Pyrotechnic Chemistry: Introduction to Rocket Technology - Fedov V.I. Motor installations at hydrogen peroxide for small satellites Nazi heritage in England ...
IN 1818 French Chemist L. J. Tenar opened the "oxidized water". Later this substance got a name hydrogen peroxide. Its density is 1464.9 kg / cubic meter. So, the resulting substance has a formula H 2 O 2, endothermally, rolls off oxygen in active form with high heat release: H 2 O 2\u003e H 2 O + 0.5 o 2 + 23.45 kcal.
Chemists also knew about property hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing: solutions H 2 O 2 (hereinafter referred to peroxide") ignited flammable substances, so so that they did not always succeed. Therefore, apply peroxide in real life as an energy substance, and not yet requiring an additional oxidant, an engineer came to mind Helmut Walter. from the city Keel. And specifically on submarines, where every gram of oxygen must be taken into account, especially since she went 1933And the fascist elbow took all measures to prepare for war. Immediately work with peroxide were classified. H 2 O 2 - The product is unstable. Walter found products (catalysts) that contributed even more rapid decomposition Peroxy. Oxygen cleavage reaction ( H 2 O 2 = H 2 O. + O 2.) I got instantly to the end. However, there was a need to "get rid" from oxygen. Why? The fact is that peroxide The richest connection to O 2. His almost 95% From the weight of the substance. And since atomic oxygen is initially distinguished, then not to use it as an active oxidant was simply inconvenient.
Then in the turbine, where it was applied peroxide, organic fuel, as well as water, as heat has highlighted quite enough. This contributed to the growth of engine power.
IN 1937 The year has passed successful stand tests of the steamer-turbine installations, and in 1942 The first submarine was built F-80.which developed under water speed 28.1 nodes (52.04 km / hour). German command decided to build 24 submarine who had to have two power plants Power each 5000 hp. They consumed 80% solution Peroxy. In Germany, preparing capacity for release 90,000 tons of peroxide in year. However, an inglorious end came for the "Millennial Reich" ...
It should be noted that in Germany peroxide began to apply B. various modifications airplanes, as well as on rockets Fow-1 and Fow-2.. We know that all these works could not change the course of events ...
In the Soviet Union work with peroxide We also conducted in the interests of the underwater fleet. IN 1947 year a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences B. S. Stechkinwho advised specialists in liquid-reactive engines, which then called the Zhdists, at the Institute of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, gave the task of the future academician (and then an engineer) Warsaw I. L. Make the engine on Peroxyproposed by academician E. A. Chudakov. To do this, serial diesel engines Submarines like " Pike"And practically" blessing "on work gave himself Stalin. This made it possible to force the development and get an additional volume on board the boat, where you could place torpedoes and other weapons.
Works S. peroxide Academicians were performed Stacky, Chudakov And Warsaw in a very short time. Before 1953 years, according to the available information, was equipped 11 submarine. Unlike works with peroxideWhat was conducted by the USA and England, our submarines did not leave any trace behind them, while gas turbine (USA and England) had a demasking bubble loop. But the point in domestic introduction peroxy and its use for submarine put Khrushchev: The country has moved to work with nuclear submarines. And powerful nearest H 2- Cut on scrap metal.
However, what we have in the "dry residue" with peroxide? It turns out that it needs to be consistent somewhere, and then refueling tanks (tanks) of cars. It is not always convenient. Therefore, it would be better to get it directly on board the car, and even better before injection into the cylinder or before serving on the turbine. In this case, it would be guaranteed full security All works. But what kind of source fluids is needed to get it? If you take some acid and peroxide, let's say barium ( VA O 2.) This process becomes very uncomfortable for use directly on board the same "Mercedes"! Therefore, pay attention to the simple water - H 2 O.! It turns out, it is for obtaining Peroxy You can safely use it safely! And you just need to fill the tanks with ordinary well water and you can go on the road.
