What device is equipped with an articulation node. The connection of the two highly articulated sections of a vehicle, such as a articulated vehicle, which includes the articulation node

V. Orlov, City Transport Engineer, Minsk

In August 1997, the bus station of the MAZ replenished the released family new model - articulated highly large capacity that received the designation 105. On the city route, the first such bus came out in the spring of 1999. The bus is designed by the "pulling" scheme - with the leading middle bridge. The design has a notable distinctive feature: the engine located in the "tractor" (first section) is set vertically on the left. In addition to the fact that there is no need for a complex and expensive housing assembly (anti-skid), the coupling mass has increased, i.e., the permeability and stability improved, and hitch Based on the spherical hinge, provides sections three degrees of freedom. The adopted layout allowed to lower the floor level of the cabin to 600 mm along the entire length, and the doorways have one step. In 2002, at the Moscow motor show, Likinsky bus plant presented the articulated Liaz-6212 bus with the location of the engine in the database (horizontally). Currently, the bus is released serially. The mechanism of its antislement was developed by Liaz designers independently. It should be noted that our own developments of such nodes are only a few companies in the world. In 2005, an experienced low-voltage "harmonica" mod was collected. 6213 (with a purchase node of the anti-skid), and at present, the prototypes of the bus undergo operational tests.
Destinations of approval Today's articulated and articulated bus of the Lviv Bus Plant "City" LAZ-20 which comes and in the version of trolleybus. A self-developed body and scheme of its painting are successful. The length of the machine exceeding the "standard" 18 m, puts it in a number of the newest "accordions" of world-renowned manufacturers - EVObus (mod. Capacity) and Neoman (GXL).
In 1993, the plant from Likino-Dullyvo presented the urban articulated Liaz-6220 large capacity bus. Factory designers independently have developed a buses (articulated) signed in the CIS (articulated), and the new, rear-engine layout on the so-called "pushing" scheme. Studying the conditions for ensuring sustainability and manageability fundamentally new car And the development of the appropriate mechanisms, Liaza designers led together with the specialists of the Moscow Auto Equipment Institute (MMU MAMI). Their conclusions did not contradict the experience of colleagues from industrialized countries (there the articulated buses appeared earlier), especially considering that for buses of such a sizes, these tasks and in the West are not solved finally.
The junction of the sections of sections with the "pushing" scheme has only two degrees of freedom (i.e. it does not allow them to be spinning relative to each other when driving on uneven roads or damage to the elements of the pneumatic suspension of one side), which leads to additional loads on the body and the articulation that reduces their resource. It was found: to prevent "folding" sections of the bus in turns (and when driving on slipping road) In the design of the rear-engine "articrafts" you need to use a special device. The capabilities of the ABS brakes that helps to avoid folding when braking, for an articulated bus with a drive on the third bridge is not enough. Installation in the Hydraulic (unregulated) demipment unit as a whole ensures the stability of the bus movement, the resulting transverse oscillations of the sections and prevents them from a split. At the same time, the danger of folding remained. To prevent or decrease it to a safe size, a damper was used with an alternating diameter spool valve. Run ahead, let's say that the maximum task was to link the work of the damper with an angular speed, the value of the rotation (and stopping) of the controlled wheels, taking into account the clutch coefficient with the road. In addition, an end sensor was needed, at the angle of folding sections of 45º (maximum permissible for different designs of the node) the feeding command to the antisleam system and thereby preventing a further increase in the angle of rotation. The basis of the antislement device is the double-acting hydraulic cylinders, which are also called hydraulic shock absorbers with changing resistance. However, a special electronic unit was required to regulate their resistance.
It remains to be said that the cost of the antisode system or ensuring the stability of the rear-wheel drive bus, which is a complex electron hydraulic device, comparable to the cost modern engine and hydromechanical gearbox!
In the articulated buses of industrialized countries having a "pushing" scheme, a more complex mechanism of anti-skid of sections was used. In the mentioned mod. O305G The device consisted of two angles of the angle of rotation built into the steering mechanism, and chokes with solenoid valves embedded in pipelines connecting the hydraulic cylinders (two for each section of the bus). With an increase in the angle of folding, the chokes reinforced the resistance of the flow of fluid between the hydraulic cylinders. If the folding angle exceeded 45º, the electromagnetic valves blocked the flow of fluid, locking the hydraulic cylinders. Onboard electronic system Compare the frequency of rotation of the wheels of the middle and rear axles, turning off the fuel supply when exceeding the permissible values \u200b\u200bof the relationship between them. All wheels were equipped with lateral slip sensors, the signal of which caused the corresponding control effects on the anti-skid mechanism. Be that as it may, the domestic development of an anti-skid assembly and its management system has become a real success of Liaza.
