Automotive rolling stock is divided into freight, passenger and special.

Freight rolling stock includes trucks, towing vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, passenger vehicles - buses, cars, passenger trailers and semitrailers, special vehicles - cars, trailers and semi-trailers designed to perform various, mainly non-transport, work.

Trucks, trailers and semi-trailers differ in carrying capacity and depending on the body structure and other design features, which determine the nature of their use, are subdivided into rolling stock general purpose and specialized. Automobiles, trailers and semi-trailers of general purpose have a non-tipping side body and are used for the transportation of goods of all types, except for liquid ones, without containers. Specialized freight rolling stock includes cars, trailers and semi-trailers designed for the transportation of certain types of goods.

Tractor vehicles are designed for permanent work with trailers or semi-trailers and are subdivided into semitrailer tractors for working with semitrailers and tractors for working with trailers. A towing vehicle coupled with a trailer (semitrailer) is called a road train.

Passenger cars with a capacity of up to 8 people, including the driver, belong to cars, over 8 people. - to the buses.

Passenger cars are also produced on the basis of passenger cars. rear seats are made folding.

By appointment, buses are divided into urban (intracity and suburban), local communication (for rural transportation), intercity and tourist.

Special rolling stock includes fire trucks, car dealerships, cars with compressor units, truck cranes, cleaning vehicles, etc.

Automotive rolling stock is also subdivided into road rolling stock, intended for operation on the roads of the general network, and off-road - for use off the roads of the general network. According to the degree of adaptation to work in various road conditions distinguish between road vehicle rolling stock of normal cross-country ability, designed to work mainly on comfortable roads, and off-road- for systematic work on uncomfortable roads and, in some cases, off-road.

All cars by the total number of wheels and the number of driving wheels are conventionally denoted by the formula where the first digit is the number of wheels of the car, and the second is the number of driving wheels. In this case, each of the dual driving wheels is counted as one wheel. For example, 4x2 is a two-axle vehicle with one driving axle, 6x6 is a three-axle vehicle with all driving axles, 6x4 is a three-axle vehicle with two driving axles.

According to the type of fuel consumed and the type of engine, cars are divided into carburetor, electric (electric), steam gas turbine.

The first unified vehicle classification system (ATS) began operating in 1945. The rolling stock was assigned designations in accordance with the factory designation registers, including, as a rule, letter designations the manufacturer and the serial number of the rolling stock model from the allocated range:

The type of trailer train was designated by a number, letter and number. The first digit showed the number of axles, the letters denote: P - car trailer, P - dismantling trailer, PP - semi-trailer, PT - heavy-duty trailer, the number after the letters - the carrying capacity of the trailer. For example, 1-P-0.5 means a single-axle trailer with a carrying capacity of 0.5 tons; 2-P-6 - two-axle trailer with a carrying capacity of 6 tons; 1-P-5 - uniaxial dismantling trailer with a lifting capacity of 5 tons; 4-PT-60 is a four-axle heavy-duty trailer with a carrying capacity of 60 tons.

Each trailer and semi-trailer was assigned a factory mark. Their full designation included the type and factory brand, for example, a two-axle car semitrailer 2-PP-15 MAZ-938.

In 1966, the industry standard OH 025270-66 was introduced at the enterprises of the automotive industry, which regulates the classification and designation system of automobile rolling stock: each new car model (trailer train) is assigned an index consisting of four digits, where the first two digits indicate the class of the car (trailer , semi-trailer) according to the engine displacement for passenger cars, in length for buses and in gross weight for trucks(trailers and semi-trailers). The second two digits are the model. Modifications of models have an additional fifth digit indicating the serial number of the modification. 6th digit - type of execution: 1 - for a cold climate, 6 - export version for a temperate climate, 7 - export version for a tropical climate, 8 and 9 - a reserve for other export modifications. Some ATCs have in their designation the prefix 01, 02, 03, etc., through a dash, which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has additional configurations... The number 8 in the first place means a trailer, 9 - a semi-trailer. The letter designations of the manufacturer are placed in front of the digital index.

Note 1. Among the designations of buses, there are rare exceptions, for example, the experienced KavZ-3100 "Siberia" (northern modification LiAZ-677) and the family of uncertified buses KavZ-3976.

