What is the steering rail. How the steering rail works and works. How to distinguish a malfunction of the steering rack from breakdown gur

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Quite a fairly frequent question of steering wheels, ask to tell about everything -, «Славних", "guides", hydraulic design, electrical construction, etc. I will definitely try to consecrate all questions, a little later. But a very frequent question from newcomers, relating to their species. How much there is currently how they work. It is from him that I will start, as it seems to me, it is logical to start talking about the types of devices, but to further consider each separately ...

To begin with, remember what it is

Steering Reika - This is a car node that is designed to control wheels. The driver turns steering wheel, Through special shafts "Rotate" is transmitted to the rail, which transmits the force of the wheels. Thus, they deflect on the desired angle. Thanks to this design, the machine can circle obstacles, rotate, maneuver, and not move straight.

This node evolves together with the machine, before it was quite a primitive design, now more and more technologies are laid in management. But to this day there are only three main types of steering wheels. Let's wonder in more detail.

Types of steering areas

Normal, without amplifiers . It was used for another 70-10 years of the last century for 90% of cars. Here, the entire force of rotation of the steering wheel lies on the driver, there are no amplifiers, and therefore the steering wheel is not always easy.
Steering rack with gurom or power steering. In fact, this is the same ordinary rail only to it add a special pump and a closed loop with glands (), which helps turn the steering wheel. That is, the driver does not need to apply a lot of effort to rotate the steering wheel. Especially valuable on heavy cars (trucks, buses and SUVs).
Steering rack with eur or electric power steering. This is a dry type of amplifier, oil does not apply here, and the principle of operation is completely different. Next to the shaft is electrical engine With gear (food comes from the onboard network), which helps turn the steering wheel. He is given to the orders of the ECU, he sees where the wheels are rejected and orders the electric motor to help in turn.

If you extend, then species are divided like this: - ordinary mechanics with 100% of the use of muscular strength, rake with a hydraulic cell and electric power. Now let's decompose in more detail.

Conventional design

Actually, everything began with it. She is simple and can be said not killing. Until now, it can be found on some machines, such as VAZ 2113 - 2115. However, if I'm not mistaken no longer installed on new models. Yet now everywhere Gur or Eur.

Let's remember the structure: - There is one working shaft (with a gear) that walks in a metal case, two thrust with steering tips are connected to it, all this is the cause of anthers. In engagement with the shaft includes a shaft with a worm gear that is already joined to the steering wheel. It is very exaggerated, look at the scheme that displays a constructive feature.

What can happen to such a rack?

Positive moments :

Durable and simple design
Easy repair (almost do it yourself)
Cheap price

Negative moments :

It's hard to turn the steering wheel, especially in the parking lot
Suffer maneuverability and handling
The usual rack is not placed on heavy cars
Morally outdated

From this device, it all began, it did its job, gave a impetus for the development of new technologies.

Steering rack with gurom

Engineers always beat over comfort and improved manageability, maneuverability. Especially acutely there was a question on trucks cars, because there the steering wheel without an amplifier could turn only a physically developed person.

The first appears steering With a hydraulic steering amplifier, abbreviated GUR.

What is added to the building?

I will not tell hard, but I will try to tell simple words. If you can exit, the GUR is installed on a regular steering rack, but makes a number of changes.

Appear such as:

Plate pump. It is driven by means of the engine belt transmission, thus, the pressure of 50 is 100 - 100 bar
Piston. Which is installed on the shaft, the oil pressure can push either in one or the other side.
Distributor or torsion. This is the so-called "tracking device" that doses feed special fluid (and here it is used), in one or another side of the piston. Due to which the piston is pushed in one direction or another. In essence, the principle of the syringe.

If you display everything schematically, it turns out:

The work of the hydraulicel consists - while you eat exactly and do not twist the steering wheel, the pressure that was created in the oil walks in a circle, "pump - tank", it does not take part in the work.

After you turn the steering wheel into the direction you need, the torsion (distributor) begins opens one side and pushes the other, so the oil pressure enters the piston from the right side, pushing it. Due to which you can easily turn the steering wheel in one direction or another. Probably did not understand, see the videos under the article, everything will decompose there on the fingers.

pros :

Light maneuverability and management
Easy steering
Even heavy machines can manage any driver

Minuses :

GUR takes power from the engine because there is a belt transmission
Complex and expensive repair
Complete structure
Can flow when liquid goes out, it becomes more difficult to ride in double
Do it yourself unlikely
There is fluid in the work that you also need to change

If you summarize the result, the hydraulicel really facilitated the work of drivers, especially those who are constantly behind the wheel of "BolsheGruzzi". It is also worth noting that this node is now quite strong, can walk long thousand kilometers, only be sure to pay attention to the state of the anthers.