What is the popularity of particularly large urban buses with the pushing rear section? Earlier - with the possibility of their unification with single city buses and a decrease in the noise level of the engine in the cabin, now - with a decrease in the height of the floor, because under the floor there is no power plant. In other words, the main disadvantage of artized buses with a horizontal arrangement of the engine in the database and the average leading axis (scheme, until recently considered classical), is currently associated with relatively high floors and noise in the cabin with such a layout. In general, modern articulated buses differ in wheel drive and engine location (horizontal or vertical).
Also known to the articulated buses with the engine located in the rear and the average leading axis (mod. SG24OH MAN, mod. 260-SH170 Magirus-Deutz, some others), and in some cases with leading rear and middle bridges (or front and medium Installing a uniaxial section in front of a two-axle back-engine bus). At the same time, the torque from the engine is transmitted by multisective cardan shaft Through the articulation node on the leading axis of the front section. As MMI specialists noted, the transmission of torque through the articulation place in this case, with the front wheels of the front section (middle bridge), significantly complicates the construction of the bus. Designers needed a thorough way to work out the place of passage cardanian Vala Through articulation node. This bus is still needed by a more complete load of the average (leading) axis, for which in some cases it was necessary to separate the gearbox from the engine, setting it in front of the bus. In addition, the use of such a design led to an unenimate with the base (single) model.
The advantage of buses with the average leading axis and the "rear" engine is the lack of a folding mechanism.
Evobus and Neoman in 2007, almost simultaneously presented the latest articulated buses. Them the main feature It became non-standard for a two-section structure length, in turn, the resulting:
The manufacture of buses according to the scheme "single" + "trailer" in the form of a chassis of a 15-meter "three-axis";
the need to use in the 2nd section of two axes;
The ability to use both (3rd and 4th) leading bridge "trailer", since the 4th axis is a twirling.
At the same time, the worst layout of the "feed" part of the Capacity buses - 2 steps of the 4th door, I think, will make passengers remember the proverb: "Not all that is gold, which shines." The "highlight" of the same GXL from Neoman is a transparent corrugation over the housing of the articulation. What will Irisbus answer?
As for the overseas bus markets, although it is believed that "harmonica" appeared in the United States in the 1930s, today on the European continent their park and popularity is much higher.
It has already been noted that among the various layout schemes of the articulated buses, the greatest distribution, despite all the difficulties, received the rear-engine scheme just because of the possibility of lowering the height of the floor of the cabin. The "articraft" performed on the "pushing" scheme crossed, but did they achieve a low floor height of the cabin? And how is this provided in the considered models?
In MAZ-105, it was possible to provide the same height of the floor (600 mm) in the entire length of the salon if there is a step at each input.
Buses with stepless entrances are called low-profile. Ensure the lack of steps in all doors in "accordions" is much more complicated than in single models. So, in LIAZ-6213 and "City" LAZ-20 A292 There are no steps only at the first and second doors (in the front section). Why? In the zone of the latter door, the height of the floor is increased in order to accommodate main gear and the engine, and in the third door zone, the height of the floor depends on the location under the gear of the mechanisms of the anti-skid device.
"Partial low-fullness" is characteristic not only for the equipment of the CIS. In the newest "accordion" Capacity from Evobus from rear door In the cabin lead ... two steps. To exclude such a "staircase", the fourth door of the articulated buses of European manufacturers (Neoplan, Setra, Volvo) was previously "sewn".
To ensure a stepless entrance to the second section or reduce the number of steps to one, some bus accidents, in particular irisbus, the individual elements of the anti-skid mechanism are placed over the articulation node corrugation (in this case, part of the roof is towers).
It remains to add that in articulated trolleybuses, a stepless input can be provided even when the traction engine is located in the front section, since the dimensions are small, especially if the AC motor. So, in the manufactured plant "Belkommunmash" (Belarus), in the spring of 1998, the "harmonic" mod. 333 In the front section (opposite the second door), not only the electric motor was installed, but also auxiliary diesel generator set (for movement without meals "from wires"). In this model, the steps were absent in all four doors, and a cumulative platform was arranged opposite the third. Known and trolleybuses with accommodation traction electric motor In the rear section and the use of an anti-skid node.