Note 2. After the collapse of the USSR, the number of bus models according to ОН 025270-66 continues in Russia. In Belarus, the MAZ and Belkommunmash plants have abandoned this system. In Ukraine, for some time, new models were also assigned numbers according to the Soviet industry standard, and the numbers were occupied independently of Russia (for example, number 6205 was occupied by the ZiU trolleybus and the LAZ bus). Later, a new system was adopted, according to which the models receive an index from a letter (A for buses and E for trolleybuses) and three numbers. Despite this, the Kherson car assembly plant "ANTO-RUS" continues to number the models according to ОН 025270-66.

Note 3.Since the mid-90s, some car manufacturers have introduced their own car classifications. See also: Dmitry Gladky. "Let's figure it out without a bottle."

For example, a passenger car of the Volga Automobile Plant with an engine displacement of 1.6 dm 3 is designated VAZ-2106, its modification is VAZ-21063; the bus of the Likinsky Automobile Plant, having an overall length of 11.4 meters, is designated LiAZ-5256, its modification is LiAZ-52564; the dump truck of the Mytishchi machine-building plant, having a total weight of 10.8 tons, is designated ZIL-MMZ-4502, its modification is ZIL-MMZ-45022; a semi-trailer van of the Odessa car assembly plant for the transport of calves with a total weight of 9 tons, it is designated OdAZ-9925, etc.

The letters "KS" on most domestic automobile cranes denote the type of device and are deciphered as "self-propelled jib crane". Some cranes use industry markings rather than generic markings. For example, the inscription MKA-25 means "an automobile assembly crane with a lifting capacity of 25 tons." And the machine marked "SMK-14" is a special assembly crane with a lifting capacity of 14 tons.

The general marking usually consists of the already mentioned two letters "KS" and 4-5 numbers. The first number indicates the type of crane in terms of lifting capacity. There are eight groups of carrying capacity in total. The first one is machines lifting 4-5 tons. The second group includes cranes with lifting capacity from 6.3 to 8 tons. Cars of the third group lift and move loads weighing 10-15 tons. The fourth group - 16-22.5 tons. To lift loads from 25 to 36 tons, the technique of the fifth group is used. The sixth group includes cranes with a lifting capacity of 40-56 tons. The seventh group includes equipment working with objects weighing 63-90 tons. The eighth group - 100-120 tons.

The second digit of the general marking indicates the type of chassis. It can be caterpillar - this is the number 1, caterpillar widened - is indicated by a two, pneumatic - this is the number 3. A crane on a special automobile-type chassis will contain the number 4 in the marking, and the most common chassis of a standard truck is numbered 5. If the crane is the chassis of a serial tractor, it is marked in the index with the number 6. And, finally, the number 7 denotes a trailed undercarriage - this can be, for example, a railway crane on a carriage chassis, pulled by a locomotive attached in front. 8 and 9 - reserve numbers left "in reserve" in case of the invention of a new type of running device (for example, BAZ-8029).

The third digit of the index tells us what type of work equipment suspension the crane has. If the version of the suspension is flexible, the number 6 is indicated, if it is rigid - the number 7. The fourth and fifth reflect the serial number of the model, and the next one - the number of the modification. If the model has undergone not just minor changes, but modernization, this will be indicated by the letters: A, B, C and so on.

Letters can also be added to the index showing the climate for which the car was created. The crane, which has the letters TV in the index, can work in humid tropics, T - in the tropics, CL - in northern climates.

For example, KS-2574 is a self-propelled boom crane, that is, it has boom equipment and is not stationary. The number 2 in the index indicates that the crane belongs to the second group in terms of lifting capacity, that is, it lifts from 6 to 9 tons. The number 5 shows us that the chassis of a truck serves as a traveling device for this crane. The third digit of the marking, 7, means that the suspension of the boom mechanism of this crane is rigid, that is, its main element is a hydraulic cylinder. And the last digit, 4, is the serial number of the model, which does not require any special knowledge and interpretation.

KS-5476A - the first number of the marking indicates the fifth group of lifting capacity, that is, the crane can lift a weight from 25 to 36 tons. The chassis from a special truck of a cargo type serves as a running device. The suspension of the working equipment is flexible. The sixth crane model that has undergone the first modernization.

Since 2004, GOST R 52051-2003 “Power-driven vehicles and trailers. Classification and definitions "with designations harmonized with those adopted in international safety requirements developed by the Inland Transport Committee (ITC) of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles, UNECE Regulations No. 36, No. 52, etc. ):

According to their purpose, cars are divided into passenger, cargo and special vehicles.

Passenger cars are intended for the carriage of passengers, trucks are intended for the carriage of goods. Special cars do not perform transport work, i.e. do not carry passengers or cargo.

