How the manual transfers is decrypted. Device manual gearbox. New developments in the world of the CAT

The mechanical transmission of the car is designed to change the torque and transmission from the engine to the wheels. It disconnects the engine from the leading wheels of the machine. Explain from which the mechanical gearbox consists - how it works.

• carter;
• primary, secondary and intermediate shafts with gears;
• additional shaft and reversing gears;
• synchronizers;
• gear shift mechanism with lock and locking devices;
• switching lever.

Scheme of work: 1 - primary shaft; 2 - switch lever; 3 - switching mechanism; 4 - secondary shaft; five - drain plug; 6 - intermediate shaft; 7 - Carter.
Carter contains the main details of the transmission. It is attached to the clutch card, which is fixed on the engine. Because When the gear is running heavy loads, they should be well lubricated. Therefore, the carter half of its volume is flooded with transmission oil.

Shafts rotate in the bearings installed in the crankcase. They have gear sets with different teeth.

Synchronizers are necessary for smooth, silent and unstable transmission, by equalizing the angular velocities of rotating gears.

Switching mechanism It serves to change gears in the box and is controlled by the driver using a lever from the car's salon. In this case, the locking device does not allow you to turn on simultaneously to two transmissions, and the locking device holds them from spontaneous shutdown.

Requirements for gearbox

• Providing the best traction and fuel and economic properties
• high efficiency
• ease of control
• unstressed switching and sacchability of work
• the inability to turn on both two gears or reversing when moving forward
• reliable gear retention
• simplicity of design and small cost, small size and mass
• convenience of maintenance and repair

Ease of control depends on the method of switching gear and type of drive. The transmissions are switched using movable gears, gear couplings, synchronizers, friction or electromagnetic devices. For unstressed switching, synchronizers are set to complicate the design, as well as increase the dimensions and mass of the transmission. Therefore, those in which the highest transmissions are switched by synchronizers, and lower-gear couplings are obtained.

How do gears work?

a) gear ratio of one pair of gears
Take two gears and count the number of teeth. The first gear has 20 teeth, and the second 40. So, with two turns of the first gear, the second will make only one turn (gear ratio is 2).

b) gear ratio of two gears
On the image b) At the first gear ("A") of 20 teeth, in the second ("b") 40, in the third ("B") - 20, in the fourth ("g") - 40. Further simple arithmetic. Primary shaft and gear "A" rotate at a speed of 2000 rpm. The gear "b" rotates 2 times slower, i.e. It has 1000 rpm, and because The gears "B" and "B" are fixed on the same shaft, the third gear makes 1000 rpm. Then the gear "g" will rotate another 2 times slower - 500 rpm. From the engine to the primary shaft comes - 2000 rpm, and it comes out - 500 rpm. On the intermediate shaft at this time - 1000 rpm.

IN this example The transfer number of the first pair of gears is two, the second pair of gears is also two. General gear ratio of this circuit 2x2 \u003d 4. That is, 4 times the number of revolutions on the secondary shaft is reduced, compared with the primary one. Please note that if you are withdrawn from the engagement of the gear "in" and "g", the secondary shaft will not rotate. In this case, the transfer of torque and on the drive wheels, which corresponds to neutral transmission.

Rear gear, i.e. Rotation of the secondary shaft in the other side, Provided by an additional, fourth shaft from the reverse gear. An additional shaft is necessary that the odd number of steam gears will be obtained, then the torque changes the direction:

Torque transmission diagram when turning on the reverse gear: 1 - primary shaft; 2 - gear of the primary shaft; 3 - intermediate shaft; 4 - gear and reverse shaft; 5 - secondary shaft.

Transmission numbers

The first and transmission of the reverse - the most "strong". The engine is not difficult to turn the wheels, but the car in this case moves slowly. And when moving up the mountain on the "shunter" fifth and fourth transmissions, the motor lacks forces. Therefore, you have to switch to lower, but "strong" transmissions.

The first transmission is necessary to start motionSo that the engine is able to move the heavy machine. Next, by increasing the speed and making some inertia, you can switch to the second gear, more "weak", but more "quickly", then on the third and so on. The usual movement mode is on the fourth (in the city) or fifth (on the highway) - they are the most high-speed and economical.

What are the faults?

The switching lever is translated by a calm smooth movement, with micropause in the neutral position to work synchronizers that protect the gears from breakdowns. With competent handling of it and periodic oil replacement in the "box", it will not break until the end of the service life.

Noise when working, which is mainly dependent on the type of gear installed, significantly decreases when replacing the strainer of the gears with skis. Proper work also depends on service on time.

Engines internal combustionsuch as gasoline, and diesel, have a fairly narrow working range. Manual gearbox is needed to ensure optimal mode power aggregate.

Changes in the transfer ratio are carried out manually, usually translating the lever from one position to another. To ensure switching, the power flow is rupture using a mechanical clutch.

