Heat engine stirling. The principle of operation of the engine of external combustion. Modern configurations Stirling

Doctor of Technical Sciences V. Niscovsky (Yekaterinburg).

Limited stocks of hydrocarbon fuel and high prices for it forcing engineers to seek replacement engines internal combustion. The Russian inventor suggests a simple engine design with an external heat supply, which is designed for any type of fuel, even to heating with solar rays. The creator of the project of the engine Vitaly Maksimovich Niscovsky is a designer, widely known to metallurgists not only in our country, but also abroad. It is the author of more than 200 inventions in the field of equipment in the casting of steel, one of the founders of the domestic school of designing machines of continuous casting of curvilinear blanks (MNS). Today, 36 such cars under the leadership of V. M. Niscovskiy on Uralmash are operating at the Metallurgical Combines of Russia, as well as in Bulgaria, Macedonia, Pakistan, Slovakia, Finland, Japan.

In 1816, Scottz Robert Stirling invented the engine with the external heat supply. The invention at that time did not receive a wide distribution - the design was too complex compared to the steam engine and appeared later by the internal combustion engines (DVS).

However, today, acute interest in Stirling engines reappeared. Constantly appears information about new developments and attempts to establish them. mass production. For example, in the Dutch firm "Philips" built several modifications of the stirling engine for heavy vehicles. Engines external combustion They put on ships, in small power plants and CHP, and in the future they are going to equip space stations (there are also expected to be used to drive electrical generators, since the engines are capable of working even in the orbit of Pluto).

Stirling engines have high efficiencycan work with any source of heat, silent, they are not spent working body, as a hydrogen or helium is usually used. Stirling engine could be successfully used on nuclear submarines.

In the cylinders of the operating engine of internal combustion, along with air, dust particles are necessarily recorded, causing wear of rubbing surfaces. In engines with external heat supply, such is excluded because they are absolutely sealed. In addition, the lubricant is not oxidized and requires replacement much less frequently than in the FRO.

Stirling engine, if used as a mechanism with an external drive, turns into a refrigeration unit. In 1944, in the Holland, the sample of such an engine was unlocked using an electric motor, and the temperature of the cylinder head soon decreased to -190 ° C. Such devices are successfully used to liquefy gases.

And yet the complexity of the crank system and levers in piston engines Stirling limits their application.

The problem can be solved by replacing the pistons with rotors. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe invention is that two working cylinders of different lengths are installed on the total shaft with eccentric rotors and spring-loaded separation plates. The cavity of the discharge (conditional compression) of the small cylinder is connected to the cavity of the expansion of a large cylinder through the grooves in the separation plates, the pipeline, the heat exchanger-regenerator and the heater, and the cavity of the expansion of the small cylinder - with the cavity of the discharge of a large cylinder through the regenerator and the refrigerator.

The engine works as follows. At every moment of time from a small cylinder to the branch high pressure Some gas flows. To fill the cavity of the discharge of a large cylinder and at the same time maintain the pressure, the gas is heated in the regenerator and the heater; Its volume increases, and the pressure remains constant. The same, but "with the opposite sign" occurs in low pressure branches.

Due to the difference in the surface areas of the Rotor, the resulting force arises F.=∆p.(S B.-S M.), where δ p. - pressure difference in high and low pressure branches; S B. - Working area of \u200b\u200ba large rotor; S M. - Working area of \u200b\u200bsmall rotor. This force rotates the shaft with the rotors, and the working fluid continuously circulates, consistently passing through the entire system. The useful working volume of the engine is equal to the difference in the volume of two cylinders.

See in the room on the same topic.

Last year, magazine, in the first issue of which readers welcomed A. EinsteinFurnished 85 years.

A few team of the editors continues to publish IRwhose readers you have the honor to be. Although it becomes more difficult to do it every year. For a long time, at the beginning of the new century, the editors had to leave his native residence on the meat street. (Well, in fact, this is a place for banks, and not for some kind of inventors). It helped us however Y. Maslyukov (At that time, Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation for Industry) to move to NIIAA at the metro station "Kaluga". Despite the accurate compliance with the conditions of the contract and the timely payment of the lease, and inspiring the proclamation of the course on innovation by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, the new director in NIIAA informed us about the eviction of the editorial office "in connection with the production necessity." This, with a decrease in the number of operating in NIIAA, almost 8 times and the corresponding release of areas and, despite the fact that the editors occupied by the editors did not constitute one hundredth of the unbarrible areas of NIIAA.

