Political consequences of conveyor production of Ford. Auto studies: The appearance of the first car conveyor. The crisis of the company "Ford Motor"
Creating Ford Conveyor
The first conveyor line Henry Ford, entered into operation in April 1913, was used to assemble the generators. Until this time, one worker could collect from 25 to 30 generators for a nine-hour working day. This meant that the assembly of one generator was spent about 20 minutes.
The new line broke this process into 29 operations performed by individual workers with individual generator nodes, which delivered a constantly moving conveyor. The new approach has reduced the time of assembling one generator on average up to 13 minutes. A year later, it was possible to smash the production process on 84 operations, and the assembly time of one generator was reduced to 5 minutes.
Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 near Dirborn, Michigan. Since 1879 he was a student of mechanics in Detroit, he worked in an electrical company. He spent all his free time for the manufacture of a car. Every evening Ford fought in his barn. When testing in the car there were many faults. They faced the engine or wooden flywheel, then the transfer belt was rummaged. Finally, in 1893, Ford built a car with a low-power four-stroke engine internal combustionreminiscent of a four-wheeled bike. This car weighed only 27 kg.
From 1893, Henry works by Edison Ilyuminetting by the company, and in 1899-1902. - in the "Detroit Automobile Company". In 1903, he founded Ford Motor, which later became one of the world's largest car manufacturers. At its factories, Ford has implemented standardization and introduced the conveyor assembly. He outlined his ideas about the rational organization of labor in the books "My Life and Work" (1922, Russian translation of 1924), "Today and tomorrow" (1926), "Movement Forward" (1930).
Henry Ford
Not only Ford was engaged in the automotive industry. In 1909, there were already 265 firms that produced 126,593 cars. It is more than them by that time made in all European countries.
In 1903, Ford created a racing car. Racer Oldif Film won three-mile races on it. In the same year, Ford organized a joint-stock company for the production of cars. 1,700 models of the model "A" were released. The car had an 8 l motor power. from. and could develop maximum speed 50 km / h A little on current standards, but already in 1906 the model "K" reached 160 km / h on races.
First, Ford Motor updated car models often. However, in 1908, with the advent of the model T, the company's policy has changed. The model "T" became the first car collected on the conveyor, on the principle of the conveyor on the processing of a carcass on the Chicago slaughter "Swift & Company". The car was produced, for the sake of savings, only black and remained until 1927. The only formed produced by Ford. In 1924, half of all cars in the world was the Ford-T brand. It was produced almost unchanged for 20 years. In total, about 15 million "Tin Lizzy" were released - the Americans called the car. Despite its non-zeysh view, the Lizzy engine worked for conscience.
In addition, the car provided success and relatively low cost: the production has become massive. From 850 dollars it fell to 290. Fords began to appear in Europe. In France, which at that time was the leading automotive power, they were in 1907. But the Ford did not create their production in this country, but built large plants in Dagenhem (England) and in Cologne (Germany). Production has steadily expanded. At the end of 1912, at the factory in Dagenhem, this is a suburb of London - only 3000 cars were released. And in about 50 years - 670,000. And the monument of Ford is not delivered to the United States, but in England.
Fords car cheaper. But in the 20th year, the outdated model began to close "Chevrolet", "Plymouth" and others. Ford had to stop his plants, dismiss most Workers and redirection production.
In 1928 appeared new model - "Ford-A". This car is interested in what has become a prototype gas gaswho released the Gorky Automobile Plant. At the time of the "Ford-A" was considered the best passenger car in the world.
The production of Ford trucks began in 1917. In 10 years, a cargo semi-trial car "Ford Aa" rose to the conveyor, on the basis of which the famous half-one was created in the USSR - freight car GAZ-AA.
By 1939, Ford Corporation already produced 27 million cars, largely due to the absorption of other minor firms. And soon the release of passenger cars in the country was banned: the second began world War. On liberated production Squares Ford began to make planes (during the war years 8685 bombers were manufactured). Only in 1946, American automotive companies began to release again cars, Moreover, old, pre-war marks. By the way, in our country, designers worked on drawings of new models during the war years and immediately after her end began to make new cars.
About the safety of motion concern "Ford" also did not forget. Since 1955, at its factories began to produce cars with a strongly concave steering wheel, then used safe door locks, a soft covering of the instrument panels and even seat belts.