Excursion to history

On the first cars, it was not familiar to us a gearbox with gears, an effort on the drive wheels was transmitted by a belt. Such a device was used by Karl Benz - to increase the speed, the driver needed to cross the ring with one pair of pulleys to another. The gears in the transmission first applied Wilhelm Maybach, in the cars of its design there were mechanical boxes.

Transferring torque from it to drive wheels was carried out using a steel chain. The coaxial box at the beginning of the 20th century appeared on cars Louis Reno, which is also the inventor of the cardan shaft.

At first, the separated layout of the aggregates prevailed in the automotive industry, at which the gearbox was located separately from the force aggregate. The transmission of torque in them took place through a special shaft, as was on the BMW 501 model.

The mechanical boxes of the first issues were very complex, the management of them required considerable effort and good skills. In 1928, American Engineer Charles Kethering from General Motors suggested a device for synchronization. The first successful box, equipped with such a mechanism, was installed on the Corvette car. In the European continent, the leader in the development of transmissions was ZF.

The firmly adopted name of the manual transmission is the following decoding of the abbreviation -Mehan gear gearbox. Earlier in the title under the first letter P was understood as the word of change, but over time it was replaced by a more suitable one. Abbreviated name of the manual box in technical descriptions It often appears with the number indicating the number of steps.

Modern manual transmission has a fairly perfect device, providing, in addition to shifting gears in motion, performing a number of functions:

• ensuring the movement of the car with reversal;
• disagreement of the transmission and the engine working engine during short-term stops;
• the presence of a neutral position of the box allows the start of the engine.

Cars equipped with such transmissions, with other things being equal in more efficient machines with automatic transmission.

Principle of operation of the manual mCP

The start of the movement of the car, slow riding in a bad road causes great resistance. A car with a manual transmission in this mode requires the maximum torque.

PPC at the same time performs the functions of the downgrade and even with large revs vehicle Moves with relatively low speed. After stopping overclocking, the driver switches the mode, and the crankshaft rotation frequency returns to the optimal range.

Uniform movement on the plane requires less effort, which is provided with increased transmissions.

The principle of operation of a manual transmission is to create connections between the leading (input) shaft and the slave (output) through the combinations of gears with different amounts of teeth. This allows you to adjust the transmission under the changing conditions of the vehicle.

For teapots, as is customary to call non-specialists, the principle of operation of a manual transmission can be explained literally in several words. The device provides normal engine operation due to changes in the number of revolutions, increasing or reducing the force on the drive wheels. This allows you to maintain the best mode of operation of the power unit when starting, acceleration and reduce speed.

This principle of operation of the manual transmission is maintained by all machines: and with full, and with rear, and with front-wheel drive. The transmission device in each case has its own characteristics, but at the same time the main elements of the design and their purpose are preserved. The transfer of the gear ratio is due to the introduction of a certain combination of gears with different amounts of teeth.

These ratios for each engine are selected individually during the design work and inventory tests. At the same time, many factors are taken into account and, first of all, the engine parameters. The physical principle of operation of the manual transmission of the manual manner remains unchanged, the driver controls the change in the mode manually by passing the lever from one position to another.

Video - manual gearbox, principle of operation:

A visual idea of \u200b\u200bthe principle of operation of the manual manual can be obtained after watching a video clip. A schematic animated image as it is impossible to better demonstrate the interaction of parts between themselves. Such materials provide an understanding of the processes occurring, especially when switching modes of operation.

Device

The design of the MCPP has changed little since its elements were made and patented. The mechanical gearbox consists of the following parts and nodes:

• carter;
• input, output and intermediate shafts;
• synchronizers;
• leading and driven gears;
• gear mechanism.

The parts collected in a single case interact with each other, providing a torque transmission. The device of the mechanical gearbox depends on the design features and the number of shafts - on this feature they are divided into two- and three-wedroom. The last layout is called coaxial and in the technical literature it is customary to call classical.

Gear shafts and blocks

In such a design, the presenter and slave shafts are placed in the box of the box one by one. In the shank of the primary shaft, the bearing is installed, which relies the end of the secondary. The lack of a rigid connection allows them to rotate independently of each other with different frequencies and in different direction. Below under them is the intermediate shaft, the transmission of the force occurs through the gear blocks installed on the specified parts.

In order to reduce the noise of the gearbox, the gears are made in it. In the manufacture of these parts, a rigid tolerance system is used, and much attention is paid to the quality of the processing of conjugated surfaces.

On the leading shaft of the classic mechanical box, several gears of different diameters are rigidly fixed and, accordingly, with different amounts of teeth. In some cases, the node is done solid, which ensures maximum strength.

The gears on the secondary shaft can be installed in two ways:

• moving on the slots;
• fixed on the hubs.