We were sheltered by Mirea, where we are located last five years. Twice move that it is overrouded, says the proverb. But the editors keeps and will hold out how much can. And it will be able to exist as long as the magazine "Inventor and rationalizer" Read and write out.

Trying to cover the information more interested people we updated the website of the magazine, making it, in our opinion, more informative. We are engaged in digitizing past years, starting with 1929 of the year - the basis of the magazine. We produce an electronic version. But the main thing is the paper edition IR.

Unfortunately, the number of subscribers, the only financial basis of existence IR, and organizations, and individuals decrease. And my numerous letters about the support of the magazine to state leaders of different rank (both presidents of the Russian Federation, the Prime Ministers, both Moscow mayors, both governors of the Moscow Region, the governor of their native Kuban, the leaders of the largest Russian companies) did not give results.

In connection with the above, the editors appeals to you, our readers: Support the magazine, of course, if possible. The receipt for which you can list the money for statutory activities, then you mean the publication of the magazine, published below.

Pushed out other species power plantsHowever, work aimed at refusing to use these aggregates suggests the imminent change of leading positions.

Since the beginning of technical progress, when using motors burning fuel inside, it was not only obvious to their superiority. A steam engine, as a competitor, contains a lot of advantages: along with traction parameters, silent, omnivorous, easily controlled and configured. But lightness, reliability and efficiency allowed the internal combustion engine to take up the ferry.

Today, the head of the corner is issues of ecology, efficiency and security. It forces engineers to throw forces on serial units operating at the expense of renewable fuel sources. In the 16th year of the nineteenth century, Robert Stirling registered a motor operating from external heat sources. Engineers believe that this unit is able to change the modern leader. Stirling engine combines economy, reliability, works quietly, on any fuel, it makes the product by a player in the automotive market.

Robert Stirling (1790-1878 years):

Stirling engine history

Initially, the installation was developed in order to replace the car operating at the expense of steam. The boilers of steam mechanisms exploded, with exceeding the permissible pressure standards. From this point of view, stirling is much safer, functions using the temperature difference.

The principle of operation of the stirling engine in alternate supply or selection of heat in a substance that work is performed. The substance itself is concluded in the volume of closed type. The role of the working substance is performed by gases or liquids. There are substances that perform the role of two components, the gas is transformed into a liquid and vice versa. Liquid stirling motor has: small dimensions, powerful, produces great pressure.

Reducing and increasing the volume of gas during cooling or heated, respectively, is confirmed by the law of thermodynamics, according to which all components: the degree of heating, the value of the space occupied by the substance, the force acting per unit area is associated and described by the formula:

P * V \u003d N * R * T

• P is the power of gas in the engine per unit area;
• V is a quantitative value occupied by gas in the engine space;
• n - molar amount of gas in the engine;
• R - permanent gas;
• T - the heating degree of gas in the engine to,

Stirling Engine Model:

Due to the unpretentiousness of the installations, the engines are divided: solid fuel, liquid fuel, solar energy, chemical reaction and other types of heating.

Cycle

The external combustion engine of stirling uses the same set of phenomena. The effect of the occurrence in the mechanism is high. Due to this, it is possible to construct an engine with good characteristics within normal dimensions.

It is necessary to take into account that in the design of the mechanism, the heater, refrigerator and regenerator, device, heat removal from the substance and heat return, at the right moment are provided.

The ideal cycle of Stirling, ("Temperature-volume" diagram):

Ideal circular phenomena:

• 1-2 change of linear dimensions of a substance with a constant temperature;
• 2-3 heat removal from the substance to the heat exchanger, the space occupied by the substance constantly;
• 3-4 Forced cutting of the space occupied by the substance, the temperature is constant, the heat is given to the cooler;
• 4-1 Forced increase in the temperature of the substance occupied by the space constantly, heat is summed from the heat exchanger.

The ideal cycle of Stirling, ("Pressure-volume" diagram):

From the calculation (mol) of the substance:

Favorite heat:

The cooling cooler is warm:

The heat exchanger gets heat (process 2-3), the heat exchanger gives the heat (process 4-1):

R is a universal permanent gas;

CV - ability perfect Gaza Hold heat with the unchanic size of the space occupied.