Passenger cars with a capacity of up to 8 people, excluding the driver, are classified as passenger cars. More than 8 people - to the buses.

Trucks can be general purpose or specialized ... General purpose trucks have a non-tipping flatbed body that can be equipped with arches and tarpaulins. Specialized trucks are designed to carry a certain type of cargo.

Cars can be operated with trailer, semi-trailer or by the dismantling trailer .

Trailer is a towed vehicle without a driver, in which only a small part of its gross weight is transferred to the towing vehicle.

Semitrailer is a towed vehicle without a driver, a significant part of the total mass of which is transferred to the towing vehicle.

Dissolving trailer is a trailer designed for the transportation of long loads, often with a drawbar of varying length.

Indexing. Trailer train: a - uniaxial trailer; b - two-axle trailer; в - trailer-dissolution; g - two-axle semitrailer

Until 1966 in the USSR, each new model the car was indexed with letters denoting the manufacturing plant: GAZ - Gorky Automobile Plant (Nizhny Novgorod); ZIL - Likhachev plant (Moscow), KrAZ - Kremenchug Automobile Plant (Kremenchug, Ukraine), and figures, and the Gorky Automobile Plant was allocated numbers from 1 to 99, Likhachev Plant - from 100 to 199, Kremenchug Automobile Plant - from 200 to 299, etc. In 1966, the industry standard ОН 025270-66 "Classification and designation system of automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and assemblies produced by specialized enterprises" was adopted, which not only classified cars. On the basis of ОН 025270-66, a designation system for cars, trailers and semi-trailers was adopted.

In accordance with this system, each new car was designated by the abbreviation of the manufacturer and had a digital index consisting of four, five or six digits, followed by two more digits after a dash.

The digital index of the car (trailer, semitrailer) should be deciphered from the second digit.

The second number indicates the type (type) of the car:

1 - passenger car; 2 - bus; 3 - truck (general purpose); 4 - truck tractor; 5 - dump truck; 6 - tank; 7 - van; 8 - reserve; 9 - special vehicle.

For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit is an indicator of the type of trailer (semitrailer), as a rule, corresponding to the type of tractor.

1 - trailer (semitrailer) for a car; 2 - trailer (semitrailer) for a bus; 3 - cargo trailer (semitrailer) (general purpose); 4 - not applicable; 5 - trailer (semitrailer) dump truck; 6 - trailer (semitrailer) tank; 7 - trailer (semitrailer) van; 8 - reserve; 9 - special trailer (semitrailer).

The first number indicates the vehicle class.

Passenger cars are classified according to their engine displacement.

Trucks - by gross weight.

Buses - by overall length.

In accordance with the industry standard, passenger cars are subdivided into 5 classes depending on the engine displacement (Table 1).

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270-66, trucks are subdivided into 7 classes depending on their gross weight (Table 2).

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270-66, buses are subdivided into 5 classes depending on their overall length (Table 3).

For trailers, the number 8 is indicated in the first position of the digital index (class).

For semi-trailers, the number 9 is indicated at the first position of the digital index.

The third and fourth digits indicate the serial number of the model. The serial number is assigned to the model by the manufacturer.

The index can also include the fifth and sixth digits.

The fifth digit indicates that this is a modification, not base model... The sixth digit indicates the version, for example:

for cold climates - 1;

export version for a temperate climate - 6;

export version for tropical climate - 7.

Some cars have numbers 01, 03, 04 in their designation with a dash after the main index. This indicates that the model or modification has additional equipment or is transitional.

For example: VAZ-21703 (Fig. 2). VAZ car - produced by Volzhsky automobile plant(Togliatti). The number 1 in the second position of the index means that this is a passenger car, therefore, it is classified by engine displacement. The number 2 in the first position of the index means the class of the car - the displacement of the engine is from 1.3 liters to 1.8 liters. Model number 70. Modification 3 (engine VAZ-21126, working volume 1.6 l).

KamAZ-5410 (Fig. 3). KamAZ car - manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant (Naberezhnye Chelny). The number 4 in the second position of the index means that this vehicle is a semitrailer tractor, therefore, it is classified by gross weight. The number 5 in the first position of the index means the class of the car - gross weight (taking into account the load on the saddle) from 15 t to 20 t. Model number 10.