The connection with the leading shaft in the first embodiment occurs due to the longitudinal movement of the driven gear on the slots until the entry into engagement in the master. Such a scheme is characterized by simplicity and reliability and gained quite widespread.

In another design, the longitudinal movement of parts is excluded and the connection occurs with a sliding clutch.

Video - How is the transmission of torque in the manual transmission:

The angular velocities of the drive shaft and the slave are equalized using a special device called a synchronizer. In gearboxes sports cars or cars special purpose Instead of these nodes, cam couplings can be used.

Control mechanisms

In the entire history of the development of vehicles, many original structures were developed. The layout used in modern units received the greatest distribution.

Manage manual transmission is carried out by a special design consisting of the following elements:

• lever;
• drives;
• sliders;
• forks;
• lock;
• shift coupling.

Changes in the modes of the unit is made by the driver by moving the lever from one position to another. Through the drives are activated. Protection against simultaneous inclusion is a special blocking mechanism - the lock. In three-way boxes, it makes it impossible to move two slips when the third movement.

This node activates the switching plug, which causes the coupling offset. This detail It is a thick-walled ring with slots on the inner surface. They are in constant engagement with the gentle crown of the driven shaft, along which the coupling moves along it. Similar slots are available on the side surface of the driven gear.

When switching gears, the lever is first translated into neutral from which the choice is made. necessary mode. During this time, the synchronizer lines the angular velocities, and the gear is blocked by a clutch. The torque from the primary shaft is transmitted to the secondary and then through the main gearbox to the drive wheels.

The synchronizer provides unstressed switching, while its response time does not exceed several hundredths of a second.

Video - Coupling device and manual transmission, visual story from Toyota:

The softness of the mechanical box running is largely dependent on the overall state of the parts and, in particular, of this node.

The synchronizer is a bronze ring with a gear crown on inner side. When the coupling moves, it first presses the part to the cone surface on the sidewall of the driven gear, which occurred at the same time the friction force is sufficient to level the rotational speed of the shafts. After synchronization, the switching wheel of the switching clutch is blocked.

How to switch speeds on a manual transmission

Operation of cars with MCP and management of them has a number of features that need to know the driver. There is a lawsager question: how to use a manual transmission? Training this begins at, starting from the instructor showing an automatic skill in shutdown.

How to switch the speeds on a manual transmission is usually indicated on the scheme applied to the outer surface of the lever handle. In general, the process is as follows:

• the driver squeezes the adhesion with the left foot;
• hand translates the lever from one position to another;
• smoothly releases the clutch pedal and smoothly presses the accelerator.

Switching gear from a manual box is carried out in accordance with the scheme that is specified in technical documentation To the car. Experienced drivers Recommended to adhere to the following rules that will increase the resource of the aggregate:

• the use of direct transmission (usually fourth) will significantly reduce fuel consumption;
• switching speeds on a manual transmission should be performed strictly in accordance with the manual developed by the manufacturer;
• turning on the reverse transmission only after a complete stop of the car;
• the clutch pedal squeezes quickly until it stops into the floor, it should be released smoothly without a jerk;
• on the garbage or wet road, the movement is unacceptable;
• when turning turns, it is not recommended to perform shifting shifts;
• effective on the free road is the engine inhibition by the engine through the sequential reduction of transmission to the minimum;
• periodic control of the oil level in the box and timely replacement In the process of maintenance will ensure an increase in its resource.

Video - Tips How to switch speeds on a manual gearbox:

The development of car control techniques requires constant practice. The actions of the instructor are shown in the smallest details, monitoring them will make it possible to form the right muscle reactions at the novice driver.

Oil for manual gearbox

Maintenance of transmissions aggregates is made in accordance with the service book. In most boxes MCPP replacement operational fluid It is carried out every 50-60 thousand km of run. During this period, wear products are accumulated in it and lubricating properties are lost.

It should be pouring for a manual transmission specified in the instruction manual. This is especially true foreign productionThe use of inappropriate oil can lead to wear and even failure of the unit.

To answer the question of what oil in the manual transmission should be familiar with the records in the service book, where the brand of technical fluid is made.

Existing varieties of gearboxes are essentially the answer to the demand of motorists. The box together with the steering wheel makes it possible to effectively manage the possibilities of a modern car. Someone likes comfort, someone quickly gets tired of management, someone does not know how and everything is afraid. In modern classification, there are three main types of gearboxes and their options:

• mechanical system, manual gear shift method;
• automatic multi-stage gearbox;
• stepless system of variator;
• robotic box.

Despite the fact that the latter view is considered an option for a manual transmission, the existing differences from the classic scheme allow it to be allocated in a separate line. You can safely determine it in a separate type of gearbox.

The internal combustion engine is not able to effectively work in the widest range of rotational speed, therefore, various types of gearboxes are used, lowering the speed of rotation of the transmission shafts. This occurs either using a set of gear gears and wheels, as in the main types of gearboxes, or with the help of pushing belts and pulleys - in the variator circuit box.