What helped Henry Ford to achieve such success? First of all, the introduction into the production of the assembly conveyor. The conveyor is a conveyor for moving bulk, lumpy or piece goods. Ford in its production used a conveyor for assembling small parts of the car and even enclosures.
In industrial production, conveyors are an integral part of technological process. Conveyors allow you to set the tempo of production, ensure its rhythm, being the main means of the integrated mechanization of streaming technological operations; Conveyors at the same time liberating workers from heavy and labor-intensive transport and loading and unloading work, make their work more productive.
The term "Fordism" is connected with the name of Ford, which is based on the conveyor principle and new methods of employment. Each of the workers along the conveyor performed one operation that does not require any qualifications. According to Ford's testimony, for 43% of workers required preparations for up to one day, for 36% - from one day to one week, and for 6% - 1-2 weeks, for 14% - from 1 month to year. The introduction of conveyor assembly along with some other technical innovations led to a sharp increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the cost of production, marked the beginning of mass production. At the same time, Fordism led to an unprecedented strengthening of the intensity of labor, made it a haggare, silent and exhausting. Workers turned into robots. Forced rhythm, asked by the conveyor, caused the need to move to every work of workers. The Ford System, as before, Taylorism, has become synonymous with the operation of workers inherent in the monopolistic stage of capitalism. In an effort to suppress the discontent of the workers and prevent their organized struggle in defense of their rights, Ford introduced reinforced discipline in enterprises, embedded espionage and reprisals with working activists.
From the story of the worker car factory Ford in Dugenham: "For many years, the activities of trade unions were not allowed at the Ford enterprises. In the book "My life, my achievements", Henry Ford claimed the role of a certain social reformer and argued that its methods of organization of production and labor could turn the bourgeois society in the "Society of Isobacy and Social Harmony". Ford exceeded its system as care for workers, especially higher wages in its enterprises than on average in the industry. "
In early 70? X. Some firms abandon the extreme forms of conveyor production in order to increase the content and attractiveness of labor, and consequently, its effectiveness. For this, conveyor lines are shortened, the operations on them are combined, the movements of the workers along the conveyor, etc.
Let's summarize some results. The gigantic jump in production occurred in 1913, when Henry Ford introduced the assembly line to the automotive industry. Until this time, the cars were built almost the same as at home: that is, the workers simply chose a place at the factory and collected the car from below to the top. The cost was high, and therefore only rich people at that time could afford to buy a car.
To make it available for most, according to Ford, it was necessary to increase productivity. This required: 1) limit the number of operations performed by each worker; 2) bring the job to those who performed it, and not the opposite; 3) provide the most rational sequence of operations from all possible options.
Conveyor assembly method made prices for cars available millions of families. As a result, the number of registered cars increased from 944,000 in 1912 to 2.5 million in 1915 and to 20 million in 1925
Henry Ford was not an economist, but its innovative strategy of production had a revolutionary impact on the production of industrial consumption goods and the standard of living of Americans.
From the book of thoughts, aphorisms and jokes of outstanding women AuthorBetty Ford (P.1918), US President Gerald Ford I thought it was terrible to be the first lady. But I liked it. * * * It would be better if I went out for a plumber. He, at least, would be home to evening tea. * * * Is there any life after white
From the book Dictionary of Modern Quote Author Doshenko Konstantin VasilyevichVitkovich Viktor Stanislavovich (1908-1983); Yagdfeld Grigory Borisovich (r. 1908), Scriptures 94 in Baghdad All calmly.k / f "Magic lamp Aladdin" (1966), scenes. Vitkovich and Yagdfeld, dir. B. Kityvarev "On the chips All calmly" - Triptych V. V. Vereshchagin (1878-1879) with the image
From the book 100 great monuments Author SAMIN Dmitry.Mother (1908) Sculpture "Mother" is one of the best works of Ivan Mesault, the most outstanding sculptor not only the Croatian, but also the entire Yugoslav Narodainan Zastrolovich was born in 1883 in the city of Vrpole, Herzegovina. In 1884, his family returned to his native village
From the book Theory of Management: Crib Author author unknown From the book of criminals and crimes. From antiquity to this day. Conspirators. Terrorists Author Mamichev Dmitry AnatolyevichThe shot at the Ford Theater in April 1865, the Yuzhan's army capitulated and civil war in the United States ended. But the president of this country Abraham Lincoln is not long been destined to rejoice in this. April 14, 1865 Lincoln went to the evening performance in Ford Theater. On the performance