In this article, I only touched the edge of the iceberg, called GUR, will soon be a big article, where we will analyze it thoroughly.

Steering rack with eur

The following appearance (at the moment, he supposedly the most perfect of opponents) - steering rack with EUR, electric power steering. As it becomes clear, there is a technology that is conjugate with electricity, and not with hydraulics.

How does it work:

You know, as it seems to me, the technology is more perfect, at least, because here they almost retained the pristine rail, there are no pistons and various pumps.

So: there is a major yours, with a set of teeth and a worm shaft, which transmits effort from the steering wheel. So a gear is installed on the worm shaft, which in turn turns the electric motor.

On the steering wheel there are special reading sensors when you deflect the steering wheel, the sensors are transmitted to the ECU deviation, and in turn, the ECU sends a signal to the electric powerover and it helps you rotate the steering wheel in one direction or another. That's how it's simple.

Positive moments:

There is almost no power extraction from the engine, or it is minimal
The node is very compact
Just repair, essentially this is the usual electric motor
There are no liquids
Can work in several modes, for example - city, track
As well as hydraulic opponent facilitates control
Much better work with modern security systems

Negative moments :

Almost all models of modern passenger cars are represented as a steering rack. This is a mechanical node designed to convert the steering wheel into the horizontal deviation of the front wheels. Initially, the steering rail device was not distinguished by a special complexity. In the simplest embodiment, this is a mechanism consisting of a gear located on the steering shaft, conjugate to it rake and steering.

Types and versions

Currently, there are three varieties of rush mechanisms. The difference between them is the principle of action.

Mechanical steering rack

The simplest version of the steering. Turning the wheels is carried out exclusively due to the physical force of the driver. In order to facilitate the driver's work and improve the convenience of control on many cars, a steering rail is used with a variable gear ratio. In other words, the rack's teeth pitch varies from the middle to the edges. Such a device with small angles of rotation of the steering wheel, which is characteristic of movement at high speeds, provides a large gear ratio, a heavy and sharp steering wheel. At the time of maneuvering in the parking lot, when the steering wheel has to turn "from the edge to the edge," to do it easily, thanks to a smaller gear ratio. First domestic carwhere such a design was applied, the VAZ-2110 was applied.

Hydraulic steering rack

It differs from the mechanical fact that the mechanical impact that the driver has a steering wheel is amplified by the hydraulic agent. This allows us to simultaneously provide the sharpness and ease of steering. Such a device is most often applied to modern cars.

The GUR also contributes to improving driving safety, because the irregularities of the road are transmitted to the steering wheel not so much, and if the machine at high speed falls the front wheel in the hole, the blow has been repaled by the hydraulic agent, and the steering wheel will not break out of the hands, as will happen by car with mechanical rail. However, this medal also has a reverse side, because the deterioration of feedback leads to a decrease in the "sense of car". Compensate this disadvantage of automakers are trying due to changes in the suspension design, as well as by using an electric motor for the drive of the GUR (electrical hydraulicel).

Electric steering rack

On the principle of action is similar to hydraulic, only the amplification is made by an electric motor, which is either built into the steering column (the cheapest and more dangerous option), either placed on the steering shaft, or integrated with the rail (the safest option is applied on high-class cars).

An option with the placement of the electric motor in the steering column is dangerous in that in the event of its failure, the car becomes almost uncontrollable, because it is impossible to rotate the steering wheel. Unfortunately, this sometimes sinned cars of Lada Priora's first years of release - Euras did not differ on them high reliability.

Such a device has a lot of advantages:

more high efficiency compared with the hydraulic agent;
efficiency (the electric motor is turned on only when the steering wheel turns, while the oil in the GUR constantly circulates, to which some part of the motor power takes place;
independence on ambient temperature;
no need to regularly serve the device, because No need to change and fill the working fluid;
higher reliability as a whole, due to the lack of hoses, gaskets and glands, in which to flow could appear.