The variator gearbox most of all meets the lifestyle of a modern person and allows you to completely refuse to control the transmission. The first requires the maximum driver's participation in driving speed and torque wheel. The machine has greatly facilitated the human life behind the wheel, but requires a thorough attitude towards his work.

Before answering the question - what kind of gearbox is better to choose, you should define your attitude to the machine and the degree of your participation in the car management.

Simple and reliable manual systems

Mechanical system Switching, referred to as "mechanics" or "handle" - the most common and simple type of gearbox. IN modern cars It is represented by two species:

• a multifreeze, in which the gears are on two or three parallel shafts and are engaged alternately depending on the required gear ratio;
• the planetary, in which gears and gears are in constant engagement in several rows, the selection of a pair with the necessary gear ratio is performed using friction or friction packets.

In the wheel transport, the planetary form of mechanics is used only in automatic boxes, in mountain biking and military equipment. Planetaryca is more compact and lighter than a multilateral type of mechanism, but significantly more expensive in production.

Modern cars With a drive on the front wheels have a two-way diagram and a minimum of 5 stages of gear forward and one back. More expensive auto models can be equipped with six-speed gearboxes. At the same time, the 5th and 6th are boosting - the output shaft of the gearbox rotates with higher engine crankshaft. This is more than enough for manual control.

The main problem of the mechanical gearbox is that when switching by the command of the handle smoothly and unbroken to engage in the engagement of the pair of osospheric gears having different angular velocities. For leveling of revolutions in a box, each pair of gears is equipped with a ring of synchronization made of bronze.

When switching the transfer, the driver turns off the clutch, thereby enables the synchronizer to align the speed of rotation of the gears. After which the switching knob is either directly or through the system or cable drives, move the switching coupling on the case inside the case, thereby enclosing the necessary pair of gears. It remains only to let the clutch pedal and continue the movement.

Such mechanical boxes are called synchronized. It is simple and convenient to manage them in the presence of a certain driving skill. True, incomplete clutch shutdown, slip, or other transmission disconnection problems result in the fact that synchronizers of mechanics begin to intensively wear out, up to the impossibility of switching on the transmission without intermediate formation of the handle to the neutral position. The transition to the next transmission occurs after repeated clutch. Such a switching method was widely used earlier and is now used on cargo transport With mechanics, not equipped with a synchronizer system.

Important! Worn synchronizers, except for the inclusion of transmission, lead to intensive wear of the crowns of gears, local choking of individual sections of teeth.

The mechanical gearbox is the most reliable and economical, requires the driver of sufficient qualifications and hard work at the constant shift switching in a pair with the workshop of the clutch shutdown pedal. But, oddly enough, many drivers deliberately makes a choice in favor of mechanics. In their opinion, the mechanics, even with increased physical exertion, gives greater pleasure from the control of the car than robotic or automatic boxes.

Sequental gearbox, as the highest point of development of mechanics

More precisely, it will be called this box - a manual transmission with a sequental, or inline switching method. The idea came from the development area for sports high-speed machines. Modern sequential gearbox is built according to a regular manual box with electronically control Clutch drive I. hydraulic drive Shift. Feature sequental box Is compliance with the strict sequence of gear.

Of the advantages of the sequenal mechanism, you can note:

• the highest switching speed;
• compliance with the switching sequence makes it possible to work "painlessly" with very large engine turnover and capacity;
• the method of control using stealless petals allows us to comfortably control the movement even at high speeds or in difficult road conditions.

In such boxes, the gears are used and do not apply inclusion synchronizers. Aligning the speed of rotation of the gear and wheels is carried out by the computer on the speed sensor. Instead of a gear coupling there is a cam mechanism for inclusion of gear. Due to this, the speed of inclusion of approximately 70-80% is less than that of ordinary mechanics. Use a separate node for the operation of hydraulic drives - battery working fluid high pressure.

Robotic gearbox systems

Unlike sequental systems, a robotic type of box has an electromechanical drive of inclusion of a pair of gears. The basis of the scheme is a manual gearbox, built on the system of two workers of the transmissions. Even numbers are assembled on one shaft, odd - on the other. Each of the shafts has its own clutch disc and can turn it off independently.

This type of box uses preselective mode. The trick of the design is that the computer in advance using the data on the transmission operation mode calculates the most appropriate to turn on the following transmission. With the help of the solenoid, it performs its engagement on the opposite row of gears when the clutch is turned off. At the moment of switching will only be included in the clutch and continue the movement. Due to this, switching occurs at a very high speed.

In its kind, the robots box occupy an intermediate position between automatic boxes and mechanics. At the same time, on the functions performed and the degree of computerization, this type of box can be called more automatic than the existing hydromechanical systems.