From the book, the historical description of the clothing and weapons of Russian troops. Volume 14. Author Viscovatov Alexander Vasilyevich From the book of the twentieth century of the encyclopedia of inventions Author Rylev Yuriy Josephovych From the book of famous spokesperson Author Sharyptkin Marina1908 Car Mass, Ford T, released American Ford Motor CO. The car had a four-cylinder engine with a capacity of 29 hp And sold at a price of only $ 850. Revolution has happened in the automotive industry! The fountain arm is lever, released to the US market. Liquidamiak
From the book of the Crime of Century by Hall Allan.1913 Aviation ski, designed by Russian engineer N.R. Lobanov experienced on the Khodynskaya field. Conveyor automotiveness conveyor, mass, introduced the American automotive industry Henry Ford in his factory in Detroit. In April, the belt conveyor was introduced on the assembly of Magneto,
From the book Vintage Cars 1885-1940 Small Encyclopedia The author is striking Yurai.Terhorste Gerald Press Secretary of US President Gerald R. Ford Terhorste D. was the first press secretary of President Gerald Ford. The short-term terkorste service in this post was noted by its categorical position in relation to the actions of the preceding president
From book Self-loading pistols Author Kashtanov Vladislav VladimirovichDrama in Ford Theater in the morning April 14, 1865 President Abraham Lincoln, as usual, began his working day in the White House, not knowing that this is the last day of his life. Three years ago, he miraculously escaped his death: a bullet of a hired killer struck his hat, and the president got off the lungs
From the book of the authorFord T 1908 Manufacturer: Ford Motor Co., Detroit, Michigan, USAAutomotive joint-stock company, which in 1903 founded Henry Ford, produced the following models: "A", "B", "C", "F", "K", "N", "R" with two-, four-, and subsequently with six-cylinder engines. In order to achieve
From the book of the authorDarrak-13 1913 Manufacturer: Society "Darrak", Suren, France by the late XIX century in France arises a number of auto-operators who created the foundation for the automotive industry. There were such firms as "Berls", "Darrak", "Dekovil", "De Daytrih", "Mors" and Dv.V. 1897 Alexander
From the book of the authorGraffishtift 1913 Manufacturer: GREF and pin, autobilfabric LG., Vienna, Austria Vienna Brothers Karel, František and Henrik Grafe, Owners of the workshop of bicycles, in 1895 constructed a car, which, apparently, was the first model with the front-wheel drive.
From the book of the authorRousseau-Balt 1913 Manufacturer: Russian-Baltic Wagon Plant, Riga, Russia russian car It was presented in May 1896 at the All-Russian art and industrial exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. It was a double "crew without a horse" with single-cylinder
Statement:
Henry Ford invented the conveyor.
The last name Henry Ford has been fixed in the history of mankind forever. First of all, thanks to the eponymous brand: Ford was famous for his desire to make a cheap, car accessible to the masses, which he really achieved. His surname also entered the story in the form of an economic term "Fordism". The essence of Fordism is in a new flow of production, which has become possible with the help of the assembly conveyor. So the story counted to the inventions of Ford and the conveyor itself.
Why it is not:
Ford did not inlets the conveyor, and for the first time organized the stream production.
Prior to that, Ford has already collected his first car, but has completed it with a manual way, like all the automakers of that time. That is why the car was a commodity piece and extremely expensive, and the repair of transport turned into a technical puzzle. The automotive needed to be tested under unified standards.
The first step towards the conveyor production was the assembly line, which appeared in 1901 in the company OLDSMobile, founded by Ransom Orynds, which can be called the conveyor inventor in a modern understanding. Details and nodes of the future car moved on special trolleys from one working point to another. The conventions of the conveyor increased the production of cars from 400 to 5,000 units per year. Henry Ford understood the potential of the invention of Olds and connected all the resources to bypass it, adapting and improving the developed system.
In 1903, Ford, studying streaming technology, visited the company, where he watched the carcasses of animals moving under the action of gravity, fell under the knives of the separators. By adding belts to the belt conveyor, Ford introduced an improved technology at its factories. Thus, Ford, obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking their cars available, successfully used the experience gained before him. As a result, Ford Model T accounted for about $ 400 and was manufactured in less than 2 hours. This made Henry Ford by a millionaire and recognized by the genius of the engineering thought of the 20th century, "but the conveyor himself did not invent.