Material from the section " Drawings Rama homemade Motoblock »Site photos, drawings and motoblock schemes, motor-cultivators I. hinged equipment to them. For those who were looking for publishing on the Internet on the topic " ", As well as photos and pictures on request" Swivel hinge».

Homemade Motor Blossom It is two parts of the frame (the motor-block itself and the trailer trolley adapter), the so-called half-frames interconnected by means of a trailer, like a car and a trailer. In addition to the reliability of the coupling, the condition is also presented to such a trailer device in order to have the possibility of free turning of the motoblock and the adapter trolleys relative to each other both in horizontal and in the vertical plane. To achieve the above goal is made swivel hinge hub joint two seafronts with a broken frameThe drawing of which is shown below. The complete independence of the motoblock and the adapter around the vertical and horizontal axes provides the presence in the hinge node of two pairs of bearings installed in the vertical and horizontal plane and allowing the trolley to occupy any position relative to the motor-block at the same time eliminating the wheels on the irregularities of the soil and extends all the forces aimed at overturning the adapter, which May occur when the motoblock is running on the field. On the drawing of a swivel hinge for a motoblock with a breaking frame depicted:
1-steel finger (rod with a diameter of 60 mm); 2- drove the trolley of the adapter (pipe 60 mm); 3- four 208 ball bearings; 4- The corpus of the vertically-established bearing bearings of the rotary hinge (made of rounded with a diameter of 100 mm); 5- Upper Dual Coupling Bracket Bumping Motion Motion (Two Schwell No. 5); 6- housing of the upper horizontal bearing (rounded with a diameter of 100 mm); 7- upper hinge semi-axle (rod with a diameter of 50 mm welded to the body of vertically installed bearings); 8 and 11- Two stubborn washers (3mm thickness); 9-nut with M28 carvings; 10- locking pin of the rotary hinge; 12 - lower semi-axle of the hinge node of the broken frame of the motoblock (rod with a diameter of 50 mm); 13- Housing of the lower horizontal bearing (rounded with a diameter of 100 mm); 14th motor-blank hitch arc (pipe 30 mm); 15- Connecting Coupling Coupling of the Motor Block with Bumping Rama, connecting the upper double bracket with a lower arc (two metal strips with a thickness of 3 mm)
Installing such a swivel hinge to reliably sip the frame of the motoblock with the frame of the adapter, leaving the possibility of their free turning on each other in vertical and horizontal planes.

Provides mutual movement of modules in three degrees of freedom.

It consists of hinges (spherical or fork with a cross) and two attachment nodes that are installed on the energy and technological (combat) module. Installing the attachment assembly on the technological module should not be time consuming and occupy no more than 0.25 hours.

Hydraulic cylinders of rotation and stabilization are attached to attachment and stabilization. When connected to an energy module, the hydraulic cylinders allow you to simplify the fastening process due to the mobility of the attachment node.

The inclusion of the stabilization hydraulic cylinder (creating a closed volume in it) allows you to exclude mutual movement of sections. In this mode, the CTC becomes one, which allows us to overcome the piva, trenches, cracks in ice.

The connection of the electrical part is cable connectors from the energy and technological module.

Harness of Us - Fig. 7.