The most famous and advertised robotic type of gearbox is called seven-step DSG system boxes installed on VW models with a small engine. Reviews of work - from advertising and laudatory delights to openly negative.

If you decide to buy a car with a similar gear system, it is worth considering the following:

1. Robotic box - A very complex mechanism, the least of all this type of box is designed for high-speed rubber burning in crazy races. Boxes are difficult managed, served and repaired.
2. At least two weeks should be used to control on DSG. Fans of mechanics this kind seems slow and unpredictable, drivers who have sent with hydromechanical boxes - twigging the nefple.
3. Already, the quality of robots allows us to provide a 5-year warranty and 150 thousand runs.

Interesting! With all the critical comments, robots are cheaper in the manufacture, have a higher efficiency and, according to experts, it is possible that this kind of outstanding outdated hydromechanics from the market passenger cars.

The most complicated type of transmission - machine guns and variators

The more functions perform the gearbox, the more difficult it is its production, lower reliability and higher cost. The most expensive and non-economically there were always all types of automatic transmission of the car. The design of this species is represented by hydromechanical and adaptive gears. The scheme is based on two main aggregates - a torque converter and a planetary transmission.

In modern automatic gearboxes, the torque converter executes the role of a compensator that increases or reducing the main gear planetary mechanism. Thus, the joint work of two units ensures the optimal number of transmission transmission under specific conditions.

Large losses in hydraulics forced engineers somewhat to improve the work of this type of machine. Now the operation of the hydrotransformer at speeds of more than 20 km / h is blocked by a clutch, and the transmission of the torque is performed directly through the friction on the planetary box.

In some cases, instead of connecting the hydrotransformer, its functions in transient modes are provided with a slip package of friction linings, which is easier and more efficient.

One of the species automatic transmission It is an adaptive automatic box in which the computer control unit is selected by the most suitable gear ratio in the planetary box.

This kind automatic box While it remains out of competition in the transmission of cars increased passibility, SUVs and machines with a large engine capacity. Maintenance and repair is complicated, requires high qualifications and high-quality supplies.

Variator systems

As a result, 30 years of evolution of the first variators for low-power motocoles and scooters technologists managed to bring the level of reliability and durability of the pushing belt (the main element of the stepless variator) to a completely acceptable magnitude of the run of 150 thousand km. The pushing belt itself represents a miracle of engineering thought. It is made of a large number of absolutely identical metal elements, thanks to which the belt can be flexible and tough at the same time.

In operation, it interacts with two pulleys - input and output, providing almost any gear transmission value. Modern variators received an acceptable high efficiency and the ability to work with a capacity of up to 100 hp. The variator can be called the first of the systems, truly capable of continuously change the transfer number of transmissions.

This type of automation does not like slipping, extremely vulnerable with low quality hydraulic fluid. In most cases, the variator is equipped with a torque converter.

Advantages is a very accurate selection of the necessary gear ratio of transmission. This type of capricious boxes, roads in manufacturing and maintenance and in the near future is unlikely to come out of a niche small car.

More information about various types of PPCs on video:

Almost any modern car (except electrocars) is necessarily equipped with a gearbox. The following types of gearboxes are the most popular:

1. Automatic transmission;
2. Variable speed drive;
3. Robotic gearbox.

The most common in Russia is a manual transmission. Boxes this type Especially equipped with everything domestic cars and most of foreign cars

Appointment and device of a manual gearbox

The mechanical gearbox is needed in the car to change the gear ratio from the motor to the wheels. Switching speeds occurs due to the muscular power of the driver, its mechanical effort in relation to the MCPP. That is why such a gearbox is called a manual gearbox. The driver himself controls when you should switch the manual gearbox to a higher or low transmission. Modern MCPs are 5, 6 and even 7-speed. Most often in modern cars used 6-speed gearbox.

In addition, each transmission box has a rear and neutral transmission. The back allows the car to move back, neutral transmission is when there is no rotation from the motor to the drive of leading wheels.

Principle of operation of a manual transmission

The mechanical gearbox device includes:

1. The box itself, which is a multistage gearbox;
2. Clutch;
3. Various shafts and gears.

If you explain the principle of operation of the manual transmission for dummies, you can form it like this:

1. The gears change the frequency of revolutions between the shafts. By replacing the size of the gears, switching to increased or reduced transmission;
2. Without clutch, switching gear on the go cannot be. Its work consists in separating the motor and transmission. This procedure helps to switch transmissions, without breaking the gears and shaft.

Each manual transmission (if this is not an innovative model) arranged according to a similar design. On the shafts (on their axes) there are gear gears. The manifestation is with two or three shafts, and the body is called a crankcase.

Driving system device

The trumping system is equipped with three trees:

1. Leading shaft;
2. Intermediate shaft;
3. Slave shaft.

The principle of operation of mechanics is that there are slots on the drive shaft, and the shaft itself is connected to the clutch. The clutch disc moves on the slots, and the axis itself transmits its energy to the intermediate shaft, which is connected to the gear of the master.

