Wind generator from the old scanner. Stepper engine with your own hands, principle of operation, connection scheme How to make a stepper engine

Do you even see what they write? Or write to support a person in his endeavors and he, spending money on components for his system, eventually got an absolutely inoperable thing? You answer: "The engine, as the genome approaches" - yes, suitable, but where did you get 1.1-1,5a? Is it with what voltage? At what speed of rotor? Next, write: "The standard of power of 1m tape, like, 5W ..." - there is no power standard here, and the tapes are about 5W and about 14W, and about 7W per meter, etc., and this is a very big scatter. We continue: "Since you screwed so much, it may well have enough to charge the battery" - this is, in general, what does it mean? What is the harder, farewell and confusing the scheme, the greater its return and efficiency? Full nonsense. To charge 12V MOTOKKUMA, it is necessary about 14-15V at a current of about 0.6-0.7A (for tank approximately 7a / h). Are you sure that the system is able to give such parameters to long time? After all, to charge the discharged battery of the motorcycle, 2-3 hours do not have enough. Do you think it is also necessary to charge from 18v? Yes, it is possible, but the electrolyte will pop up in a week, if not earlier, and the plates will snap. Good recommendation! Unpretentious in charge - this does not mean that they can be charged with any voltage. Next you write: "It will be very great, after all, I suddenly forgot to turn off the light and the battery sat down before it had time to recapture" - Speak so that the battery charging takes place only in the daytime))) it's a windmill, not a solar battery. With a properly working system, with constant wind, the battery should not be discharged at all, even if you even forgot to turn off the light. But the idea of \u200b\u200bthe photocell itself is good in terms of automation. Next: LED tape will probably work as you say, and at 30 volts, however, how long? Resistance limit the current, yes, but it will grow in proportion to raising the voltage, and not remain constant! Diodes do not like to exceed the operating current. So that the result is known: overheating of diodes and, as a result, a sharp decline in the period of operation, or their exit is extremely fast. Following whether you are writing: "The capacity is also not critical, add another 1 film capacitor for 1 μF" - for what? Is that a filter interference? Why then 1MKF? And why there is a filter at all? And, if not a filter, and smoothing pulsation element, then it is just his capacity critical! Capacity is the main parameter of the condenser in general. And 1MKF is an empty place for the system described by a person, he will not smooth out. Even 1000mkf, which the author of the questions wanted to establish - very little for his idea. I would understand if it were 5000-7000 or even 10000mkf, or even more. At the end, a person asks if Motoakuk is enough for the ribbon to glow all night, and you answer that, they say, of course, enough. Have you studied physics at school? Or are you still learning? It was your assumption with a finger into the sky or at least some elemental calculation? Let's catch very roughly: the man wrote that he wants to set 10-15 m tapes. Even if you take the minimum values, i.e. 10m tapes with a power of 5W / m, then by non-good calculations we get 50W power. Objectives the power of the ribbon to the battery voltage (approximately 12.8V) we obtain the current: 50 / 12.8 \u003d 3,9A. The capacity of the usual motorcycle is approximately 7a / h. So You can estimate how long the tape will work from a fully charged battery: 7 / 3.9 \u003d 1.79h \u003d 1h 4 44., i.e. Almost two hours. This is not the whole night. In addition, the calculation of the minimum parameters and, if the length of the tape or / and its power will be larger, respectively, the battery life is proportionally decreased. Something like that.
I would not write all this, but the fact is that the tape costs money, battery and photoyele, too ... and money is considerable, and people who have approved and support their idea in the comments of people who do not understand the essence and nuances of the process, It will joyfully run into the store, will spend money on components, and in the end will receive the system inoperative in principle, initially. Do not give advice, not dealing in the question!

I have a lot of different office equipment, which failed. I do not decide to throw it out, but suddenly it will be useful. From its parts it is possible to do something useful.
For example: a stepper motor that is so common is usually used by self-dealers as a mini generator for a flashlight or something else. But I almost never seen it to be used precisely as an engine for transformation of electrical energy into mechanical. It is clear: to control a stepper engine you need electronics. You just do not connect it to the voltage.
And as it turned out - I was mistaken. Stepper engine From the printer or from which device, it is quite simple to run from alternating current.
I took this engine.