24. Classification and indexing of cars

All cars are divided into three groups:

1.passenger - cars and buses; 2. freight - trucks, trailers and semi-trailers, including those specialized for carrying out transport work; 3. special - vehicles designed to perform various, mainly non-transport, work.

Passenger cars are divided into cars and buses.

Passenger cars are subdivided according to the engine displacement: very small (up to 1.1 dm 3), small (1.1–1.8 dm 3), medium (1.8–3.5 dm 3), large (over 3 , 5 dm 3), higher (working volume is not regulated).

Buses are divided into classes according to purpose and overall length. Bus classes: extra small (up to 5.5 m), small (6.0-7.5 m), medium (8.5-10.0 m), large (over 11.0-12.0 m), extra large (16.5-24.0 m).

Trucks, trailers and semi-trailers differ in terms of carrying capacity and gross weight. Depending on the body structure and other design features that determine the nature of use, they are divided into general-purpose and specialized trucks. General purpose trucks have a non-tipping flatbed body, equipped with or without arches and tarpaulins, and are used to transport a variety of goods. Specialized vehicles have different bodies designed to carry certain types of goods. These include fire trucks, car dealerships, and compressor cars. installations, truck cranes, cleaning cars, etc. Each model car is assigned index consisting of a series of numbers. The first digit indicates the class of the car: by engine displacement - for passenger cars; by overall length - for buses; by gross weight - for a truck, trailer or semi-trailer.

The second digit indicates the type of vehicle: passenger car - 1, bus - 2, truck or pickup - 3, truck tractor - 4, dump truck - 5, tank - 6, van - 7, reserve - 8, special vehicle - 9.

3 and 4 digits indicate pore. mod number, 5 indicates that these are not bases. mod, and mod, 6 - denotes the type of execution: for a cold climate - 1, an export version for a dead climate - 6, an export version for a tropical climate - 7.

Some cars have two numbers in their designation through a dash, for example-01, 02, etc. They decree that mod. or a modification is a transitional one or has some additional equipment.

Motor vehicles

25. Components of the chassis and their purpose

Frame... It is the main bearing element of a truck. The engine, chassis units, cab and car body are installed and fixed on it. The frame takes up the loads from the vehicle mass, as well as the loads arising from the movement.

By design, the frames can be spar and spar. The spar frames consist of two longitudinal beams (spars) connected by cross members. The backbone frames consist of a single longitudinal beam with cross members.

On trucks, spar frames are the most common. On passenger cars, the role of the frame is played by the body, the frame of which is a rigid welded structure, reinforced with outer cladding panels.

Front non-driving axle... The front non-driving axle of trucks is used to install the front steering wheels. It transfers from the wheels through the suspension to the vehicle frame the longitudinal and lateral forces arising from the vehicle's contact with the road.

The base of the front axle is an I-beam. The middle section of the beam is curved downward, which allows the engine to be positioned lower on the frame. The upper bridge shelf has support pads for fastening the suspension springs.

On passenger cars with rear wheel drive independent suspension front wheels The front axle is formed by a short beam or cross member fixed to the car body. It serves at the same time to mount the engine.

B alka rear drive axle... On cars with a 4x2 wheel arrangement, it transmits pushing forces from the driving wheels in traction mode and braking forces when braking through the suspension to the frame or body of the car.

Depending on the design, the drive axle beam can be split or one-piece. The drive axle mechanisms are placed inside the beam, and the hubs of the drive wheels are installed at the ends on bearings. The axle beam has a front flange for attaching the main gear and differential housing, and a cover at the back. In the upper part, two support pads for fastening the springs are welded to the beam.

Car suspension carries out an elastic connection of the frame or body with bridges and wheels, softens the shocks and shocks they perceive when driving on uneven roads. The elastic properties of the suspension are achieved by using an elastic element. The suspension works by converting the impact energy when the wheel hits an uneven road into the movement of the elastic suspension element, as a result of which the impact force transmitted to the body is reduced and the vehicle's ride becomes better. By the nature of the interaction of the wheels and the body when the car is moving, all suspensions are divided into dependent and independent. The dependent suspension has a rigid connection between the left and right wheels, as a result of which the movement of one of them in the transverse plane is transmitted to the other and causes the body to tilt. Independent suspension is characterized by the absence of a rigid connection between the wheels of one axle. Each wheel is suspended from the body independently of the other wheel. As a result, when one wheel runs over unevenness in the road, its vibrations are not transmitted to the other wheel, the inclination of the body decreases and the overall stability of the vehicle increases when driving.