Structure

The design of the mechanical steering rack is as follows. Inside the crankcase, having a kind of hollow cylinder, a protective corrugation case is placed. On the bearings in the crankcase installed a drive gear, to which the steering rail is pressed the steering. The spring is required to eliminate the gap in the "Gear Rake" pair. Rake's stroke is limited on one side by a restrictive ring, and on the other - a sleeve of the hinge of the steering thrust. This steering wheel rack is characterized by extreme simplicity and reliability.

Signs of malfunction

The serviceability of the steering is the guarantee of the safe driving of the car, so it is necessary to monitor its condition. This does not mean that before each trip you need to spend a thorough check, because the breakdown happens suddenly. There are signs of a malfunction of the steering rack, which can be judged by the need for repair.

A knock, manifested when driving in small irregularities, decreasing when turning the steering wheel to extreme positions.
No effort when rotating the steering wheel.
Effort on the steering wheel disappears in the central position.
Spontaneous rotation of the steering wheel.
The steering wheel is not returned or well returns to the central position when the machine is output from rotation.
The increased sensitivity of the car (it throws aside with a slight turn of the steering wheel, the angle of rotation of the wheels does not correspond to the angle of rotation of the steering wheel).
Permanent drop in the liquid level in the hydraulic tank tank, as well as its appearance in the anthers of the steering.

Hydraulic steering (hereinafter GUR) in the car - a system designed to reduce the efforts applied to steering during maneuver. Initially, such systems were equipped with agricultural and freight vehicles.

Since the beginning of the 70s, the GUR began to install on cars. Not the last role was played by the fact that women were increasingly played as drivers.

In addition to ensuring comfort when driving a car, GUR allows:

reduce the diameter (sizes) of the steering wheel;
change the gear ratio of the steering tree-rail system, ensuring greater maneuverability during the reversal;
automate car handling system.

Considering that the steering is the second traffic safety factor after brake system, reliability, informativeness, other parameters of the GUR are presented high demands. Operation and maintenance of this system should be paid to special attention.

Types of steering hydraulic

Initially, the passenger vehicles were installed on the PC, made according to the scheme, similar to amplifiers set to heavy vehicles. They have a significant drawback: with an increase in the vehicle speed for the implementation of a safe maneuver, a smaller power of the steering wheel is required and the applied force. At high speed, the feedback road-steering is significantly reduced, the driver stops "feeling" the road. In terms of slippery coating, the car may lose controllability.

To eliminate this problem was developed rake with variable transmission relationship.Such a rake is installed on the VAZ 2110. It has a large gear ratio on small angles of turning of the steering wheel. Usually it corresponds to the high speeds and small corners of the turn, where a small effort is required. The gear ratio decreases to the "edges", that is, at large angles of maneuvering, which are possible at low speed. The use of such a design did not eliminate all the problems of controllability.

Video - Types of steering wheels than the difference between GUR and EUR:

Manufacturers have developed electrohydroSiller steering wheelby adding an electric valve to the standard scheme with electronic system Control. Egur to the maximum extent combines the informativeness of the steering wheel and comfortable management conditions.

In some models of cars, the pump GOR rotates the drive of the electric motor. In such cases, the hydraulicer works even with an unnecessary engine.

In modern cars are increasingly installing electrical power steering. Their essential drawback is a complete dependence on the health and reliability of electronics. In case of failure of any of the electronic components, drives, even the fuse, the efficiency of the electric power steering is zero, the controllability deteriorates sharply.

How does the power steering work

The base diagram of the steering rack device with the hydraulic agent is shown in the picture:

During engine operation internal combustion The drive of the oil pump hydraulic pump rotates, kinemotherly associated with crankshaft. If the steering wheel is in the central position, the oil recycle on the hydraulic system without effort through the check valve. Torime, which performs the role of the tracking mechanism, responds to the steering wheel rotation. It actuates the spool of the distributor. It reports the main injection channel with the right or left cavity of power cylinders. The latter helps rotate the car's wheels.

In the extreme positions of the steering wheel, safety valves prevent excessive pressure in the system, the recycling oil into the recirculation channel.

In the electro-hydrocereels of the steering wheel, an electric valve is installed, controlled electronic block Management (ECU). ECU GUR, guided by the testimony of the rotation of the steering wheel, the vehicle, the crankshaft, adjusts the valve closing. Thus, depending on the velocity of the car, other indicators are regulated by the degree of enhancement of the GUR, the information content of the steering is controlled.