In April 1913, an event occurred, which became one of the key in the history of the industry: from the conveyor line created by Henry Ford, the first generators were designed.
Optimization of production
Up to this point, a ten-hour shift, a qualified worker collected 25-30 aggregates, spending about 20 minutes. on one product.
The created line allowed to divide the production process into 29 individual operations. Each was performed by the workers, the generator was delivered to it, where the conveyor belt was used. Such an approach made it possible to reduce the time of creating the product approximately 13 minutes. A year later, there were already 84 operations - only 5 minutes was required to assemble.
About Henry Ford
The famous inventor was born on June 30, 1863. In his youth, he lived in Detroit, working as a student of the mechanic, and all his free time devoted to creating his car. But during the tests, all its shortcomings became obvious. In 1893, Ford was built first sample with four-stroke DVS - however, it was more like a bike with four wheels.
Replacing several jobs, the legendary American acquired a certain experience, and in 1903 it was founded by Ford Motor in the future, which became one of the most famous companies in the field of automotive production. The company has actively implemented the standardization system and the principle of the conveyor. Ideas in the field of labor organization are set forth by Ford in a number of books written in the future.
Contribution to the development of the auto industry
In 1903, the inventor was created racing car. At the same time, Ford is openly serial production of cars. A total of 1,700 models "A" (8 hp, speed up to 50 km / h) took place from the conveyor. Today, such indicators may seem ridiculous, but by 1906 the model "K" was able to reach 160 km / h on the racetrack.
First the lineup "Ford Motor" was updated constantly. But with the yield in 1908 the model "T" and everything has changed. It was the first car collected using the conveyor, she had a black color and until 1927 was the only company. In 1924, 50% of all cars in the world was represented by the Ford-T model, produced about two decades.
Soon, Ford machines began to appear throughout Europe, large plants in Germany and England were created. By the way, it was in this country a monument was delivered to the inventor.
Ford cars are cheaper, competition has aggravated competition in this market segment. Henry began to act: stopped the plants, dismissed the workers, refused production. In 1928, a model "A" was created, which was considered at that time the best car wash in the world.
Until 1939, "Ford" produced 27 million cars. But the war has changed the plans for further development - the release of cars was temporarily forbidden in the country. In the released workshops began to produce aircraft - more than 8 thousand were created. And only in the post-war 1946 production returned to the circles.
Causes of success
What helped the well-known inventor and the entrepreneur to achieve such heights? First of all, it is:
New principles of labor organization;
Implementation of the conveyor line in production.
With the name of the engineer, even the term is connected - "Fordism". It was this approach that led to an increase in labor productivity, turning it into the unconscious. Workers have become a kind of robots, in connection with which timeless payment was introduced on production.
To make the car available to many, Ford needed to think about improving productivity. For this required:
Limit the number of operations that executes the worker;
Bring the task to the Contractor;
Take into account the sequence of execution of operations.
Henry Ford did not have economic education, but his approach to the organization of production influenced the whole world and contributed to raising the standard of living in the United States.
Nowadays, the conveyor is perceived by all as quite ordinary engineering decision, not that laser or nuclear power plant. Well, think, earlier the master went around some complex aggregate and collected it entirely alone, and now these aggregates on the conveyor and dozens of craftsmen are making up each of their items or two. Yes, labor productivity rose, but it is elementary that it was invented here. But when 100 years ago, the first products were made from the conveyor Henry Ford, it was a real revolution in production, in economics, in sociology, in philosophy.
Henry Ford was born in 1863 in a poor farm family not far from Detroit. He studied at such a school that by the age of 15 I was barely learned to read, and on this formal education ended, although he was engaged in self-education, in fact, all his life. In addition, even this school, where all students from the first on the eighth class were engaged in the same room and with one teacher, could not kill his wonderful abilities in mathematics. By 20 years he managed to change several jobs related to the technique, and from everywhere he was expelled with a cracker. The main reason was his passion for inventiveness, which took all time and strength. Only marrying, Henry took, finally, for the mind and began to do, it seems to be a successful career, but at some point he was put by the leadership of the electrical company before the choice: either he ceases to be made with the creation of his car and receives a great place in the company, or he may consider yourself free. Henry Ford chose a crane in the sky and left the company.