Shock absorbers... When the car moves along uneven roads, body vibrations occur, which continue for a certain period of time after the wheels hit an obstacle. To damp the vibrations that arise on cars in the suspension structure, shock absorbers are mainly liquid telescopic type.

The work of the shock absorber is based on the resistance to the overflow of a special fluid located in the internal cavities of the shock absorber and flowing from one cavity to another when their volumes change. Telescopic shock absorbers are double-acting, i.e. dampen suspension vibrations during compression and recoil.

The wheels of the car provide a direct connection with the road, participate in the creation and change of the direction of its movement, transfer the loads from the mass of the car to the road.

2. INDEXATION (DESIGNATION) OF CARS Until 1966 in the USSR, each new model of a car was indexed with letters denoting the manufacturing plant: GAZ - Gorky Automobile Plant (Nizhny Novgorod);
ZIL - Likhachev plant (Moscow), KrAZ - Kremenchug Automobile Plant (Kremenchug, Ukraine), and figures, and the Gorky Automobile Plant was allocated numbers from 1 to 99, Likhachev Plant - from 100 to 199, Kremenchug Automobile Plant - from 200 to 299, etc.

In 1966, the industry standard OH 025270 66 "Classification and designation system of automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and assemblies produced by specialized enterprises" was adopted, which not only classified cars. On the basis of OH 025270 66, a designation system for cars, trailers and semi-trailers was adopted.

In accordance with this system, each new car was designated by the abbreviation of the manufacturer and had a digital index consisting of four, five or six digits, followed by two more digits after a dash.

The digital index of the car (trailer, semitrailer) should be deciphered from the second digit.

The second number indicates the type (type) of the car:

1 - a passenger car;

2 - bus;

3 - truck (general purpose);

4 - truck tractor;

5 - dump truck;

6 - tank;

7 - van;

8 - reserve;

9 - special vehicle.

For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit is an indicator of the type of trailer (semitrailer), as a rule, corresponding to the type of tractor.

1 - trailer (semitrailer) for a car;

2 - trailer (semitrailer) for the bus;

3 - cargo trailer (semitrailer) (general purpose);

4 - not applicable;

5 - trailer (semitrailer) dump truck;

6 - trailer (semitrailer) tank;

7 - trailer (semi-trailer) van;

8 - reserve;

9 - special trailer (semitrailer).

The first number indicates the vehicle class.

Passenger cars are classified according to their engine displacement.

Trucks - by gross weight.

Buses - by overall length.

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270 66, passenger cars are subdivided into 5 classes depending on the engine displacement (Table 1).

Table 1

Classification of passenger cars
in accordance with ОН 025270 66

Under engine displacement understand the sum of the working volumes of all its cylinders. Cylinder displacement called the volume released by the piston when it moves from top dead center to bottom dead center. Top dead center (TDC) is the position of the piston farthest from the axis crankshaft... Bottom dead center (BDC) refers to the position of the piston closest to the axis of the crankshaft.

Engine displacement is usually expressed in liters and is called the engine displacement. In accordance with the table. 1, the expressions "small displacement engines", "medium displacement engines" and "large displacement engines" are used.

Liter is a measure of geometric volume. One liter is a cubic decimeter (10 centimeters). In other words, the volume of 1 liter corresponds to the volume of a cube with a side of 10 cm (1 dm).

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270 66, trucks are subdivided into 7 classes depending on their total weight (Table 2).

table 2

Classification of trucks
in accordance with ОН 025270 66

Gross mass (permissible maximum mass) of a car is the mass of a vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum permissible mass.

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270 66 buses are subdivided into 5 classes depending on their overall length (Table 3).

Table 3

Classification of buses in accordance with OH 025270 66

Note. Class 1 (first digit of the index) does not exist for buses.

For trailers, the number 8 is indicated in the first position of the digital index (class).

For semi-trailers, the number 9 is indicated at the first position of the digital index.

The third and fourth digits indicate the serial number of the model. The serial number is assigned to the model by the manufacturer.

The index can also include the fifth and sixth digits.

The fifth number indicates that this is a modification and not a base model. The sixth digit indicates the version, for example:

 for a cold climate - 1;

• export version for a temperate climate - 6;

• export version for tropical climate - 7.

Some cars have numbers 01, 03, 04 in their designation with a dash after the main index. This indicates that the model or modification has additional equipment or is transitional.