Signs of malfunction and possible causes

During the operation of the car about faulty work Hydraulic steering wheel indicate the following signs:

1. Return of the steering wheel. Usually occurs when the pump is malfunctions, either weak tension of the drive belt.

2. Much effort when turning the steering wheel. The reason may be: low level of fluid, worn out the hydraulic power supply pump, system enforcement.

3. Great efforts in the middle position of the steering. The main reason is the mechanical wear of the rail.

4. Increased efforts in one of the parties. Cause: Worn glands.

5. Quick Turn The steering wheel requires effort. Possible reasons: enforcement, pump malfunction, small idling Engine.

6. Noise. Causes: Low fluid level, flowing in the system.

7. Vibration. It often happens when tire damage, brake system malfunction. In the GUR system it is possible to enter the hydraulics.

Main faults of steering wheels with hydraulic flourishing, their elimination and repair

During operation, the steering rack system with a hydraulicer requires constant inspection, maintenance and repair (if necessary). The most common system malfunctions include:

1. Flow

Leather the glands is most often caused by corrosion in the event of water from entering the shaft, which, as the rust appears on it destroys the working surface of the gland. Such a malfunction is possible in the destruction of the anther caused by mechanical effects or natural wear.

Repair consists in restoring the integrity of the shaft, removing the traces of corrosion (usually shaft is polished). After that, a new gland with appropriate landing sizes is installed.

Hydraulics hoses flowing high pressure in the system (100 atmospheres or more), hose wear, especially in places of connecting rubber and metal elements of hoses high pressure. Usually it is required to replace the hose, however there are workshops that produce confused compounds.

2. Knock

It may arise for reasons:

breakdown or erasing central tooth rail;
wear of the support sleeve;
faults of a material crush.

Tightening racks in case of wear of the central tooth does not result. The backlash may be less, but since other teeth are worn less (the increased wear of the central tooth is associated with the fact that the steering wheel is in the middle position), the steering wheel may not return from the extreme positions due to clamping.

Video - About the resource of the steering rack with a hydraulicel:

The support sleeves are strongly destroyed when moving on uneven road surface. Most ways of foreign cars are not designed for Russian roads.

3. Tight Rule

If the steering wheel is spinning only in one direction, most likely, the sealing ring in the dispenser body passes the pressure fluid. This may be the result of dirting or dust in the system, which over time makes grooves. The liquid does not fall into the hydraulic cylinder, and goes directly to the expander's tank. Repairs can be carried out by grinding the working area and replace the sealing ring.

If the steering wheel rotates tightly in both directions, several reasons are possible:

fault of a piston Teflon Ring;
peresok in two distributor chambers;
a worn working pair of the pump;
torsion breakdown.

To diagnose a specific malfunction, disassembly of the mechanism and diagnostics of nodes are required. In most cases, the help of a specialist will be required.

Verification of the performance of the pump GUR

For the work of testing the operation of the pump hydraulic power steering, the presence of a special pressure gauge and transition pads. Check sequence:

a transitional shoe is installed with a pressure gauge into the gap of the hydraulic pump of the pump's output hose;
engine starts, it works for a couple of minutes at idle;
turns the steering wheel several times right to the left to achieve operating temperature liquids gur;
the pump pressure is measured with an open shut-off valve, which must be at least 1500 kPa;
for a short time ( not more than five seconds!)shut-off valve closes;
with a closed shut-off valve, the pressure must be at least 6500 kPa.

Recommendations In order for the power steering and the rack mechanism last longer

If you experienced motorist, I certainly know what the steering rail is and why it should be constantly in working condition. But if you are a novice, you will probably make knowledge about the device of the steering rail. In the article, we consider what the types of this mechanism are, how to determine the breakdown and what will have to face in this matter.

The rug steering mechanism is the correct name of the part of the car we consider. Although the common expression of the steering rack arrived for a long time and everyone understands what it is about. This mechanism converts the rotation of the steering shaft in the movement of the left-right-right. And they, in turn, transmit force on swivel fists front wheels. In other words, the steering rail is a transitional link between the driver, which turns the ram and wheels that turn. Now you know - how important the performance of this device is.