Due to the use of the regenerator, part of the heat remains, as the energy of the mechanism that does not vary for passing circular phenomena. The refrigerator gets less heat, therefore, the heat exchanger saves heat heater. This increases the installation efficiency.

KPD circular phenomena:

ɳ =

It is noteworthy that without heat exchanger, the set of stirling processes is feasible, but its effectiveness will be significantly lower. The passage of the totality of the processes is backwards leads to the description of the cooling mechanism. In this case, the presence of a regenerator, a prerequisite, since when passing (3-2-2), it is impossible to heat the substance from the cooler, the temperature of which is significantly lower. It is also impossible to give heat to the heater (1-4), the temperature of which is higher.

Principle of engine operation

To understand how the stirling engine works, let's understand in the device and the frequency of the aggregate phenomena. The mechanism converts heat obtained from the heater, which is outside the product into force of force on the body. The whole process occurs due to the temperature difference, in the working substance located in the closed circuit.

The principle of operation of the mechanism is based on expansion by heat. Improved directly, the substance in the closed circuit heats up. Accordingly, before cooled, the substance is cooled. The cylinder (1) is enveloped by a water jacket (3), heat is served for the bottom. The piston, making a job (4) placed in the sleeve and is sealed with rings. Between the piston and the bottom there is a displacement mechanism (2), having significant gaps and fluently moving. The substance in the closed loop moves through the volume of the camera due to the displacer. Movement of the substance is limited to two directions: bottom of the piston, bottom of the cylinder. The movement of the displacer provides a rod (5), which passes through the piston and functions due to the eccentric with a 90 ° delay in comparison with the piston drive.

• Position "A":

The piston is located in the extreme lower position, the substance is cooled due to the walls.

• Position "B":

The displacer occupies the upper position, moving, passes the substance through the end slots to the bottom, is cooled itself. Piston stands motionless.

• Position "C":

The substance gets heat, under the action of heat increases in the volume and raises the extender with the piston up. Work is performed, after which the displacer falls on the bottom, pushing the substance and cooling.

• Position "D":

The piston is lowered down, compresses the cooled substance, executed useful work. The flywheel serves in the design of the energy battery.

The model considered without a regenerator, so the efficiency of the mechanism is not large. The heat of substances after the operation is discharged into the coolant, using the walls. The temperature does not have time to decline on the desired value, so cooling time is extended, the speed of the motor is small.

Types of engines

Constructively, there are several options using the principle of stirling, the main types are considered:

The design applies two different pistons placed in various contours. The first circuit is used for heating, the second circuit is used for cooling. Accordingly, each piston owns its regenerator (hot and cold). The device has a good power ratio to volume. The disadvantage is that the temperature of the hot regenerator creates structural difficulties.

• Engine "β - Stirling":

The design uses one closed circuit, with different temperatures at the ends (cold, hot). The cavity is the piston with the displacer. The displacer divides the space on the cold and hot zone. The exchange of cold and warmth occurs by pumping the substance through the heat exchanger. Structurally, the heat exchanger is performed in two versions: external, combined with the displacer.

• Engine "Γ - Stirling":

The piston mechanism provides for the use of two closed circuits: cold and with the displacer. Power is removed from a cold piston. The piston with the displacer on one side is hot, on the other side is cold. The heat exchanger is located both inside and outside the design.

Some power plants are not similar to the main types of engines:

• Rotary stirling engine.

Constructively invention with two rotors on the shaft. The part performs rotational movements in the closed space of the cylindrical shape. The synergistic approach to the implementation of the cycle is laid. The housing contains radial slots. In the recess inserted blades with a certain profile. Plates are on the rotor and can move along the axis when the mechanism is rotated. All items create changing volumes with phenomena performed in them. Volumes of various rotors are associated with channels. The location of the channels have a shift of 90 ° to each other. Rotor shift relative to each other is 180 °.

• Thermoacoustic stirling engine.

The engine uses acoustic resonance for processes. The principle is based on moving a substance between hot and cold cavity. The scheme reduces the number of moving parts, the complexity in removing the resulting power and maintain resonance. The design refers to free motor.

Stirling engine with his own hands

Today, quite often in the online store you can meet souvenir productsmade in the form of the engine under consideration. Constructively and technologically, the mechanisms are quite simple, if desired, the stirling engine is easy to construct with their own hands from the remedies. On the Internet you can find a large amount of materials: video, drawings, calculations and other information on this topic.