Scheme of stepper engine

• Capacitor with a capacity of 470-3300 μF.
• AC source 12 V.

Delay video

For almost all electrical appliances, special drive mechanisms are needed. We suggest to consider what stepper engine, its design, the principle of operation and the connection scheme.

What is a stepper motor?

The stepping motor is an electrical machine intended for the transformation of the electrical energy of the network into mechanical energy. Constructively consists of stator and magnetic or magnetic solid rotor windings. A distinctive feature of a stepper motor is a discrete rotation at which a specified number of pulses corresponds to a certain number of steps performed. Such devices have the greatest application in CNC machines, robotics, storage devices and reading information.

Unlike other types of machines, the stepper motor makes rotation not continuously, but by steps, from which the device name occurs. Each such step is only part of its total turnover. The number of necessary steps for complete rotation of the shaft will differ, depending on the circuit of the connection, the engine brand and the control method.

Advantages and disadvantages of a stepper electric motor

The benefits of operation of the stepper motor can be attributed:

• In stepper electric motors, the rotation angle corresponds to the number of connected electrical signals, and after stopping the rotation, the full moment and fixation is preserved;
• Accurate positioning - provides 3 - 5% of the set step, which does not accumulate from step to step;
• Provides high start speed, reverse, stop;
• It is distinguished by high reliability due to the lack of driving components for the current collector, unlike collector engines;
• To position the stepping motor, feedback is not required;
• Can produce low revs for directly loaded load without any gearboxes;
• Relatively lower cost relative to the same;
• A wide range of rotation speed control is provided by changing the frequency of electrical pulses.

The disadvantages of the use of the stepper motor include:

• There may be a resonant effect and slipping of the stepper unit;
• There is a probability of loss of control due to the lack of feedback;
• The amount of electricity consumed does not depend on the presence or absence of a load;
• Control complex due to the characteristics of the scheme

Device and principle of operation

Figure 1 shows 4 windings that belong to the engine statist, and their location is arranged so that they are at an angle of 90º relative to each other. What follows that such a machine is characterized by a step in 90º.

At the time of supplying the voltage U1 to the first winding, the rotor is moving on the same 90º. In the event of an alternate supply of voltage U2, U3, U4 to the corresponding windings, the shaft will continue to rotate until the complete circle is completed. After that, the cycle is repeated again. To change the direction of rotation, it is sufficient to change the sequence of feeding the pulses to the corresponding windings.

Types of stepper engines

To ensure various parameters of work, both the step is important to which the shaft and the moment attached to move. Variations of these parameters are achieved by the design of the rotor itself, the method of connecting and designing the windings.

By the design of the Rotor

The rotatable element provides magnetic interaction with the electromagnetic field of the stator. Therefore, its design and technical features Directly determine the operation mode and the parameters of rotation of the stepping unit. To determine the type in practice stepping motorWhen a de-energized network, you need to turn the shaft if you feel resistance, it indicates the presence of a magnet, otherwise, this is a design without magnetic resistance.

Reactive

The jet stepping motor is not equipped with a magnet on the rotor, and is performed from magnetic alloys, as a rule, it is typed from the plates to reduce losses to induction. The cross section design resembles a gear with teeth. Poles of stator windings are powered by opposite couples and create magnetic power to move the rotor, which moves from the alternate flow of electric current in the winding pairs.

A significant advantage of this design of the stepper actuator is the lack of a stopping point formed by the field relative to the reinforcement. In fact, this is the same in which the rotor rotor goes in accordance with the Stator field. The disadvantage is to reduce the magnitude of the torque. Step for jet Engine ranges from 5 to 15 °.

With permanent magnets

In this case, the movable element of the stepper motor is collected from permanent magnetin which there may be two and more poles. The rotation of the rotor is ensured by attraction or repelling magnetic poles by an electric field when the voltage is applied to the corresponding windings. For this design, the angular pitch is 45-90 °.

Hybrid

It was designed to combine the best qualities of the two previous models, due to which the unit has a smaller angle and step. Its rotor is made in the form of a cylindrical permanent magnet, which is magnetized along the longitudinal axis. Structurally, it looks like two round poles, on the surface of which the rotor teeth are located from a magnetic material. Such a decision made it possible to provide an excellent holding and torque.