The only reservation is: at this process, atomic oxygen is formed again (remember the reaction with which it collided Walter), But here it is reasonable to him with him, as it turned out. To proper use, a water-fuel emulsion is needed, as part of which it is enough to have at least 5-10% Some hydrocarbon fuel. The same fuel oil may well approach, but even when it is used, the hydrocarbon fractions will provide phlegmatization of oxygen, that is, they will enter the reaction with him and will give an additional impulse, excluding the possibility of an uncontrolled explosion.
For all calculations, cavitation comes into its own right, the formation of active bubbles that can destroy the structure of the water molecule, to highlight the hydroxyl group IS HE and make it connect to the same group to get the desired molecule Peroxy H 2 O 2.
This approach is very beneficial with any point of view, for it allows to exclude the manufacturing process. Peroxy Outside the object of use (i.e. makes it possible to create it directly in the engine internal combustion). It is very profitable, because eliminates the stages of individual refueling and storage H 2 O 2. It turns out that only at the time of injection is the formation of the compound we need and, bypassing the storage process, peroxide Enters work. And in the pots of the same car there may be a water-fuel emulsion with a meager percentage of hydrocarbon fuel! Here the beauty would be! And it would be absolutely not scary if one liter of fuel had a price even in 5 US dollars. In the future, you can go to solid fuel type of stone coal, and gasoline is calmly synthesized. Coal is still enough for several hundred years! Only Yakutia on shallow depth Stores billions of tons of this fossil. This is a huge region limited to the bottom of the Bam's thread, the northern border of which goes far above the Aldan Rivers and May ...
but Peroxy According to the described scheme, it can be prepared from any hydrocarbons. I think that the main word in this matter remains for our scientists and engineers.
Usage: in internal combustion engines, in particular in the method of ensuring improved combustion of fuels with the participation of hydrocarbon compounds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: The method provides for the introduction to the composition of 10-80 vol. % peroxide or pecox connections. The composition is introduced separately from the fuel. 1 Z.P. F-lies, 2 tab.
The invention relates to a method and liquid composition for initiating and optimizing the combustion of hydrocarbon compounds and reducing the concentration of harmful compounds in exhaust gases and emissions, where a liquid composition containing peroxide or peroxo-compound is fed into the combustion air or into the fuel and air mixture. Prerequisites for the creation of the invention. IN last years More attention is paid to environmental pollution and high energy waste, especially due to the dramatic death of forests. However, the exhaust gases have always been the problem of populated centers. Despite the continuous improvement of motors and heating equipment with lower emissions or exhaust gases, the increasing number of cars and incineration plants led to a total increase number exhaust gases. Primary cause of contamination of exhaust gases and great expense Energy is incomplete combustion. The scheme of the combustion process, the efficiency of the ignition system, the quality of fuel and the fuel mixture determines the combustion efficiency and the content of unburned and dangerous compounds in the gases. To reduce the concentration of these compounds, use various methods , for example, recycling and well-known catalysts leading to exhaust gases outside the basic burning zone. Burning is the reaction of compound with oxygen (O 2) under the action of heat. Such compounds like carbon (C), hydrogen (H 2), hydrocarbons and sulfur (S) generate enough heat to maintain their combustion, and for example nitrogen (N 2) requires heat supply for oxidation. At high temperature, 1200-2500 o with and sufficient oxygen, complete combustion is achieved, where each compound binds the maximum amount of oxygen. The final products are CO 2 (carbon dioxide), H 2 O (water), SO 2 and SO 3 (sulfur oxides) and sometimes NO and NO 2 (nitrogen oxides, NO x). Sulfur and nitrogen oxides are responsible for the acidification of the environment, it is dangerous to inhale and especially the last (NO x) absorb the combustion energy. It can also be obtained by cold flames, such as the blue flame candle flame, where the temperature is only about 400 o C. Oxidation here is not complete and ended products can be H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide), CO (carbon monoxide) and possibly with (soot) . The two last indicated compounds, like NO, are harmful and can give energy with full combustion. Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons of crude oil with boiling temperatures in the range of 40-200 o C. It contains about 2,000 different hydrocarbons with 4-9 carbon atoms. The detailed process of burning is very complicated for simple compounds. Fuel molecules decompose into smaller fragments, most of which are so-called free radicals, i.e. Unstable molecules that quickly react, for example, with oxygen. The most important radicals are atomic oxygen o, atomic hydrogen H and hydroxyl radical. The latter is especially important for decomposition and oxidation of fuel both at the expense of direct addition and the cleavage of hydrogen, as a result of which water is formed. At the beginning of the initiation of burning, the water enters into the reaction H 2 O + M ___ H + CH + M where M is another molecule, for example nitrogen, or the wall or surface of the spark electrode, which faces the water molecule. Since water is a very stable molecule, it requires a very high temperature for its decomposition. The best alternative is the addition of hydrogen peroxide, which is decomposed similarly H 2 O 2 + M ___ 2OH + M. This reaction proceeds much easier and at a lower temperature, especially on the surface where the ignition of the fuel and air mixture flows easier and more controlled manner. The additional positive effect of the surface reaction is that hydrogen peroxide is easily reacting with soot and resin on the walls and the spark plug to form carbon dioxide (CO 2), which leads to the cleaning of the electrode surface and best ignition. Water and hydrogen peroxide strongly reduce the content of CO in the exhaust gases of the following scheme 1) CO + O 2 ___ CO 2 + O: initiation 2) O: + H 2 O ___ 2OH branching 3) OH + CO ___ CO 2 + H Height 4) H + O 2 ___ OH + O; Branching from the reaction 2) shows that the water plays the role of the catalyst and then formed again. Since hydrogen peroxide leads to many thousands of times a higher content of on-radicals than water, then Stage 3) is significantly accelerated, leading to the removal of most of the generated CO. As a result, additional energy is exempt, helping to maintain burning. NO and NO 2 are highly toxic compounds and is approximately 4 times more toxic than CO. In acute poisoning, pulmonary fabric is damaged. NO is an undesirable combustion product. In the presence of water, NO is oxidized to NNO 3 and in this form causes approximately half of the acidification, and the other half is due to H 2 SO 4. In addition, NO can decompose ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Most of NO is formed as a result of the oxygen reaction with air nitrogen at high temperatures And, therefore, it does not depend on the composition of the fuel. The amount of X X depends on the duration of maintaining the combustion conditions. If the decrease in temperature is carried out very slowly, this leads to equilibrium at moderately high temperatures and to a relatively low concentration of NO. The following methods can be used to achieve low NO content. 1. Double-step combustion of the mixture enriched with fuel. 2. Low temperature Burning due to: a) greater excess air,
b) severe cooling
c) recycling gas burning. As often is observed in a chemical analysis of the flame, the concentration of NO in the flame is higher than after it. This is the process of decomposition of O. Possible reaction:
SH 3 + NO ___ ... H + H 2 O
Thus, the formation of N 2 is maintained by conditions that give a high concentration of CH 3 in hot fuel enriched flames. As practice shows, fuels containing nitrogen, for example, in the form of heterocyclic compounds such as pyridine, give a greater number of NO. Content N B. different fuels (Approximate),%: Crossing oil 0.65 Asphalt 2.30 Heavy gasoline 1.40 Light gasoline 0.07 Coal 1-2
In SE-B-429.201, a liquid composition containing 1-10% by volume of hydrogen peroxide is described, and the rest is water, aliphatic alcohol, lubricant And it is possible inhibitor of corrosion, where the specified liquid composition is fed into the air of burning or in the fuel and air mixture. With such a low content of hydrogen peroxide, the resulting amount of α-radicals is not enough for a reaction with fuel and with CO. With the exception of the compositions leading to the self-burning of fuel, the positive effect achieved here is small compared to the addition of one water. B DE-A-2.362.082 describes the addition of an oxidizing agent, for example, hydrogen peroxide, during combustion, however, hydrogen peroxide is decomposed on water and oxygen with a catalyst before it is inserted into the combustion air. The goal and the most important features of the present invention. The purpose of this invention is to improve the combustion and reducing the emission of harmful exhaust gases in the processes of combustion involving hydrocarbon compounds, due to improved initiation of combustion and maintain optimal and complete combustion in such good conditions that the content of harmful exhaust gases is much reduced. This is achieved by the fact that a liquid composition containing peroxide or people-compound and water is supplied to the air of burning or in the air-fuel mixture, where the liquid composition contains 10-80% by weight peroxide or pecoxide compound. At alkaline conditions, hydrogen peroxide is decomposed on hydroxyl radicals and peroxide ions according to the following scheme:
