luminaire gas. Noise when working the motor was very strong. However, such an engine was easier to install and maintain than the steam machine, so he quickly gained popularity. Soon a new engine learned the merchant Nicaus August Otto (Nikolaus August Otto, 1832-1891). Being a born mechanic and inventor, he himself constructed his first gas engine.

Just like Lenoir, Otto understood that a steaming machine for small production was too road and difficult to maintain. As a merchant, he realized that the internal combustion engine was able to cover the market deficit and will be in demand. Otto decided to improve the design of Lenoara, abandoning the use of light gas in favor of flammable liquid oil refining fractions, but in the first question of providing Patent OTTO was denied. After that, the inventor stopped thinking about the patent and dedicated time to improving the engine of Lenoara.

Otto clearly understood that the Lenoara engine works noisily and unstable, and a strong detonation with the ignition of a mixture of a luminous gas with air adversely affects the design details. These disadvantages of the designer decided to eliminate using the new composition of the working mixture. In this case, it turned out that at the end of the working stroke in the cylinder, there is a vacuum when the piston was typing a new portion of the mixture only by a quarter of his stroke. Because of this piston piston, again "was absorbed back." Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating atmospheric came to Otto gas engine.

This design, which still worked on a mixture of light gas and air, is schematically shown in the figure.

Fig. Atmospheric gas engine. Both eccentric passed once the rotation of the gear through the ratchet mechanism at each operating cycle. In this case, one eccentric lifted a slightly piston (suction stroke), and the second led the spool. After that, the eccentrics did not move until a new working cycle starts

The piston sucked on the tenth of his stroke up a mixture of gas with air, which was then flammable from the gas burner. The combustion products of the mixture, expanding, pushed the piston up, while the free-running mechanism was activated, separated the connecting rod and the engine power selection shaft. At the end of the stroke of the piston in the cylinder formed a vacation. Then, moving down, the piston was again connected to the power take-off shaft, and the weight of the lowering piston, reinforced by means of pressure, performed mechanical work.

During each work cycle from gears through ratchet mechanism Two eccentric were opened once, one of which lifted a slightly piston during the intake, and the second opened the control spool. After that, the eccentrics did not move until the next operating cycle start.

Fig. The torch ignition system. If the spool is in the inlet position, the piston pulls into the cylinder the working mixture from the gas and air in the bypass channel. At the same time, the melted mixture is formed in the outstanding channel, which is set on fire from the constantly working ignition burner and is transferred to the moving up the spool in the intake canal, where it lights the working mixture in the cylinder

To ignite the working mixture, Otto did not use the Lenoara ignition candle, since for her permanent work It took too much electricity. Instead, OTTO applied the flare ignition system developed by him. The processes of the release and intake of gases, as well as the ignition of the working mixture were controlled by an appliance, which was driven by an eccentric. Otto's atmospheric gas engine worked quite loudly, but a strong detonation during the ignition of the mixture no longer arose. In addition, the flow rate of the luminaire was much smaller compared to the Lenoara engine, since gas energy was much more efficient.

If the spool is in the inlet position, the piston pulls into the cylinder the working mixture from the gas and air in the bypass channel. At the same time, an ignitary mixture is formed in the outstanding channel, which is set on fire from the constantly working ignition burner and is transferred to the moving up the spool in the intake canal, where it lights up the working mixture in the cylinder.

Engineer participated in the development of this engine Oumen Langen (Eugen Langen, 1833-1895). Otto, who moved away from trade and completely devoted himself to his inventions, suggested Langen to create joint engine production. So in 1864, Otto & Cie was formed, later converted to the Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz factory for the production of gas engines, on the basis of which today's KLOCKNER-HUMBOLDT-DEUTZ AG appeared. Otto and Langen presented their atmospheric gas engine in 1867 at the Paris World Exhibition. Low gas consumption attracted universal attention, and the engine was awarded the Grand Prix. The power of the first gas engine was approximately 0.87 hp. With an overall height of almost 2 m. For the year, the designers were able to raise power up to 2, 72 hp, and it became the limit. The engines of even greater power due to their dimensions could not be installed in the workshops and, moreover, in small workshops. In addition, the noise when operating the engine became unbearable.

However, engines buyers demanded a greater power model, so I had to develop a new design. Otto made a sketch of a new engine with a direct connection of the pistons and the crankshaft and invented a method for reducing detonation when the working mixture is ignited. The idea was that gas and air should be located in the cylinder in such a way that at the ignition point in the piston, the mixture contained as smaller gas as possible.

At that time, Otto thought that the greatest invention in its new engine was a layered charge of a working mixture, which was also compressed before ignition. In fact, the ingenious idea was the creation of a four-stroke method of work. The four-stroke work method consists of the following parts (clocks):

• inlet of the working mixture of gas and air;
• compression of the working mixture;
• inflammation of the working mixture with the subsequent expansion of gases formed during combustion;
• the release of exhaust gases.

The first four-stroke engine Otto and Langen, created in 1876, developed the capacity of 2.72 hp at 180 rpm. It is a prototype of all modern four-stroke engines.

A few years later, a new type was invented power plant - diesel engine. His inventor Rudolph Diesel (Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913) Developed refrigeration units in the company "FA. Lindes Eismaschinen. Carefully studying refrigeration equipment and heat engineering, he developed steam machineworked on ammonia. Working with overheated ferry crawled diesel on the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an engine in which highly compressed air will operate at high temperatures. Such a thermal engine in terms of efficiency should have exceeded all other designs. High temperatures Diesel wanted to achieve with air compression up to 250 bar. To prevent premature ignition, fuel should be injected into the air in the engine cylinder only at the end of the compression tact. When the working cycle is selected, the diesel still made an error by selecting a carno cycle, which consists of two isoentropy and two isothermal changes in the state of the gas and has the best thermal efficiency of the efficiency of all thermodynamic cycles. The carno cycle is still not suitable as a working cycle for an internal combustion engine, since the isothermal burning in the engine is impossible. In addition useful work When the carno cycle is so small that covers only the loss of engine friction. This is due to a small cycle area (closed process), which is visible in the figure.

Fig. Carno cycle

Soon, diesel discovered that its engine could operate and without using the carno cycle. The inventor patented his new principle of motor operation and began to look for an enterprise capable of creating its design in the metal. After long negotiations, MAN in Augsburg agreed to build an engine according to Diesel drawings. The first prototype created in 1893 was four-stroke, did not have a cooling system and started using an external mechanical drive. Initially it was supposed to be used as fuel gasoline, but these attempts were unsuccessful. At the same time, without cooling system, the design quickly overheated, and the system of direct fuel injection simply did not work, since the production of that time was unable to create a fuel pump with the required accuracy of the manufacture of parts.

The inventor changed the principle of fuel supply, which was selected kerosene. Now he was injected into the cylinder at the time of ignition with compressed air. To prevent engine overheating, a water cooling system was developed. For the first time, a modified diesel engine engine independently earned in 1894, there were still many experiments and constructive changes before the engine was ready for use. In 1897, Diesel demonstrated its engine big circle stakeholders. On the test bench force aggregate Diesel developed power 17.7 hp at 154 rpm, and fuel consumption was 324 grams / kW * hour. With such a low fuel consumption, the diesel engine surpassed all thermal motors, becoming in fact the most economical thermal engine of its time. Excellence at fuel consumption The diesel engine saves and now.

Today gas engine With forced spark ignition, it is very often called the engine Otto, and the motors with self-ignition mixture from compression - diesel engine. Thus, the glorious memory of two Great Motor Builders is preserved - Nikolaus August Otto and Rudolph Diesel.