The advantages of the hybrid stepper motor consist in its high accuracy, smoothness and movement speed, with a small step - from 0.9 to 5 °. They are used for high-class CNC machines, computer and office devices and modern robotics. The only drawback is considered a relatively high cost.

For example, we will analyze the option of hybrid shds for 200 steps of the shaft positioning. Accordingly, each of the cylinders will have 50 teeth, one of them is a positive pole, the second negative. At the same time, each positive tooth is located opposite the groove in the negative cylinder and vice versa. Structurally it looks like this:

Because of what a stepper motor shaft is 100 intermittent poles with excellent polarity. The stator also has teeth, as shown in Figure 6 below, except for the gaps between its components.

Due to such a design, you can achieve displacement of the same southern pole relative to the stator in 50 different positions. Due to the differences in the semi-position between the Northern and South Pole, the possibility of moving in 100 positions is achieved, and the phase shift to a quarter of division provides the ability to increase the number of steps due to the sequential excitation, even twice, that is, up to 200 steps of the angular shaft for 1 turnover.

Note Figure 6, the principle of operation of such a stepper motor lies in the fact that with pairwise flow of current in opposite windings, there is tightening of the rotor's variance poles located behind the stator's teeth and the repulsion of the same names going to them along the rotation.

By type of windings

In practice, the stepping motor is a multiphase motor. The smoothness of the work in which directly depends on the number of windings - than them more, the smooth rotation, but also above the cost. At the same time, the torque from the number of phases does not increase, although for normal operation their minimum number on the stator of the electric motor should be at least two. The number of phases does not define the number of windings, so a two-phase stepper motor can have four or more windings.

Unipolar

The unipolar stepper motor is characterized in that there is a branch from the midpoint in the winding circuit. Thanks to which the magnetic poles are changed. The disadvantage of such a design is to use only one half of the available turns, which is why a smaller torque is achieved. Therefore, they are distinguished by large dimensions.

To use the entire power of the coil, the middle output is not connected. Consider the designs of unipolar aggregates, they may contain 5 and 6 conclusions. Their amount will depend on whether the median wire is output separately from each engine winding or they are connected together.

Bipolar

The bipolar stepper motor is connected to the controller after 4 outputs. In this case, the windings can be connected inside both sequentially and in parallel. Consider an example of its work in the picture.

In the design scheme of such an engine, you see with one excitation winding in each phase. Because of this, the change of current requires to use in electronic scheme Special drivers (electronic chips designed to control). It is possible to achieve a similar effect by incorporating a n-bridge. In comparison with the previous, the bipolar device provides the same moment with much smaller dimensions.

Connecting a stepper engine

To power the windings, the device can be able to disperse the control pulse or a series of pulses in a specific sequence. As such blocks, semiconductor devices are served to connect a stepper motor, microprocessor drivers. In which there is a set of output terminals, each of them defines the power method and operation mode.

Depending on the connection scheme, those or other conclusions of the stepping unit should be applied. For different options Summing out those or other terminals to the DC output signal obtains a certain speed of rotation, a step or microsgg of linear movement in the plane. Since there is a low frequency for some tasks, and for others is high, the same engine can specify the parameter at the expense of the driver.

Typical SCD Connection Schemes

Depending on how the number of conclusions are presented on a specific step motor: 4, 6 or 8 of the conclusions, it will be different and the possibility of using a particular connection circuit will look into the pictures, here are typical options for connecting a step mechanism:

Subject to the main poles of the stepper from the same driver, according to these schemes, the following distinctive features of the work can be noted:

• The conclusions are uniquely summed up to the appropriate terminals of the device. With a serial connection of the windings increases the inductance of the windings, but lowers the current.
• Provides passport value electrical characteristics. With a parallel diagram, the current increases and the inductance decreases.
• When connected one phase on the winding, the moment will decrease on low revs and reduces the current values.
• When connected, all electrical and dynamic characteristics According to the passport, rated currents. Significantly simplifies the control scheme.
• Gives a much larger point and is used for high rotational frequencies;
• As the previous one is designed to increase the moment, but is used for low speed.