Figure 7 - Junction assembly with rotation and stabilization hydraulic cylinders

The combat STS, the articulation assembly must be elastic-free and active (i.e. change its properties).

Union of the Soviet and Soviet system and 1 o 51) 5 in 61 p 15 10 Consispension Committee of Inventions and Opening Merities GKST USSR Description of the invention and the Second Certificate (54) Highlight Orroduction of the Side Frame of Trollets with Trucks of Wheel Paragraphs (57) The invention relates to rail transport and allows you to improve Trolleys by reducing the power of the trolley and the path. The device contains an intermediate support element 3, which has finite elasticity (flexibility) in the vertical direction, the convex-concave form of which provides the possibility of pendulum oscillations of the lateral frame 1 relative to the case of the Oaksus 2 in the vertical transverse plane, the possibility of relative mixing (shift or rotation) for any of two Supporting surfaces and the possibility of increasing the mobility of the cart in horizontal PLS. 3 and, .1585194 The invention relates to railway transport and concerns the design of the cargo wagon truck. The scene of the invention is to improve the driving values \u200b\u200bby reducing the power influence on the trolley and the path, in FIG. 1 shows the articulation device, front view; FIG, 2 - the same, top view; FIG. 3 - Support element. Defication of the sideways of the side frame 1 in the texes 2 wheeled steam Contains 10 ROMODUVERY PUBLIC ELEMENT 3, settled with a gap to a flat circular buckle of 4 letters bounded from two stons concentric with her side ribs and - protrusions 5. Formula of the invention The articulation device of the side frame of the trolley of the wheelbarrow, which contains the sideways installed in the box Frames on the horizontal surface of the convex reference element, limited by protrusions on the horizontal leak surface, characterized in that, with the aim of improving challenges Trolleys due to a reduction in the power influence on the trolley and the path, the support element is set with a gap relative to the protrusions, is made in terms of disk, and its convex surface is formed by the top flat horizontal section and the ring spherical plot conjugate with it, while the specified surface frame surface is made horizontal. The support element 3 is made in the form of a circular plate, the upper support surface of which has a spherical shape 6, cut off by the horizontal plane 7, and the lower row surface is a flat ring. When actions in the horizontal transverse plane of the dynamic forces, transmitted from the carriage body to the cart and deflecting the trolley , there are relative movements of the side frame and traces. Due to the flat-grudic form of the support element 3, the pendulum oscillations of the side frame relative to the housing, the letters will begin only after overcoming a certain holding torque (reactive force), the value of which depends on the size (diameter) of the flat part of this surface, that is, there is a decrease in the rigidity of the perception of the lateral forces. In addition, the possibility of relative movement both along the upper and the lower support surfaces of the support element is ensured than the decrease in the friction forces between the side frame and the Buxeria.Niashsk NT, Sasta VITER M TECRRA A. Kravchuk Circulation 397 of the Committee of the Winter Oscav, W - 35, Rau affair Pat

Request

4483715, 27.07.1988

All-Union Research Institute of Carriage

Kuzmich Leonid Dmitrievich, Zavt Boris Samuilovich, Sychev Valery Alekseevich, Kashkin Alexey Ilyin, Doublechalov Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich, Gailer Moses Petrovich, Barbashov Valentin Mikhailovich

MPK / Tags

Link code

Device articulation of a side frame of a trolley with wheelsets

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Executive devices Designed to convert control (command) signals to regulatory impacts on the control object. Almost all types of impacts are reduced to mechanical, i.e., to change the magnitude of the movement, effort to the speed of the reciprocating or rotational motion. The actuators are the last link of the automatic regulation chain and in general consist of the gain blocks, the executive mechanism, regulating and additional (feedback, the alarm of the end positions, etc.) of organs. Depending on the application conditions, the device under consideration can differ significantly among themselves. The main blocks of executive devices include actuators and regulatory authorities.

Executive mechanisms classified For a number of signs: - by type of energy used - electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic and combined; - on constructive execution - membrane and piston; - by the nature of feedback - periodic and continuous action.