H 2 O 2 + HO 2 ___ HO + O 2 + H 2 O
The resulting hydroxyl radicals can react with each other, with peroxide ions or with hydrogen peroxide. As a result of these reactions presented below, hydrogen peroxide, gas oxygen and hydroperical radicals are formed:
HO + HO ___ H 2 O 2
HO + O ___ 3 O 2 + OH -
HO + H 2 O 2 ___ HO 2 + H 2 O It is known that the PCA peroxide radicals is 4.88 0.10 and this means that all hydroperoxyradicals are dissociated to peroxide ions. Peroxide ions can also react with hydrogen peroxide, with each other or capture the forming singlet oxygen. O + H 2 O 2 ___ O 2 + HO + OH -
O + O 2 + H 2 O ___ I O 2 + HO - 2 + OH -
O + I O 2 ___ 3 O 2 + O + 22 kcal. Thus, gas-made oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and triplet oxygen with a 22 kcal energy is formed. It is also confirmed that the ions of heavy metals present during the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, give hydroxyl radicals and peroxide ions. There is information about speed constants, for example, the following data for typical oil alkanes. Denate constants of the interaction of N-octane with H, O and it. K \u003d A EXP / E / RT Reaction A / cm 3 / Mol: C / E / KJ / Mol / N-s 8 H 18 + H 7.1: 10 14 35.3
+ O 1.8: 10 14 19.0
+ It is 2.0: 10 13 3.9
From this example, we see that the attack by the radicals proceeds faster and at a lower temperature than H and O. The CO + + + H _ CO 2 rate constant has an unusual temperature dependence due to the negative activation and high temperature coefficient. It can be written as follows: 4.4 x 10 6 x t 1.5 EXP / 3.1 / RT. The reaction rate will be almost constant and equal to about 10 11 cm 3 / mol s at temperatures below 1000 o to, i.e. Up to room temperature. Above 1000 o to the reaction rate increases several times. By virtue of this, the reaction completely dominates in converting CO in CO 2 when burning hydrocarbons. Because of this, early and complete combustion of CO improves thermal efficiency. An example illustrating the antagonism between O 2 and it is the NH 3 -H 2 O 2 -NO reaction, where the addition of H 2 O 2 leads to a 90% reduction in NO x in an oxygen-free medium. If 2 is present, even with only 2% by x, the decline is greatly reduced. In accordance with this invention, H 2 O 2 is used to generate, dissociating approximately 500 o S. Their lifetime is equal to a maximum of 20 ms. With normal incineration of ethanol, 70% of the fuel is consumed on the reaction with it radicals and 30% with n-atoms. In this invention, it is already at the stage of combustion initiation, it is formed by radicals, incineration due to the immediate fuel attack. When the liquid composition with a high hydrogen peroxide content is added (above 10%), it has sufficiently on-radicals for the immediate oxidation of the generated CO. With lower contents of hydrogen peroxide, it is not enough for interaction with both fuel and CO. The liquid composition is supplied in such a way that there is no chemical reaction in the gap between the container with the liquid and the combustion chamber, i.e. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on water and gaseous oxygen does not proceed, and the liquid unchanged reaches the combustion zone or pre-target, where the mixture of fluid and fuel is ignited outside the main combustion chamber. With a sufficiently high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (about 35%), self-burning fuel and maintenance of combustion can occur. The ignition of the mixture of the liquid with fuel can flow by self-burning or contact with a catalytic surface at which it does not need something like that. The ignition can be carried out through thermal energy, for example, fused the accumulating heat, open flame, etc. Aliphatic alcohol mixing with hydrogen peroxide may initiate self-burning. This is especially useful in the system with a preliminary chamber, where you can prevent mixing of hydrogen peroxide with alcohol until the pre-camera is reached. If you provide each cylinder injector valve for a liquid composition, then a liquid dosing is very accurate and adapted for all service conditions. Using a controlled device that regulates injector valves, and various sensors connected to a motor feeding to a controlled engine of