Stepper motor control

Performing operations by a stepping unit can be carried out by several methods. Each of which is characterized by the method of feeding signals to pairs of poles. Total identification of the Activation method of the windings.

Wave - In this mode, only one winding is excited, to which rotary poles are attracted. In this case, the stepper motor is not capable of pulling out a large load, as it gives only half of the moment.

Full-step - In this mode, there are simultaneous switching phases, that is, both are excited immediately. Because of which the maximum moment is ensured, in the case of a parallel connection or sequential turning on the windings, the maximum voltage or current will be created.

Hemisphan - is a combination of two previous switting methods of windings. During the implementation of which in the step motor, an alternate voltage flow occurs first into one coil, and then at once in two. Thereby ensuring the best fixation on maximum speeds And more steps.

For softer control and overcoming the inertia of the rotor, microshop control is used when the signal sinusoid is carried out by microstable pulses. Due to which the power of the interaction of magnetic circuits in the stepping motor receive a smoother change and, as a result, moving the rotor between poles. Allows you to largely reduce stepping engine junction.

Without controller

A n-bridge system is used to control uncoolette engines. Which allows you to switch polarity for a stepping motor reverse. Can be performed on transistors or chips that create a logical chain to move the keys.

As you can see, the voltage is served from the power source V. When pairwise activate contacts S1 - S4 or S3 - S2, current will occur through the engine winding. What causes the rotation in one direction or another.

With controller

The controller device allows you to control the stepping motor in various modes. The controller is based on the electronic unit, Forming a group of signals and their sequence sent to the coil of the stator. To prevent the possibility of damage in the event of a short circuit or other emergency on the engine itself, each conclusion is protected by a diode that does not miss the impulse in the opposite direction.

Popular SCD Schemes

It is one of the most obstacle ways of work. In this case, the direct and inverse signal directly connects to the corresponding poles. This scheme should apply the screening of the signal conductor. Perfectly suitable for load with low power.

In this diagram, there is a combination of positive inputs of the controller, which are connected to the positive pole. In the case of power above, 9V requires inclusion in a special resistor scheme to limit the current. Allows you to set the required number of steps with a strictly installed speed, determine acceleration, etc.

The simplest stepping motor driver do it yourself

To assemble the driver scheme at home, some elements from old printers, computers and other equipment can be useful. You will need transistors, diodes, resistors (R) and chip (RG).

To build a program, follow the following principle: when applying to one of the outputs D logical unit (the remaining zero signals), the transistor is opening and the signal passes to the engine coil. Thus, one step is performed.

Based on the scheme is compiled printed circuit boardwhich you can try to make yourself or make an order. After that, the corresponding details are sold on the board. The device can control the step device from the home computer by connecting to the usual USB port.

Useful video

Creating a wind generator It does not necessarily mean the manufacture of a large and powerful complex capable of providing electricity whole home or consumer group. Can be made, which is, in essence, acting model Serious installation. The purpose of such an event may be:

• Acquaintance with the basics of wind power.
• Joint learning classes with children.
• An experimental sample that anticipates the construction of a large installation.

The creation of such a windmill will not require the use of a large number of materials or tools, you can do with appliant means. It is not necessary to count on the production of serious energy volumes, but for the power of a small lamp on the LEDs can be enough. The main problem that exists when creating is a generator. It is difficult to create independently, since the size of the device is small. The easiest to use to use it in the generator mode.

Homemade stepper-based windmill

Most often, when production of low-power wind generators Used stepper electric motors. The feature of their design is in the presence of several windings. Usually, depending on the size and destination, engines are made with 2, 4 or 8 windings (phases). When the voltage is applied to them, the shaft turns accordingly to a certain angle (step).

The advantage of stepper motors is the ability to produce quite high current at low speeds. The generator from the stepper motor can be installed an impeller without any intermediate devices - gear, gearboxes, etc. Electricity generation will be made with the same efficiency as on devices of another design with the use of increases.

The difference in speeds is very significant - to obtain the same result, for example, on the collector engine, the speed of rotation is required 10 or 15 times more.

It is believed that with the help of a generator from the stepper motor, you can charge batteries or batteries of mobile phones, but in practice, positive results are extremely rare. Basically, power supplies are obtained for small lamps.