The driven shaft of the mechanical gearbox using the bearing inside the first shaft is connected to the master and is located in such a way that the axis of the slave and the lead corrected together. In turn, such a structure allows them to rotate independently of each other. The gears of the slave axis is hard not fixed in relation to the slave shaft, and the gears themselves have special demarchangers - synchronizer-clutch. Such demarchangers, unlike gear blocks, are firmly attached to the slave shaft. However, this does not prevent them from moving along the spitts along the axis.

The ends of the synchronizer clutch are the shape of the gear crowns, which allows them to touch with the crowns on the ends of the gear of the slave shaft. Currently, the gearbox is equipped with such synchronizers on all front transmissions.

Diameanors-clutches with neutral mode, which is characterized by smooth rotation of the gears, are drunk. At the time of switching the lever to one of the possible steps with full clutch squeezing, the plug in the gearbox sends a synchronizer coupling to contact with its pair on the end of the gear. Such engagement gives tough fixation of the gear with the shaft and, as a result, the transmission of effort and rotation.

With rear-wheel drive type, the transmission of torque and revolutions on the drive wheels occurs through cardan Val., And with the front-wheel drive - with the help of shruses and gearboxes. In the event that there is no gear, and the coupling clings directly slave and drive shafts, the gearbox gives the maximum possible efficiency. For the rear handle, the box device is equipped with a gear that allows you to change the direction of rotation in the reverse order.

Recently, manufacturers of mechanical gearboxes prefer gear with oblique tooth. Unlike straightforward, such gears produce a minimum of noise when working and differ in greater wear resistance. The shelf life of such gears is due to the material from which they are manufactured: high-alloy steel, hardened by high frequency and normalized to remove the voltage.

Double-channel box

The work of the manual transmission, equipped with a two-walled box, passes by the same principle as tricking. The only difference is the scheme of the location of the gear. Instead of one on the drive axis, there is a whole block of gears. There is no intermediate shaft, but the two remaining shaft go parallel to each other.

In general, the two-channel system is characterized by a large efficiency, but the gear ratio on such systems is quite low. It is for this reason that two-level gearbox is installed only on passenger cars. For trucks, the magnitude of the gear ratio must be higher.

What is the synchronizer in the manual transmission

Most cars, both domestic and foreign cars, have a MCPP that have a synchronizer. This element helps to level the speed of the gear, which leads to a decrease in noise level and more easy transmission, which cannot be achieved if the box does not have a synchronizer.

How does the shift process occurs

It does not matter what drive in your car, front or rear, a special lever is always responsible for the transmission process. If you look at the MCPP in the context, you can see that the location of the lever on front drive Significantly different from its location in the rear drive.

Cars S. rear wheel drive Have more simple schema location lever switching gear, which simplifies their repair and maintenance. The lever is located directly on the PPC housing, the switching mechanism is hidden inside the housing. This location It has many advantages, but unfortunately not devoid of minuses.

Pros of design:

1. Very simpler, which significantly simplifies the repair process with their own hands;
2. Gear shift occurs very clearly;
3. Due to the lack of "extra" nodes, this design is very durable.

Cons Design:

1. It is impossible to install this system on automobiles with front-wheel drive;
2. If the car with rear-wheel drive engine is located behind, it also makes it impossible to use this design (very few such cars).

In the front-wheel drive machines, the gearbox lever can be located in the following locations:

1. On the floor, in the interval between the front armchairs;
2. Directly on the steering column;
3. Near the instrument panel.

Such a feature leads to the fact that a multi-stage manual transmission on vehicles with front-wheel drive works only remotely, using a scene or thrust. This feature of the design also has its pros and cons:

1. The lever is located more comfortable for the driver, as its position does not depend on where the manual transmission is;
2. Vibration that is created in the checkpoint is not transmitted to the speed switch lever;
3. Opens a wide field of activity for automotive designers who can put the gearbox lever at any place convenient for them.

The disadvantages of this design are as follows:

1. A more difficult technical system requires more attention and is less durable;
2. After long-term operation, lights often appear;
3. There is no such shifting of gear, as in the option with the PPC on the rear-wheel drive;
4. Periodically you have to regulate the thrust that may require a qualified intervention of car service specialists.