Electrical actuators are the most common and include electric motors and electromagnetic drive. In general, these mechanisms consist of an electric motor, gearbox, brakes, connecting couplings, control and starting equipment and special devices for moving the working bodies.

In the performing mechanisms, an alternating electric motors are used (mainly asynchronous with a short-circuited rotor) and direct current. Along with the electric motors of mass production, special designs of positional and proportional action are used, with contact and contactless control.

By the nature of the change in the position of the output organ, electric motor actuators can be constant and variable speed, as well as steps.

By appointment, they are divided into one - revolving (up to 360 °), multi-turn and rigrode.

Fig. 10.21. Proportional actuator

A proportional actuator (Fig. 10.21) according to the design similar to a two-position engine. However, the possibility of proportional regulation is achieved by installing on one shaft of two electric motors. The first rotates the shaft in one direction, the second - in the opposite. In addition, the executive mechanism includes a gearbox, coupling and a toothed rail. Proportional regulation (for example, a gas valve in road repairs) is provided by the potentiometer used to create feedback in the scheme.

Electric motor executive mechanisms are used mainly at an effort of no more than 53 kN.

Fig. 10.22. Electromagnetic control element

Fig. 10.23. Electromachine pusher

Electromagnetic drive Used to control mechanisms in hydro and pneumatic actors, as well as various valves and dampers. The principle of operation of this drive (Fig. 10.22) consists in a progressive movement by the value of L metal anchor relative to the electromagnetic shaft of the coil located in the housing. Distinguish electromagnetic drives of single and bilateral action. In the first execution, return anchor in initial position It is performed using a spring, in the second - by changing the direction of the control signal. By type of load application, the drive is periodic and continuous. With it, it is carried out relay (openly closed) and linear control.
Electromagnetic valves (For opening in valve pipelines) by type of sensitive elements used on piston and membrane. With significant effort and the length of displacements, an electromachine pusher is used (Fig. 10.23). The principle of its action is based on the progressive movement in both directions of the axis - the screw relative to rotating, however, the fixed, nut. The rotation of the nut, which is simultaneously rotor, is made when the three-phase stator winding is turned on into the supply circuit. At the end of the screw, there is a direct plot, which is a rod (pusher), moving in guides and affecting the targeted mechanism to the end switch. If necessary, the pusher works with the installed gearbox.
Pneumatic and hydraulic Executive mechanisms using compressed air and mineral oils (incompressible fluid), divide on independentand on working together with amplifiers. Since the principle of operation of these two types of mechanisms is similar, consider them together.
TO independent mechanisms include cylinders with piston and stem and bilateral stock.
Executive mechanisms combined with amplifiers have various constructive solutions, some of which will look below.
The main in such a drive is to regulate the speed of the rod, performed with throttle or volumetric adjustment.
When controlling with throttle control, spool distributors or "nozzle valve" are used. The operation of the hydraulic drive with throttle control allows you to change the magnitude of the overlap of the holes (i.e. it is throtting) through which the liquid enters the working cylinder (Fig. 10.24, a). Moving the spool pair to the right allows oil from the pressure line through the channel to get into the cavity of the working cylinder and the piston will move to the right. At the same time, the oil in the cavity b will be merged through the channel into the tank. The movement of the spool to the left will move to the same side and the piston, and the exhaust oil will merge from the cavity and to the tank through the channel. When the spool pair is located in the middle position (as shown in the figure), both channels connecting the spool device with a working cylinder are blocked and the piston is fixed.