Low-tempered stirling engine:

• Consider the easiest option of the wave engine, to execute the canning bank, soft polyurethane foam, disc, bolts and stationery clips. All these materials are easy to find at home, the following actions remain:
• Take a soft polyurethane foam, cut two millimeters with a smaller diameter of the inner diameter canning cans a circle. The height of foam is two millimeters more than half the height of the jar. Foolon plays the role of the seizer in the engine;
• Take the lid of the bank, in the middle do the hole, the diameter is two millimeters. Squash to the hole hollow rod, which will perform the role of the engine rod guide;
• Take the circle cut out of the foam, insert into the middle of the circle of the screw and stroke on both sides. To the washer, solder the pre-straightened clip;
• In two centimeters from the center, drill holes, a diameter of three millimeters, the threads of the outstruder through the central hole of the cover, solder the lid to the bank;
• Make a small cylinder from a tin, a diameter of a centimeter one and a half, solder it to the lid of the cans in such a way that the side opening of the cover turned out to be clearly in the center inside the engine cylinder;
• Make crankshaft Engine from paper clips. The calculation is performed in such a way that the knee variation was 90 °;
• Make the stack under the engine crankshaft. From the polyethylene film, make an elastic membrane, put on the film on the cylinder, sell it, lock;

• Independently make the engine connecting rod, one end of the straightened product will be in the form of a mug, insert the second end into the slice of the eraser. Length is adjusted in such a way that in the extreme lower point The mucker shaft was drawn, at the extreme top point, the membrane is pulled as much as possible. Set the other connecting rod for the same principle;
• Rubber tip rolling rod ride. Shutun without a rubber tip fasten on the displacer;
• Put on the crank mechanism of the engine flywheel from the disk. At the bank, make legs to keep the product in your hands. The height of the legs allows you to place a candle under the can.

After you managed to make the stirling engine at home, the motor is started. To do this, a lit candle is placed under the jar, and after the bank warmed up, give a push to the flywheel.

The considered installation option can be quickly collected at home as a visual allowance. If the goal and desire to make the stirling engine as close as possible to the factory analogues, there are drawings of all parts in free access. Step-by-step execution of each node will create a working layout of anything no worse than commercial versions.

Benefits

For the stirling engine, such advantages are characteristic:

• To work the engine, a temperature difference is needed, which fuel causes the heating is not important;
• No need to use attachments and accessories, the engine design is simple and reliable;
• The engine resource, due to the design features, is 100,000 hours of operation;
• Engine operation does not create foreign horsesbecause there is no detonation;
• The process of operation of the engine is not accompanied by emissions of spent substances;
• Engine operation is accompanied by minimal vibration;
• The processes in the installation cylinders are environmentally friendly. The use of the correct heat source allows you to make the engine "clean".

disadvantages

The disadvantages of the stirling engine belong:

• It is difficult to establish mass production, since a structurally engine requires the use of a large number of materials;
• High weight and large engine dimensions, because for efficient cooling it is necessary to use a large radiator;
• To increase efficiency, the engine is forced, applying complex substances (hydrogen, helium) as a working fluid, which makes the operation of the unit dangerous;
• The high-temperature resistance of steel alloys and their thermal conductivity complicates the engine manufacturing process. Significant heat losses in the heat exchanger reduce the efficiency of the unit, and the use of specific materials make the manufacture of the engine expensive;
• To adjust and transition of the engine from the mode to mode, you need to apply special control devices.

Using

Stirling engine found his niche and actively applied where dimensions and omnivores are important criterion:

• Engine stirling electric generator.

The heat transformation mechanism into electrical energy. It is often found products used as portable tourist generators, installations for the use of solar energy.

• Engine, like a pump (electrician).

Engine is used to install in the contour heating systems, saving on electrical energy.

• Engine as a pump (heater).

In countries with a warm climate, the engine is used as a premises heater.

Stirling engine on a submarine:

• Engine as a pump (cooler).

Almost all refrigerators in their design use heat pumps, installing the stirling engine, save resources.

• Engine, as a pump that creates ultra-low degrees of heating.

The device is used as a refrigerator. For this, the process is launched in the opposite direction. The aggregates liquefit gas, cooled measuring elements in accurate mechanisms.