Ford
From this point on, he completely surrendered to his dream. It continues to design cars that successfully compete with the most popular models in speed and reliability. But organize mass production It is not possible to manage your cars immediately - there is not enough money. First car companyHe created was a joint-stock company, where Ford led only to the technical part and did not affect the organization of production or the company's policy on the market. Ford believed that the modern position in the production and sale of cars does not correspond to the enormous potential of this sector of the economy, but could not affect anything. Soon he leaves this company and organizes a new one. Despite the fact that only a part of the shares also owns him, he already feels a full-await of the owner of the case, which is also reflected in the name of the company - Ford Motor Campani. But all his attempts to conduct the case "in a new way" are jumping back to the misunderstanding of companions. Apple discord becomes price policy Companies. Ford insists at reducing price and increasing production, its partners see the future in the production of expensive elite models. These discords led to the fact that after the initial success of the company, the company began to decline and Ford succeeds to buy out of displeasted companions some of the shares that made his voice decisive. His time came, and since then the word Ford has become a law for each employee company.
So, the mass production of inexpensive machines for the "middle" class. But how to achieve cost reduction? Henry Ford decided to bet on the conveyor, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich, what is called, rushed in the air. In 1902, a competitor of Ford, the company "Oldsmobil" introduced special trolleys on which the machines collected moved along the workshop. In 1911, such experiments began to hold on the automotive plants of the company "General-Motors". Although Ford was not the author of the idea, he was still the first to understand what a huge future belongs to the conveyor. In the spring of 1913, the new principle was tested in the workshop, where the main element of the car ignition system was collected - magneto. Initially, every worker doing over magneto its operation simply passed a neighbor mechanism along a long table, but already it gave a huge savings in time, when the table was replaced by a moving ribbon, it turned out that labor productivity compared to the "repoligator" times increased in 4 Own! During a year new system It began to apply already on the assembly of all the nodes of Ford cars. In 1914, Ford Motor Campani released cars twice as large as in 1913, while retaining the same number of workers. Henry Ford cars began to rapidly win the market, but here a new problem appeared.
The conveyor assembly system is long and rigidly criticized (in many respects it is true) for completely exhausting the working inability to translate the spirit and monotony of the proceeds. The magnificent film Charlie Chaplin "New Times" thundered, where the main character directly from the conveyor belt enters a psychiatric hospital. The working old hardening was not like the new philosophy of production - "no need to think in the workplace", and at the first opportunity they passed to other firms. The concerned staff of frames, Henry Ford, generally inclined to revolutionary methods permit problems, went on a significant increase in the wage submarine. Critics predicted a decline in profits and even a catastrophe for a company, but Ford was right here. The company's profits significantly increased due to the fact that the cost of training new workers has decreased. From this time, the conveyor began its triumphal march on the planet.
Why Ford sharply raised the salary workers working on the conveyor.
In 1913, Henry Ford launched the first assembly conveyor in the automotive industry at Hyleland Park. First, the conveyor assembly was applied to the generator and the engine, and then to the chassis (the assembly time was doubled). By the way, to increase labor efficiency, two conveyor lines were launched - for workers of different growth.
The result of this innovation was to reduce the time of assembling the car (model T) from 12 hours to 2 (this happened during several months), which made it possible to reduce its cost and make it the most popular cars in the United States.
In addition to improving the production efficiency due to the standardization of operations and deepening of labor separation (Fordism), the conveyor production method allowed Henry Ford to significantly save on the training of workers (and on qualified workers). For example, the engine assembly was earlier required from a fairly high qualification worker. After the engine assembly process was divided into 84 operations, each of which performed a separate worker, some special knowledge from personnel was no longer required. Each worker mastered one operation and honed its execution to automatism.
Improving the efficiency of labor at the expense of the conveyor method and saving on qualified workers allowed Ford to increase wages to employees and apply in practice the "theory of effective wage". The fact is that the conveyor method of production did a very tedious work (a worker made a worker for many hours in a row) and heavily exhausted the workers (it was impossible to take a break and rest), which led to the growth of personnel turnover. Therefore, the increase in wages was in a lot of forced decision (and Ford was afraid of the advent of the trade union at his enterprise).
P.S.Charli Chaplin in 1936 removed the Satira film on Fordism - "New Times".