the motor shaft position, motor velocity and load and, possibly, the temperature of the ignition can be achieved by serial injection and synchronization of opening and closing injector valves and dispensing liquid not only depending on the load and the desired power, as well as with the speed of the motor and the temperature of the injected air, which leads to good movement in all conditions. The liquid mixture replaces the air supply to some extent. A large number of tests were conducted to identify differences in the effect between water mixtures and hydrogen peroxide (23 and 35%, respectively). Loads that are selected correspond to the movement along the high-speed track and in the cities. The engine was tested in a water brake. Motor warmed up before the test. With high-speed load on the motor, the release of NO X, CO and NS increases when the hydrogen peroxide is replaced by water. The content of NOs decreases with increasing the number of hydrogen peroxide. Water also reduces the content of NOs, however, with this load, it takes 4 times more water than 23% of hydrogen peroxide for the same reduction in the content of NO. With the load of movement in the city, 35% of hydrogen peroxide is first supplied, while the speed and moment of the motor increases somewhat (20-30 revs per min / 0.5-1 nm). When moving at 23%, hydrogen peroxide and the motor speed are reduced while simultaneously increasing the content of NO. When filing clean water, it is difficult to maintain the rotation of the motor. The NA content increases sharply. Thus, hydrogen peroxide improves combustion, while at the same time reducing the content of NO. Tests carried out in the Swedish inspection of motors and transport on SAAB 900i and Voivo 760 models with mixing and without mixing to fuel 35% hydrogen peroxide gave the following results on the allocation of CO, NA, NO and CO 2. The results are presented in% of the values \u200b\u200bobtained using hydrogen peroxide relative to the results without the use of the mixture (Table 1). When testing on the Volvo 245 G14FK / 84, at idling, the content of CO was 4% and the content of NA 65 ppm without air pulsation (cleaning exhaust gas). When mixed with a 35% hydrogen peroxide solution, the content of the CO decreased to 0.05%, and the NA content - up to 10 ppm. The ignition time was equal to 10 o and turnover on idling 950 rpm were equal in both cases. In the trials carried out in the Norwegian Marine Technological Research Institute of A / S in Treddheim, the discharge of the National Assembly of the National Assembly of the National Assembly of the National Assembly of the National Assembly of the National Assembly of National Assembly (table 2). The above is the use of only hydrogen peroxide. A similar effect can also be achieved with other peroxides and pecox connections, both inorganic and organic. A liquid composition, in addition to the peroxide and water, can also contain up to 70% aliphatic alcohol with 1-8 carbon atoms and up to 5% oil containing corrosion inhibitor. The amount of liquid composition mixed in fuel can vary from several tenths percentage of liquid composition from the amount of fuel to several hundred%. Large quantities are used, for example, for so-flamded fuels. The liquid composition can be used in internal combustion engines in other incineration processes with the participation of hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, biomass, etc., in burning furnaces for more complete combustion and reduce the content of harmful compounds in emissions.
Claim
1. A method of providing improved combustion with the participation of hydrocarbon compounds, in which a liquid composition containing peroxide or peroxo compounds and water, characterized in that, in order to reduce the content of harmful compounds in exhaust emission gases to reduce the content of harmful compounds, liquid The composition contains 10 - 60 vol. % peroxide or peroxotion and it is administered directly and separately from fuel into the combustion chamber without prior decomposition of peroxide or peroxo compound or it is injected into the pre-chamber, where the mixture of fuel and liquid composition flames out of the main combustion chamber. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that aliphatic alcohol is administered, containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms, in the preliminary chamber separately.
Hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 - transparent colorless liquid, noticeably more viscous than water, with characteristic, albeit weak odor. Anhydrous hydrogen peroxide is difficult to get and stored, and it is too expensive for use as rocket fuel. In general, high cost is one of the main drawbacks of hydrogen peroxide. But, compared to other oxidizing agents, it is more convenient and less dangerous in circulation.