The disadvantages of stepper motors include a significant effort required to start rotation. This circumstance reduces the sensitivity of the whole that can be somewhat adjusted by increasing the area and scope of the blades.

You can find such engines in old drives for flexible media, in scanners or printers. Alternatively, you can purchase new engineif in the reserve of the desired device will not be. For a larger effect, you should choose larger engines, they are able to produce quite a lot of tension so that it can be somehow used.

Wind generator from the details from the printer

One of the appropriate options is the use of a stepper motor from the printer. It can be removed from the failed old device, in each printer at least two such engines. Alternatively, you can buy a new, non-operating. It is able to produce power about 3 watts even at low wind, typical of most regions of Russia. The voltage that can be achieved is 12 or more in, which allows you to consider the device as the ability to charge batteries.

Stepper engine Gives alternating voltage. For a user, you must first straighten it. It will be necessary to create a diode rectifier, for which 2 diode will be required for each coil. You can directly connect the LED to the conclusions of the coil, with sufficient speed of rotation, this is enough.

The rooter impeller is easiest to install directly on the motor shaft. To do this, it is necessary to make a central part capable of close to the shaft. Imaging impeller fixation is needed to drill the hole and cut the threads in it. Subsequently, a locking screw is screwed into it.

For the manufacture of blades, polypropylene sewage pipes are usually used or other suitable materials. The main condition is low weight and sufficient strength, because the blades are sometimes gaining quite decent speed. The use of unreliable materials can create an undesirable situation when the impeller falls apart on the go.

Blades

Typically produced 2 blades, but you can make more. It must be remembered that the large area of \u200b\u200bthe blades increases the windmill cyserBut in parallel with this, the front load on the impeller transmitted by the engine shaft increases. The manufacture of small blades is also not recommended, as they will not be able to overcome the shaft sticking at the start of rotation.

For the possibility of rotating the windmill around the vertical axis, a special node must be made. The complexity in this is the need to ensure the fixability of the cable that comes from the generator. Since the device has, rather, decorative purpose, usually fit the question easier - the consumer is installed directly on the generator body, eliminating the presence of a long cable. Otherwise, you will have to mount the system like a brush manifold, which is irrational and requires a large amount of time.

Mast

The collected windmill must be installed on a height of at least 3 meters. Wind streams near the surface of the Earth have an unstable direction caused by turbulence. Lifting to some height will help get more uniform streams. For independent installation On the wind along the rotation axis, the tail stabilizer playing the role of the weather. It is made from any piece of plastic, aluminum plate or other progenic material.

I was lying around the stepper engine and, I decided to try it to use it as a generator. The engine was removed from the old matrix printer, the inscriptions on it are as follows: EPM-142 EPM-4260 7410. The engine caught a unipolar, which means that this engine has 2 windings with a tap from the middle, the winding resistance was 2x6.

For the test you need another engine to promote stepper. The design and fastening of the engines is shown in the drawings below:

I was lost from the engine from the engine, so I put on the pasta ...

Smoothly start the engine so that the gum does not fly. I must say that at high speed it still flies, according to this, the voltage above 6 volts did not raise.

We connect a voltmeter and start testing, for starters, measure the voltage.

Exhibit voltage on bp about 6 volts, and the engine consumes 0.2 amps, for comparison idling The engine has driven 0.09A.

I think nothing to explain is not necessary and everything is clear in the photo below. The voltage was 16 volts, the turnovers of the spinning engines are not big, I think that it is more stronger to unwind, it is possible and all 20 volts squeeze ...

We connect through the diode bridge (and the condenser is not forgetting, otherwise you can burn the LEDs) with supermarital LEDs, the power of which is 0.5 watts.

Set the voltage slightly less than 5 volts, so that the stepper motor after the bridge gives up about 12 volts.

Shines! The voltage at the same time from 12 volts was caught up to 8 and the engine began to spin slightly slower. Current KZ without lED ribbon amounted to 0.08a - remind you that the spinning engine worked not on full power, And do not forget about the second winding of the stepper engine, it is impossible to parallel them, but I did not want to collect the scheme.

I think, from a stepper motor, you can make a good generator, attach it to a bike, or make a wind generator based on it.