For example: VAZ 21703 (Fig. 2). VAZ car - produced by the Volga Automobile Plant (Togliatti). The number 1 in the second position of the index means that this is a passenger car, therefore, it is classified by engine displacement. The number 2 in the first position of the index means the class of the car - the displacement of the engine is from 1.3 liters to 1.8 liters. Model number 70. Modification 3 (VAZ 21126 engine, working volume 1.6 l).

Rice. 2. Car VAZ 21703 LADA PRIORA

KamAZ 5410 (Fig. 3). KamAZ car - manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant (Naberezhnye Chelny). The number 4 in the second position of the index means that this vehicle is a semitrailer tractor, therefore, it is classified by gross weight. The number 5 in the first position of the index means the class of the car - gross weight (taking into account the load on the saddle) from 15 t to 20 t. Model number 10.

Rice. 3. KamAZ 5410 car

LiAZ 5256 (Fig. 4). LiAZ car - manufactured by the Likinsky Bus Plant (Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Region). The number 2 in the second position of the index means that this is a bus, therefore, it is classified by overall length. The number 5 in the first position of the index means the class of the bus - overall length from 10.5 m to 12.0 m. Model number 56. (The actual overall length of the LiAZ 5256 bus is 11.4 m).

Rice. 4. Bus LiAZ 5256

ChMZAP 8386. Vehicle ChMZAP - produced by Chelyabinsk machine-building plant car trailers. The number 3 in the second position of the index means that this vehicle is a general-purpose cargo vehicle, that is, it has a non-tilting side platform that can be equipped with arches and an awning. The number 8 in the first position of the index means that this is a trailer. Model number 86.

Currently, the industry standard OH 025270 66 is not mandatory, however, domestic car factories generally continue to adhere to it when digitally indexing models of newly produced cars.

You can find cars, the actual class of which does not correspond to the one indicated in the first position of the index. This means that the index was assigned to the model being developed, however, in the process of its refinement and preparation for production, the parameters of the car changed and began to correspond to another class, and the index remained the same. An example of such a car is ZIL 5301 "Bychok" full weight 6950 kg.

Indexing foreign cars did not meet the industry standard OH 025270 66. With the development in Russian Federation certification systems for motor vehicles and the emergence of the "Rules for work in the certification system for motor vehicles and trailers" (Approved by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated April 1, 1998) for each new type of vehicle put into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation, they began to draw up a document called "Vehicle Type Approval". In accordance with this document, each type of vehicle can have a brand. This is a trademark registered in a special way, for example LADA, FORD, MAZDA, TOYOTA, etc. If the company does not have a registered trademark, then a dash shall be placed in the "Vehicle brand" column of the Vehicle Type Approval. In the column "Vehicle type", the type designation chosen by the manufacturer is recorded. For domestic manufacturers, the type, as a rule, consists of the model index, formed in accordance with OH 025270 66. The type can also contain the trade name of the model, for example PRIORA, KALINA. Foreign manufacturers do not use the model index in accordance with OH 025270 66. They form their index according to the internal rules of the manufacturer or are limited by the trade name of the model, for example FORD FOCUS, VOLKSWAGEN TOUAREG, TOYOTA RAV4 , MAZDA 3 , PEUGEOT 308 .

Car classification

Classification is the division of cars into groups, classes or categories depending on their design, purpose or technical features.

According to their purpose, cars are divided into passenger, cargo and special vehicles.

Passenger cars are intended for the carriage of passengers, trucks are intended for the carriage of goods. Special vehicles do not carry out transport work, i.e. do not carry passengers or cargo. They only carry special equipment installed on them. TO special vehicles include firefighters, cleaning vehicles, auto repair shops, car shops, truck cranes, aerial platforms, etc.

Passenger cars with a capacity of up to 8 people, excluding the driver, are classified as passenger cars. More than 8 people - to the buses.

Trucks can be general purpose or specialized. General purpose trucks have a non-tipping flatbed body that can be equipped with arches and tarpaulins. Specialized trucks are designed to carry a certain type of cargo. For example, a panel truck is intended for transportation of plates and panels, a dump truck is intended for transportation of bulk cargo, a fuel truck is intended for transportation of light oil products, etc. Specialized trucks are equipped with special bodies and equipment for the transportation of the type of cargo for which they are intended.

Cars can be operated with a trailer, semi-trailer or a dismantling trailer.

A trailer is a towed vehicle without a driver in which only a small part of its gross weight is transferred to the towing vehicle.

A semi-trailer is a towed vehicle without a driver, a significant part of the total mass of which is transferred to the towing vehicle.