Advantages and disadvantages of the manual transmission

Any system, including gearbox, has several different designs with various advantages and minuses. Consider than the MCPP differs from other types of PPC:

• The main advantage of using the MCP is its price. Most budget cars are equipped with mechanical mechanics. Of course, you should not expect the fact that you will install six-speed MCPPs or the latest mechanics with seven steps (such boxes are sometimes mistakenly called the seventh generation boxes);
• If we compare the MCPP with the hydromechanics, then the MCPP will be much easier by weight and have a higher efficiency;
• MCP does not require such cooling as automatic transmission;
• Simplicity and reliability of the design (even in the option with transmission for vehicles with front-wheel drive);
• Cars with MCPP are more economical than with automatic transmission (this does not apply to newest models Automatic transmission, which can be more economical "mechanics");
• Repair of the car with the manual transmission does not cause difficulties and can be produced independently;
• MCPP is more suitable for sports cars, allowing to apply extreme driving techniques controlled by driving and so on;
• The car equipped with manual transmission can be started, and if it does not work, then towed to any desired distance.

The disadvantages of the MCP are as follows:

• Transmission takes longer than when using automatic transmission, as the engine and transmission is disassembled at the moment of switching;
• For smooth gear shift, driving skills are needed with such a type of gearbox;
• The clutch often fails and needs to be replaced;
• When driving on a car with manual transmission, the driver is more tired, as it is forced to constantly switch the transfer. This problem is especially relevant in big cities.

Gradually, the global automotive industry reduces the number of cars with MCPP, especially for markets of countries with high levels Life.

Maintenance MCPP

That for MCPP is, as a rule, in checking the oil level in it. It is necessary to monitor whether there are no leather on the crankcase, joints and fuel and drain plugs.

Cars, equipped on-board computercan signal the owner of the problems with the manual manual mCP. Each computer signal is decrypted, after which appropriate measures are taken. The decoding can be in the manual to your car or in a special program on a laptop, which can be connected to the onboard system of the car. In most foreign cars, the oil in the box does not change if there is no problem. It is only necessary to occasionally check its level (if there are no traces of leaks).

MCPP - the system is quite simple and maintainable. If you need simple and reliable car, cholect the machine equipped with manual transmission.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

All cars with internal combustion engines are certainly equipped with gearboxes. Any motorist knows how many things there are and what kind of varieties of this device, and also accepts the fact that the most common manual is a manual transmission. Her brief designation is MCPP. The main difference, in addition to structural and demonstrative, is that the gear shift is fully controlled by the driver. We will deal with more, which is the named type of KP.

How does a mechanical kp work? What is she present? Let's figure it out.
A manual transmission performs a simple and understandable feature: change the gear ratio of rotation speeds from the motor. An important component of it is transmission mechanism gear (most often) type. We have already found out that a mechanical CP is functioning by manipulating the driver, which independently decides, which currently the value of the gear ratio is required for the correct operation of the entire car. The visit and the name is mechanical, which involves completely manual control.

Principle of operation of the manual mCP

In general, the KP is the stepped gearboxes of the closed type. In themselves, they contain gear gears, which, depending on the demand, at the moment, can be clicked and can change the revolutions and between the input and output shafts, as well as their frequency.

Important! "Simply put, the principle of operation of a mechanical transmission is that on different stages of the input and output shafts, switching (manually) and the connection of various gear combinations" occurs. Another important question should be considered: a manual manual transmission.

It is worth understanding that by itself, any gearbox will not be able to function separately from other, no less important vendors of the car. One of them is grip. This node separates the motor and transmission at the required point in time. This allows you to switch gear without consequences for the car while maintaining the engine speed. The presence of the clutch and the need for its use is due to the fact that the MCPP passes through its gears a lot of value torque. It is also important to know that any gearbox subject to the classical design has the axis Shafts, which are risled gears. We mentioned about them earlier. The housing is usually called the "Carter". And the most common layouts are three and two-walled.

In the first place:

• leading shaft;
• intermediate shaft;
• slave shaft.

The presenter shaft is usually connected with the clutch, and the special disk is moved along it (it is called the clutch disk). Next, the rotation goes to the intermediate shaft, which is firmly connected to the gear of the primary tree. When considering constructive features MCPP should take into account the special location of the slave shaft. Often it is coaxial with the lead axis, and they are connected by means of bearing, which is inside the driving shaft. Such a device ensures the independence of their rotations. The gear blocks from the slave shaft are not fixed, and the gears themselves are limited to special couplings. They can also shift along the axis. In the included neutral gear, the gear free rotation is provided. Then the couplings acquire an open position. After the driver is squeezed by clutch, and the transfer is shown, say, on the first, the special plug in the CP will move the clutch in such a way that it clings to the desired pair of gear. This is how the transmission of rotation and an effort directed from the engine is carried out.

Such a device and principle of work are very similar to the triaxial version of the MCPP. It is noted that the two-walled mechanical transmissions have a large efficiency, but due to the characteristics of its design and the associated limitations on the permissible increase in the gear ratio are used only in passenger cars. Also an important element in the design of mechanical gearboxes are synchronizers.