Fig. 10.24. Piston actuators with amplifiers

The operation of the pneumatic actuator using the "nozzle-flap" (Fig. 10.24, b) is made by changing the pressure in the operating cylinder and move the piston by the value of the value of the adjustable flap. Through the throttle of constant resistance, air is supplied to the chamber under constant pH pressure. At the same time, the pressure in the chamber depends on the distance x between the nozzle (throttle of variable resistance) and the flap, since with increasing this distance the pressure is reduced and vice versa. Air under pressure p comes from the chamber to the bottom cavity of the cylinder, and the opposite pressure of the pH is due to the power of the elastic deformation, equal to the pH. The created pressure difference allows you to move the piston up or down. Instead of the spring in the cylinder can be served or working fluid under pressure pH. In accordance with this, piston actuators are called single-or two-sided mechanisms and provide efforts up to 100 kN when the piston is moved to 400 mm.
When controlling with throttle control, the input control signal is the value of the movement of the spool pair or the opening of the throttle, and the output is the movement of the piston in the hydraulic cutter.
Hydro and pneumatic drive provide a reciprocating and rotational movement.
When controlling with a volume control of control devices, the pumps of variable performance performing the functions of an amplifier-actuator. The input signal is the pump feed. Axial-piston engines are large propagation as a hydraulic actuator, providing a smooth change in the angular velocity of the output shaft and the amount of fluid supplied.
Along with the piston devices discussed above, pneumatic actuators are performed by membrane, bellows and blade.
Membrane devices divide on black and spring. Flameless membrane devices (Fig. 10.25, a) consist of a working cavity A, into which the control air under pressure, and an elastic rubber membrane connected by hard centers with a rod. The reciprocating movement of the rod is carried out by supplying a compressed air to the subable cavity with PO pressure and by moving the membrane. The most common membrane-spring devices are the most common (Fig. 10.25, b), in which the resulting force of PP is equilibrated by the pressure on the membrane of the control air of the RU and the force of the elastic deformation of the spring 4-Fn. If necessary, perform swivel movements in the rod-state actuating mechanisms of the rod connects to the articulated and lever transmission shown in Fig. 10.25, B stroke line.
The membrane actuators are used to control regulatory bodies with the movement of a rod to 100 mm and permissible pressure in the working cavity of up to 400 kPa.
Silphon devices (Fig. 10.25, c) are rarely used. They consist of a spring-loaded rod moving together with a hermetic corrugated chamber due to the pressure of the control air of the RU. They are used in regulatory organs with movements up to 6 mm.

Fig. 10.25. Pneumatic executive mechanisms

In the blade actuators (Fig. 10.25, d), the rectangular blade moves inside the chamber due to the pressure of the control air of the RU, which comes in alternately in one or another chamber cavity. These devices are used in actuators with an angle of rotation of the shutter by 60 ° or 90 °.
Due to the fact that almost none of the above drives of automatic control systems currently apply without a number of other elements that serve to control the drive, the combined actuators are mainly used (electromagnetic spools for pneumatic and hydraulic drive, electromagnetic couplings with electric motors etc.).
When choosing actuators, take into account the requirements for it operating conditions. The main ones are: the type of auxiliary energy used, the size and nature of the required output signal, allowed inertia, the dependence of the performance from the external influences, reliability of operation, dimensions, mass, etc.

Installation of executive and regulatory devices It is performed in accurately in accordance with the design materials and instructions of manufacturers.

Quality of work automatic system Regulation or remote control largely depends on the method of articating the actuator (im) with the regulatory authority (PO) and the correctness of its implementation. Methods of articulation of them and PO are determined in each particular case depending on the type and design of the RO and them, their mutual location, the desired nature of the movement of RO and other conditions. There are quite a few ways for such joints.

It should be verified that the sealing of the axis of the moth or other moving parts does not pass the adjustable medium, and the moving parts have a free course. It must be traced that the risk existing on the axis can be found quite clearly, and its position corresponded to the position of the regulatory body. This should be followed in the process of installing the regulatory body or before it is installed.
Then it is necessary to check whether bypass (bypass) lines are made in cases where it is provided by the project.
Installation of executive mechanisms is made on pre-prepared foundations, brackets or structures. It should be noted that the work must be carried out by a specialized organization.
The articulation with the regulatory authority is carried out by traction (rigid) or a cable (in this case, the counterweights acting in the opening).
The fixing of the actuator must be certainly rigid, and all the joints of the articulation of the actuator with the regulatory authority should not have the backlash.
Electrical actuators are mounted in the same way as hydraulic, but taking into account the requirements of the rules of the electrical installations (PUE). Wires to electric actuators are summarized as well as devices. Electrical performing mechanisms must be grounded.