A dismantling trailer is a trailer designed for the transport of long loads, often with a drawbar of varying length.

A vehicle towing a trailer, semi-trailer or dismantling trailer is called a towing vehicle.

A composition of vehicles consisting of a tractor and one, two or more trailers (semi-trailers, dismantling trailers) towed by it is called a road train (road train).

Truck trailers and semi-trailers, as well as trucks, can be general-purpose and specialized.

Rolling stock road transport consists of vehicles of various types, as well as trailers and semi-trailers towed by vehicles. The use of road trains allows increasing the productivity of rolling stock and reducing the cost of transportation.

Rice. 1. Trailer structure:

a - uniaxial trailer;

b - two-axle trailer;

в - trailer-dissolution;

g - two-axle semitrailer.

Trailers have drawbar 2 to connect to a towing vehicle (Fig. 1). The drawbar is connected to the tractor using a towing hitch (Hitch). The towing hitch devices can be of different designs. Requirements to towing devices set out in the Regulations Nos 55, 102 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

Semi-trailers are equipped with a support platform, in the center of which there is a pivot 5 (Fig. 1, d), which enters the grooves of the claws of the tractor's fifth wheel. The fifth wheel is otherwise called the fifth wheel or simply the saddle. A tractor designed for towing a semi-trailer and having a fifth wheel is called a semitrailer tractor. The semitrailer, uncoupled from the semitrailer, rests on the support (caliper) 4 (Fig. 1, d).

The dismantling trailer (Fig. 1, c) is used for the transportation of long loads. Loads laid in the body of a towing vehicle are supported by a dismantling trailer. It has a pivoting horse leg 3 - a pivoting support beam that ensures the correct placement of the load. Drawbar 2 of the release trailer is sometimes telescopic (sliding).

To ensure a stable position in the uncoupled state, single-axle trailers can have front 1 (Fig. 1, a) and (or) rear supports.

Until 1966, in the USSR, each new car model was indexed with letters denoting the manufacturer's plant: GAZ - Gorky Automobile Plant (Nizhny Novgorod);
ZiL - Likhachev plant (Moscow), KrAZ - Kremenchug Automobile Plant (Kremenchug, Ukraine) and figures, and the Gorky Automobile Plant was allocated numbers from 1 to 99, Likhachev Plant - from 100 to 199, Kremenchug Automobile Plant - from 200 up to 299, etc.

In 1966, the industry standard ОН 025270-66 "Classification and designation system of automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and assemblies produced by specialized enterprises" was adopted, which not only classified cars. On the basis of ОН 025270-66, a designation system for cars, trailers and semi-trailers was adopted.

In accordance with this system, each new car was designated by the abbreviation of the manufacturer and had a digital index consisting of four, five or six digits, followed by two more digits after a dash.

The digital index of the car (trailer, semitrailer) should be deciphered from the second digit.

The second number indicates the type (type) of the car:

1 - a passenger car;

2 - bus;

3 - truck (general purpose);

4 - truck tractor;

5 - dump truck;

6 - tank;

7 - van;

8 - reserve;

9 - special vehicle.

For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit is an indicator of the type of trailer (semitrailer), as a rule, corresponding to the type of tractor.

1 - trailer (semitrailer) for a car;

2 - trailer (semitrailer) for the bus;

3 - cargo trailer (semitrailer) (general purpose);

4 - not applicable;

5 - trailer (semitrailer) dump truck;

6 - trailer (semitrailer) tank;

7 - trailer (semi-trailer) van;

8 - reserve;

9 - special trailer (semitrailer).

The first number indicates the vehicle class.

Passenger cars are classified according to their engine displacement.

Trucks, trailers and semi-trailers - by gross weight.

Buses - by overall length.

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270-66, passenger cars are divided into 5 classes depending on the engine displacement (see Table 1).

Table 1.

Classification of passenger cars

The working volume of the engine is understood as the sum of the working volumes of all its cylinders. The working volume of the cylinder is the volume released by the piston when it moves from top dead center to bottom dead center. Top dead center (TDC) is the piston position farthest from the crankshaft axis. Bottom dead center (BDC) refers to the position of the piston closest to the axis of the crankshaft.

Engine displacement is usually expressed in liters and is called the engine displacement. In accordance with the table. 1, the expressions small displacement engines, medium displacement engines, and large displacement engines are used.