Previously, when the first samples of such KP were not equipped with them, the drivers had to carry out a double climb to equalize the circumferential speeds of the gear. With the advent of synchronizers, this need disappeared. It should be noted that synchronizers do not apply for gearboxes with a large number (when it comes to say, about 18 steps), because from a technical point of view of configuration of this format is simply impossible. Also, to increase the transmission speed, the synchronizers are not used when designing sports cars. Synchronizers are functioning in this way: when the control switch transfers, the coupling shifts to the desired gear. The efforts come to the blocking ring of the coupling, and with the existing friction of the surface of the teeth begin their interaction. Money transmission The principle of work has how we found out, affordable and clear. Consider now questions regarding gear shift.

Gear shift

Now, when we know how the gearbox is running a mechanical principle of control, it is important to deal with the switching process itself. For this process, a special mechanism is responsible. Available with rear-wheel drive is equipped with a switch lever on the MCP itself. The mechanism is hidden in the housing, and the lever allows control. This option is characterized by some advantages and disadvantages. Among the advantages:

• availability and simplicity in terms of construction solutions;
• clear switching;
• high service life.

The disadvantages include:

• the inability to locate the motor in the back of the machine;
• the impossibility of applying on vehicles with front-wheel drive.

If the cars are equipped with the front-wheel drive, the levers are provided on the floor between the driver's seat and the passenger seat, on the steering panel, or on the dashboard. Constructive features in switching transmissions with front-wheel drive also possess its advantages and disadvantages. Among the first are special comfort in the location and convenience of switching, the lack of vibrations on the lever, relatively high freedom from the point of view of the designer and engineering layout.

Disadvantages are mainly represented by relatively short durability, the likelihood of the occurrence of the arms, as well as the need to adjust the thrust. In addition, such a variant in the design and arrangement of the lever has less clarity than when it is located on the MCPP housing. Love, who is interested in the theme of the diversity of gearboxes, one should familiarize themselves with the advantages and minuses of a particular mechanical CP, because it is a kind of "mother" All subsequent execution options and functional switch boxes.

Pros and cons mechanical gearboxes

Of course, the perfect gearbox simply does not exist. But the incomparable advantages of the mechanical are:

1. The relative cheapness of the design compared to the analogues.
2. Small mass and enviable efficiency (efficiency).
3. Lack of special cooling requirements.
4. Advantage from the point of view of savings and the best overclocking dynamics.
5. High reliability and high operation resource.
6. The presence of the opportunity to apply various techniques (which is important for the ASs and drivers with experience) and driving styles under certain conditions (for example, during the ice and when driving off-road).

1. Machine with manual transmission can be started by jolts and make it towing the most easily and convenient for long distances at any speed.
2. The presence of engine disconnection and transmission.

Impressive list. Let's talk about shortcomings. Among them:

1. The need for switching complete disagreement between the power mechanism and transmission, and this affects the switching time.
2. To achieve the smoothness of switching, you will have to fill the hand and save the experience for a long time.
3. The ideal smoothness will not succeed at all, since the number of steps in modern cars with a manual gear ranges from 4 to 7.
4. Relatively small resource on the clutch node
5. Statistical data that speakers that drivers preferring mechanics are more susceptible to fatigue on the way.

At the end of the article, consider a brief course of driving on the manual transmission for not having experience drivers.

Manual box for "kettles". 9 important details

The newcomer, who acquired a car with a manual box, is required to familiarize themselves with important nuances in handling the box and understand some moments. In order. What are the transfer for? In order to choose which precisely and under what conditions will be the best for use in the situation you need (weather conditions, road surface quality, etc.)

Important! Mastering the location of the gear. An important point is the synchronous pressing of the clutch pedal with simultaneous switching speeds.

1. Running the motor. Scheme: "Neutra" - clutch - engine start. And nothing else.

2. Proper application clutch. Squeeze - strictly to the end and no more than 2 seconds. We save the car.

3. Purchase coordination and smooth action. Clutch. Speed \u200b\u200b(for example, the first). Throw a clutch (slowly, of course), while we are also slowly taken for gas.

4. "Downshifting". Simply put, when the speed decreases, it is important to reduce and transfers, just as they were raised during acceleration.

5. Rear. Never under any circumstances is not recommended to include rear transmission Before the moment until the car stops.

6. Park. The motor is muted, the clutch is squeezed, the first transmission is turned on, hand brake in the working position. Everything is simple.

It is not clear, hard and tedious? More practice! Only under the condition of continuous and continuous driving, the described principles and subtleties will not be just a vault or laws, but with something natural and understandable.

Conclusion

Manual gearbox The device and the principle of operation, as we found out, are quite interesting, at least at the same time and are difficult to perceive. OPP operations exclusively with internal combustion engines. This type of design and principles in management gives the considered type of gearbox with certain superiorities in front of its analogs, which are increasingly starting to occupy the leading place on the market. However, do not forget that the most practical, although not exactly the first inexperienced opinion is easy to use, is the MCP.
Get acquainted with the "mechanics" closer, and you will be pleasantly surprised!