The proposal of peroxide to spontaneous decomposition is traditionally exaggerated. Although we observed a decrease in concentration from 90% to 65% in two years of storage in liter polyethylene bottles at room temperature, but in large volumes and in a more suitable container (for example, in a 200-liter barrel of sufficiently pure aluminum) decomposition rate of 90% Packsi would be less than 0.1% per year.
The density of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide exceeds 1450 kg / m 3, which is significantly larger than in liquid oxygen, and a little less than that of nitric acid oxidants. Unfortunately, water impurities quickly reduce it, so that 90% solution has a density of 1380 kg / m 3 at room temperature, but it is still a very good indicator.
The peroxide in the EDD can also be used as unitary fuel, and as an oxidizing agent - for example, in a pair with kerosene or alcohol. Neither kerosene nor alcohol is self-proposal with peroxide, and to ensure ignition in fuel, it is necessary to add a catalyst for the decomposition of peroxide - then the released heat is sufficient for ignition. For alcohol, a suitable catalyst is acetate manganese (II). For kerosene, also there are appropriate additives, but their composition is kept secret.
The use of peroxide as unitary fuel is limited to its relatively low energy characteristics. Thus, the achieved specific impulse in vacuo for 85% peroxide is only about 1300 ... 1500 m / s (for different degrees of expansion), and for 98% - approximately 1600 ... 1800 m / s. However, the peroxide was applied first by the Americans for the orientation of the descent apparatus of the Mercury spacecraft, then, with the same purpose, the Soviet designers on the Savior Soyk QC. In addition, hydrogen peroxide is used as an auxiliary fuel for the TNA drive - for the first time on the V-2 rocket, and then on its "descendants", up to P-7. All modifications "Sexok", including the most modern, still use peroxide to drive TNA.
As an oxidizer, hydrogen peroxide is effective with various combustible. Although it gives a smaller specific impulse, rather than liquid oxygen, but when using a high concentration peroxide, the values \u200b\u200bof the UI exceed that for nitric acid oxidants with the same flammable. Of all space-carrier missiles, only one used peroxide (paired with kerosene) - English "Black Arrow". The parameters of its engines were modest - Ui of engine I steps, a little exceeded 2200 m / s at the Earth and 2500 m / s in vacuo, "since only 85% concentration was used in this rocket. This was done due to the fact that to ensure self-ignition peroxide decomposed on a silver catalyst. More concentrated peroxide would melt silver.
Despite the fact that interest in the peroxide from time to time is activated, the prospects remain foggy. So, although the Soviet EDR RD-502 ( fuel vapor - Peroxide plus pentabran) and demonstrated a specific impulse of 3680 m / s, it remained experimental.
In our projects, we focus on the peroxide also because the engines on it turn out to be more "cold" than similar engines With the same UI, but on other fuels. For example, the combustion products of "caramel" fuels have almost 800 ° with a larger temperature with the same UI. This is due to a large amount of water in peroxide reaction products and, as a result, with a low average molecular weight of the reaction products.
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide is a transparent colorless liquid, noticeably more viscous than water, with a characteristic, albeit weak odor. Anhydrous hydrogen peroxide is difficult to get and stored, and it is too expensive for use as rocket fuel. In general, high cost is one of the main drawbacks of hydrogen peroxide. But, compared to other oxidizing agents, it is more convenient and less dangerous in circulation.
The proposal of peroxide to spontaneous decomposition is traditionally exaggerated. Although we observed a decrease in concentration from 90% to 65% in two years of storage in liter polyethylene bottles at room temperature, but in large volumes and in a more suitable container (for example, in a 200-liter barrel of sufficiently pure aluminum) decomposition rate of 90% Packsi would be less than 0.1% per year.
The density of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide exceeds 1450 kg / m3, which is much larger than liquid oxygen, and a little less than that of nitric acid oxidants. Unfortunately, water impurities quickly reduce it, so that 90% solution has a density of 1380 kg / m3 at room temperature, but it is still a very good indicator.