Liter is a measure of geometric volume. One liter is a cubic decimeter (10 centimeters). In other words, the volume of 1 liter corresponds to the volume of a cube with a side of 10 cm (1 dm).

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270-66, trucks are divided into 7 classes depending on their gross weight (see Table 2).

Table 2.

Classification of trucks
in accordance with OH 025270‑66

Gross mass (permissible maximum mass) of a car is the mass of a vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum permissible mass.

In accordance with the industry standard ОН 025270-66, buses are subdivided into 5 classes depending on their overall length (see Table 3).

Table 3.

Classification of buses in accordance with ОН 025270-66

Note: there is no class 1 (first digit of the index) for buses.

For trailers, the number 8 is indicated in the first position of the digital index (class).

For semi-trailers, the number 9 is indicated at the first position of the digital index.

The third and fourth digits indicate the serial number of the model. The serial number is assigned to the model by the manufacturer.

The index can also include the fifth and sixth digits.

The fifth number indicates that this is a modification and not a base model. The sixth digit indicates the version, for example:

for cold climates - 1;

export version for a temperate climate - 6;

export version for tropical climate - 7.

Some cars have numbers 01, 03, 04 in their designation with a dash after the main index. This indicates that the model or modification has additional equipment or is transitional.

For example: VAZ-21703 (Fig. 2). VAZ car - produced by the Volga Automobile Plant (Togliatti). The number 1 in the second position of the index means that this is a passenger car, therefore, it is classified by engine displacement. The number 2 in the first position of the index means the class of the car - the displacement of the engine is from 1.3 liters to 1.8 liters. Model number 70. Modification 3 (engine VAZ-21126, working volume 1.6 l).

Rice. 2. Car VAZ-21703 LADA PRIORA.

KamAZ-5410 (Fig. 3). KamAZ car - manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant (Naberezhnye Chelny). The number 4 in the second position of the index means that this vehicle is a semitrailer tractor, therefore, it is classified by gross weight. The number 5 in the first position of the index means the class of the car - gross weight (taking into account the load on the saddle) from 15 t to 20 t. Model number 10.

Rice. 3. KamAZ-5410 vehicle.

LiAZ-5256 (Fig. 4). LiAZ car - produced by Likinsky Bus Plant (Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Region). The number 2 in the second position of the index means that this is a bus, therefore, it is classified by overall length. The number 5 in the first position of the index means the class of the bus - overall length from 10.5 m to 12.0 m. Model number 56. (The actual overall length of the LiAZ-5256 bus is 11.4 m).

Rice. 4. Bus LiAZ-5256.

ChMZAP-8386. Vehicle ChMZAP - produced by the Chelyabinsk Machine-Building Plant of Automobile Trailers. The number 3 in the second position of the index means that this vehicle is a general purpose cargo vehicle, that is, it has a non-tipping side platform that can be equipped with arches and an awning. The number 8 in the first position of the index means that this is a trailer. Model number 86.

Currently, the industry standard OH 025270-66 is not mandatory, however, domestic car factories generally continue to adhere to it when digitally indexing models of newly produced cars.

You can find cars, the actual class of which does not correspond to the one indicated in the first position of the index. This means that the index was assigned to the model being developed, however, in the process of its refinement and preparation for production, the parameters of the car changed and began to correspond to a different class, but the index remained the same. An example of such a car is the ZIL-5301 "Bychok" with a gross weight of 6950 kg.

Indexation of foreign cars did not comply with the industry standard ОН 025270-66. With the development in the Russian Federation of the certification system for motor vehicles and the emergence of the "Rules for Carrying Out Works in the Certification System of Motor Vehicles and Trailers" Federation, began to draw up a document called "Vehicle Type Approval". In accordance with this document, each type of vehicle can have a brand name. This is a trademark registered in a special way, for example LADA, FORD, MAZDA, TOYOTA, etc. If the company does not have a registered trademark, then a dash shall be placed in the Vehicle Type Approval Mark column. In the column type of vehicle, the type designation chosen by the manufacturer is recorded. For domestic manufacturers, the type, as a rule, consists of the model index, formed in accordance with ОН 025270-66. The type can also contain the trade name of the model, for example PRIORA, KALINA. Foreign manufacturers do not use the model index in accordance with OH 025270‑66. They form their index according to the internal rules of the manufacturer or are limited by the trade name of the model, for example FORD FOCUS, VOLKSWAGEN TOUAREG, TOYOTA RAV4, MAZDA 3 , PEUGEOT 308 .