• Engine for underwater technology.

Summer ships of Sweden and Japan work through the engine.

Stirling engine as solar installation:

• Engine as energy battery.

Fuel in such aggregates, salt melts, the engine is used as a source of energy. Motor in power reserves is ahead of chemical elements.

• Solar engine.

Transform the energy of the sun into electricity. Substance in this case, hydrogen or helium. The engine is placed in the focus of the maximum concentration of the energy of the Sun, created using a parabolic antenna.

In just about a hundred years ago, internal combustion engines had to conquer the place they occupy in modern automotive in a cruel competitive struggle. Then their superiority did not seem so obvious as today. Really, steam engine - Main rival gasoline motor - possessed compared to him with huge advantages: silent, simplicity of power regulation, beautiful traction characteristics and amazing "omnivorous", allowing to work on any form of fuel from firewood to gasoline. But ultimately, the economy, ease and reliability of internal combustion engines took over and forced to reconcile with their disadvantages, as inevitability.
In the 1950s, with the advent of gas turbines and rotary engines, the assault storming of the monopoly position occupyed by the engines of internal combustion in the automotive industry, the assault, which was still not crowned with success. At about the same years, attempts were made to bring to the scene new enginein which the cost-effectiveness and reliability of the gasoline engine with silent and the "omnivorous" of the steam plant is strikingly combined. This is the famous external combustion engine that Scottish priest Robert Stirling patented on September 27, 1816 (English Patent No. 4081).

Process physics

The principle of action of all the thermal engines without exception is based on the expansion of the heated gas, a large mechanical work is performed than it is required to compress cold. To demonstrate this, enough bottles and two saucepans with hot and cold water. At first, the bottle is lowered into the ice water, and when the air is cooled in it, the neck is plugged with a plug and are rapid in hot water. After a few seconds, cotton is distributed and the gas heated in the bottle pushes the plug by making mechanical work. A bottle can be returned to ice water again - the cycle will repeat.
In the cylinders, pistons and intricate levers of the first stirling machine, this process was almost exactly reproduced, until the inventor realized that part of the heat was taken away from the gas during cooling, it can be used for partial heating. We need only some kind of container in which it would be possible to store heat taken from the gas during cooling, and again give it when heated.
But, alas, even this very important improvement was not saved by the stirling engine. By 1885, the results achieved here were very mediocre: 5-7 percent kp, 2 liters from. Power, 4 tons of weight and 21 cubic meters occupied space.
External combustion engines were not even saved by the success of another design developed by the Swedish Engineer Erickson. Unlike Stirling, he suggested heating and cooling the gas not at a constant volume, but at constant pressure. 8 1887 Several thousand small Ericson engines perfectly worked in printing houses, houses, in mines, on ships. They filled out water tanks, led the effect of elevators. Erickson tried to even adapt them to drive carriages, but they were too heavy. In Russia before the revolution, a large number of such engines were produced under the name "Heat and Strength".

The modern automotive industry reached such a level that without serious research it is impossible to achieve cardinal modernization in the design of internal combustion engines. This contributed to the fact that the designers began to pay attention to alternative development of power plants, such as Stirling Engine.

Some autocontracers concentrated their strength on the development and preparation for release into a series of electric and hybrid carsOther engineering centers spend funds to design engines on alternative fuel made from renewable sources. There are other different engine development, which in the future can become a new engine for various means of transport.

So possible source of mechanical energy for road transport The future of the external combustion engine, invented in the 19th century by scientist stirling invented in the 19th century.

Device and principle of operation

Stirling engine performs the transformation of thermal energy obtained from external sourceIn mechanical movement due to the change in fluid temperature circulating in a closed volume.

At first after the invention, such an engine existed in the form of a machine acting on the principle of thermal expansion.

In the cylinder of the heat machine, the air in front of the extension was heated, cooled before compression. At the top of the cylinder 1 is a water shirt 3, the bottom of the cylinder is continuously heated by fire. The cylinder is a working piston 4, having sealing rings. Between the piston and the bottom of the cylinder is the displacer 2 moving in the cylinder with a significant gap.

The air located in the cylinder is pumped by the displacer 2 to the bottom of the piston or cylinder. The displacer moves under the action of a rod 5 passing through the piston seal. The rod in turn is driven by an eccentric device rotating with a delay of 90 degrees from the piston drive.