The peroxide in the EDD can also be used as unitary fuel, and as an oxidizing agent - for example, in a pair with kerosene or alcohol. Neither kerosene nor alcohol is self-proposal with peroxide, and to ensure ignition in fuel, it is necessary to add a catalyst for the decomposition of peroxide - then the released heat is sufficient for ignition. For alcohol, a suitable catalyst is acetate manganese (II). For kerosene, also there are appropriate additives, but their composition is kept secret.
The use of peroxide as unitary fuel is limited to its relatively low energy characteristics. Thus, the achieved specific impulse in vacuo for 85% peroxide is only about 1300 ... 1500 m / s (for different degrees of expansion), and for 98% - approximately 1600 ... 1800 m / s. However, the peroxide was applied first by the Americans for the orientation of the descent apparatus of the Mercury spacecraft, then, with the same purpose, the Soviet designers on the Savior Soyk QC. In addition, hydrogen peroxide is used as an auxiliary fuel for the TNA drive - for the first time on the V-2 rocket, and then on its "descendants", up to P-7. All modifications "Sexok", including the most modern, still use peroxide to drive TNA.
As an oxidizer, hydrogen peroxide is effective with various combustible. Although it gives a smaller specific impulse, rather than liquid oxygen, but when using a high concentration peroxide, the values \u200b\u200bof the UI exceed that for nitric acid oxidants with the same flammable. Of all space-carrier missiles, only one used peroxide (paired with kerosene) - English "Black Arrow". The parameters of its engines were modest - Ui of engine I steps, a little exceeded 2200 m / s at the Earth and 2500 m / s in vacuo, "since only 85% concentration was used in this rocket. This was done due to the fact that to ensure self-ignition peroxide decomposed on a silver catalyst. More concentrated peroxide would melt silver.
Despite the fact that interest in the peroxide from time to time is activated, the prospects remain foggy. So, although the Soviet EDRD of the RD-502 (fuel pair - peroxide plus pentabran) and demonstrated the specific impulse of 3680 m / s, it remained experimental.
In our projects, we focus on the peroxide also because the engines on it turn out to be more "cold" than similar engines with the same UI, but on other fuels. For example, the combustion products of "caramel" fuels have almost 800 ° with a larger temperature with the same UI. This is due to a large amount of water in peroxide reaction products and, as a result, with a low average molecular weight of the reaction products.
Torpedo engines: yesterday and today
OJSC "Research Institute of Mortage Drivers" remains the only enterprise in Russian Federationcarrying out the full development of thermal power plants
In the period from the founding of the enterprise and until the mid-1960s. The main attention was paid to the development of turbine engines for anti-worker torpedoes with a working range of turbines at depths of 5-20 m. Anti-submarine torpedoes were projected only on electric power industry. Due to the conditions for the use of anti-develop torpedoes, important requirements for powering plants were the highest possible power and visual imperceptibility. The requirement for visual imperceptibility was easily carried out due to the use of two-component fuel: kerosene and low-water solution of hydrogen peroxide (MPV) of a concentration of 84%. Products combustion contained water vapor and carbon dioxide. The exhaust of combustion products overboard was carried out at a distance of 1000-1500 mm from the torpedo control organs, while the steam condensed, and the carbon dioxide quickly dissolved in water so that gaseous combustion products not only did not reach the surface of the water, but did not affect the steering and Rowing screws torpedoes.
The maximum power of the turbine, achieved on the torpedo 53-65, was 1070 kW and ensured a speed at a speed of about 70 nodes. It was the most high-speed torpedo in the world. To reduce the temperature of fuel combustion products from 2700-2900 K to an acceptable level in the combustion products, marine water was injected. At the initial stage of work, salt from sea water was deposited in the flow part of the turbine and resulted in its destruction. This happened until the conditions for trouble-free operation were found, minimizing the influence of seawater salts on the operation of a gas turbine engine.