On the other hand, the rake is a rod with a piston, the case of which is a gear power cylinder. The housing is a spool, which distributes fluid flows into the first or second cylinder cavity. Depending on which side, the driver will turn the steering wheel - the side with the liquid will change, which is under pressure.

The steering rail device depends on the type of mechanism. Mechanical species is the easiest and most common. It can be installed both on the front-drive cars and on the rear-drive.

At the same time, the wheels are directly rotated due to the efforts that the driver makes. And to reduce them as much as possible - a rail can be used containing a variable pressing number.

The magnitude of the steering clearance is very important for good and correct operation of the car, and this indicator directly depends on the state of the steering rack.

Therefore, consider the device of the mechanical site. In such a mechanical mechanism, the rail cloves change their step from the center to the edges. Therefore, when driving at high speed, the steering wheel is slightly dried and his maneuverability falls. And on the road with a small speed, for example, on the parking lot, the steering wheel spins a little easier (since a smaller appendage).

The first domestic machine with such a device is "VAZ-2110". A big plus drivers considered the moment that when turned at the expense of a mechanical rail, the steering wheel automatically became in the initially level position. It was not necessary to apply efforts to return the steering wheel after turning to the starting position, it was enough to let it go.

Device hydraulic rail

How is the steering rack hydraulic type? This question can ask yourself the drivers of new cars in which the hydraulic driver is implemented. The most important difference from the mechanical species is that there is a GUR here and it gives the ease of control and its acute.

If we consider the structure hydraulic mechanism With a rack, it consists of:

Input.
Spool sleeves.
Dustproof cap.
Retaining ring.
Sloves spool.
Spool.
Bearing.
Sleeves rod.
Tile.
Rack rod.
Retaining ring.
Outlet of the thousands.
Piston rod.
Stem bushings.
Cress nuts.
Spool nuts.
Plugs of the spool.
The worm of the spool.
Bypass tubes.
Exit.

Which option of the steering rack did not stand on the car - it is important to listen to its work and identify errors that are present. It can be a knock, creaking, whistle in the steering mechanism. And each driver these sounds should alert. Even if it takes a single time, in work something is broken - contact a specialist or look at the problem yourself.

Very often, to eliminate the unpleasant sounds of the car, it is enough to lubricate all the details of the oil or in mechanical device Add liquid. This will keep the performance of the machine for many years without use. overhaul. It is better to fix minor problems immediately than they turn into big problems. Care for your car and it will serve you long and good!

Video " How to replace the steering rack "

Record shows step-by-step instruction By replacing the steering rack. Watch this video and you can easily repeat all actions on your car.

The hydraulicer also makes the movement more secure. The quality of asphalt on domestic roads is not the best. The driver will also get in different kinds of pit and potholes. The presence of such a node allows them to feel so much. Yes, and the steering wheel is much easier to hold at the moment when vibrations are passed on it. If you compare with a mechanical rail, then everything is much worse here. There are cases when the motorist has a steering wheel escaped from hand.

Recently, many criticize hydraulics. Do this because the steering wheel is not sensitive in the opinion of some drivers. It is difficult to say it or not, for every person feels the road and machine. Whatever it was, but when the GUR is in the car, it becomes much easier to ride. Just many have already forgotten how hard it was to park without it. Sometimes it was necessary to twist the steering wheel so that then there was no strength to continue riding. This problem was particularly relevant on cars of the VAZ family, released in the late eighties, the beginning of the nineties of the last century.

The hydraulicer is often compared with the electric drive. Does this mean? To understand, you need to deal with what it is. Electric drive can be put on the column still at the factory, and can be mounted and as additional option. The scheme is quite interesting, and therefore many people wish in order to be installed in their car. It must be recognized that the mechanism is good, but has a lot of flaws. It often leads to traffic accidents.

The first priors were equipped with an amplifier of the steering wheel of this type. There were often failures and failures in the system. As a result, the engineers decided that it would be more correct to put the hydraulicel that fully justified itself. To this day, the steering wheel works on such machines due to the fact that he helps him oil fluidcirculating in the system.

In order, the hydraulicel worked properly, it is necessary to follow it. First of all, it is necessary to regularly check the fluid level. If it does not hold and drops, it means you need to check the glands. Perhaps flowing into them. If the steering wheel is hard, you need to fully diagnose the node.