With all the energy advantages of hydrogen fluoride as an oxidizing agent, its increased fire supply during operation dictated the search for the use of alternative oxidizing agents. One of the variants of such technical solutions was the replacement of MPV on gas oxygen. The turbine engine, developed at our enterprise, was preserved, and Torpeda, who received the designation 53-65K, was successfully exploited and not removed from weapons the Navy so far. Refusal to use MPV in torpedo thermal power plants led to the need for numerous research and development work on the search for new fuels. In connection with the appearance in the mid-1960s. Atomic submarines having high sweating speeds, anti-submarine torpedoes with electric power industry turned out to be ineffective. Therefore, along with the search for new fuels, new types of engines and thermodynamic cycles were investigated. The greatest attention was paid to the creation of a steam turbine unit operating in a closed Renkin cycle. At the stages of pretreating both stand and sea development of such aggregates, as a turbine, steam generator, capacitor, pumps, valves and the entire system, fuel: kerosene and MPV, and in the main embodiment - solid hydro-reactive fuel, which has high energy and operational indicators .
Paroturban installation was successfully worked out, but the torpedo work was stopped.
In 1970-1980 Much attention was paid to the development of gas turbine plants of an open cycle, as well as a combined cycle using an ejector gas in the gas unit at high depths of work. As fuel, numerous formulations of liquid monotrofluid type OTTO-FUEL II, including with additives of metallic fuel, as well as using a liquid oxidizing agent based on hydroxyl ammonium perchlorate (NAR).
The practical yield was given the direction of creating a gas turbine installation of an open cycle on fuel like OTTO-FUEL II. A turbine engine with a capacity of more than 1000 kW for percussion torpedo caliber 650 mm was created.
In the mid-1980s. According to the results of research work, the leadership of our company decided to develop a new direction - development for universal torpedo caliber 533 mm axial piston engines OTTO-FUEL II fuel type. Piston engines compared to turbines have a weaker dependence of the cost-effectiveness from the depth of the torpedo.
From 1986 to 1991 A axial-piston engine (model 1) was created with a capacity of about 600 kW for a universal torpedo caliber 533 mm. He successfully passed all types of poster and marine tests. In the late 1990s, the second model of this engine was created in connection with a decrease in torpedo length by modernizing in terms of simplifying the design, increasing the reliability, excluding scarce materials and the introduction of multi-mode. This model of the engine is adopted in the serial design of the universal deep-water sponge torpedo.
In 2002, OJSC "NII Morteterechniki" was charged with the creation of a powerful installation for a new mild anti-submarine torpedo of a 324 mm caliber. After analyzing all sorts of engine types, thermodynamic cycles and fuels, the choice was also made, as well as for heavy torpedoes, in favor of an axially piston engine of an open cycle in fuel type OTTO-FUEL II.
However, when designing the engine, experience was taken into account weak Parties Engine design heavy torpedoes. New engine has a fundamentally different kinematic scheme. It does not have friction elements in the fuel feeding path of the combustion chamber, which eliminated the possibility of fuel explosion during operation. Rotating parts are well balanced, and drives auxiliary aggregates Significantly simplified, which led to a decrease in vibroactivity. An electronic system of smooth control of fuel consumption and, accordingly, the engine power is introduced. There are practically no regulators and pipelines. When the engine power is 110 kW in the entire range of desired depths, at low depths it allows power to doubt the power while maintaining performance. A wide range of engine operating parameters allows it to be used in torpedoes, antistorpeted, self-apparatus mines, hydroacoustic counterattacks, as well as in autonomous underwater devices of military and civilian purposes.
All these achievements in the field of creating torpedo power plants were possible due to the presence of unique experimental complexes created as own forcesand at the expense of public funds. Complexes are located on the territory of about 100 thousand m2. They are provided with all the necessary energy supply systems, including air, water, nitrogen and fuel systems high pressure. The test complexes include the utilization systems of solid, liquid and gaseous combustion products. The complexes have stands for testing and full-scale turbine and piston engines, as well as other types of engines. There are also stands for fuels testing, combustion chambers, various pumps and appliances. Benches are equipped electronic systems Management, measurement and registration of parameters, visual observation of subjects of objects, as well as emergency alarms and protection of equipment.