In the position "A", the piston is located at the bottom point, and the air is located between the piston and the displacer, is cooled with the walls of the cylinder.

In the next position "b", the displacer moves upwards, and the piston remains on the spot. The air, which is between them, is pushed to the bottom of the cylinder, coolant.

The position "B" is a worker. In it, the air heats up the bottom of the cylinder, expands and raises two pistons to the upper dead point. After performing the working stroke, the displacer goes down to the bottom of the cylinder, pushing the air under the piston, and cooling.

In the position "G", the cooled air is ready for compression, and the piston moves from the top point to the bottom. Since the work of compression of cooled air is less than the work of expansion of heated air, it is formed useful work. The flywheel at the same time serves as a kind of energy battery.

In the viewed version, the stirling engine has a small efficiency, since the heat of air after the working stroke should be removed through the walls of the cylinder into the coolant. Air for one move does not have time to reduce the temperature on the required value, so it was necessary to extend the cooling time. Because of this, the speed of the motor was small. Thermal efficiency was also insignificant. The heat of the exhaust air went into the cooling water and lost.

Different designs

Exist various options Devices of power units operating on the principle of stirling.

The design of the execution "Alpha"

This engine includes two separate working pistons. Each piston is located in a separate cylinder. The cold cylinder is in the heat exchanger, and hot heats up.

Construction of the execution of "beta"

The cylinder with the piston is cooled on one side, and heats up from the opposite side. The cylinder moves the power piston and the displacer serving to reduce and increase the volume of working gas. The regenerator performs the reverse movement of the cooled gas into the heated space of the engine.

The design of the execution "Gamma"

The whole system consists of two cylinders. The first cylinder is cold. It moves the working piston, the second cylinder on one side is heated, and on the other - cold, and is designed to move the displacer. The regenerator for chilled gas pumping may be common to two cylinders, or can be included in the displacer device.

Benefits

• Like the set of external combustion engines, the stirling engine is capable of functioning on different fuel, since it is important for it the presence of a temperature difference. At the same time, it does not matter what fuel it is called.
• The engine has a simple device, and does not need auxiliary systems and attachments (gearbox, timing belt, starter, etc.).
• Design features provide long-term operation: more than 100 thousand hours of permanent operation.
• The work of the stirling engine does not create a big noise, since the fuel detonation does not occur inside the engine, and there is no release of exhaust gases.
• The execution of "beta", equipped with a crank-connecting rod device in the form of a rhombus, is the most balanced mechanism, which does not create vibration during operation.

• In the motor cylinders do not arise the processes that have a harmful effect on the natural environment. When selecting the optimal heat source, the stirling motor can be an environmentally friendly device.

disadvantages

• With significant positive characteristics, the rapid mass production of stirling engines is unreal for certain reasons. The main question in the material intensity of the device. To cool the working fluid, a large radiator is needed, which significantly increases the dimensions and weight of the equipment.
• Today's level of technology allows the stirling engine to compete according to the properties with new gasoline engines Due to use complex types Working body (hydrogen or helium) under very large pressure. This significantly improves the risk of using such engines.
• The serious problem of operation is related to the problems of the temperature durability of steel alloys and their thermal conductivity. Heat is suitable for the workspace with the help of heat exchangers. This leads to significant heat loss. Also, the heat exchanger should be made from heat-resistant alloys, which should also be resistant to elevated pressure. The materials corresponding to these conditions are very complex in processing and have a high cost.
• The principles of the stirling engine transition to other operating modes are also significantly different from the usual principles. To do this, the creation of special control devices. For example, to change the power you need to change the angle of the phases between the power piston and the displacer, the pressure in the cylinders, or change the capacity of the working volume.

Stirling engine and its use

If you need to create a heat converter of compact sizes, you can easily use the stirling motor. In this case, the effectiveness of others similar engines much lower.

• Universal sources electricity. Stirling motors can convert heat into electricity. There are solar electrical installation projects with such engines. They are used as autonomous power plants for tourists. Some manufacturers make generators acting from gas burner. There are also projects of generators who work from radioisotope heat sources.
• Pumps . If a pump is installed in the outlet of the heating system, then the efficiency of heating increases significantly. In cooling systems, the pumps are also installed. The electric pump can fail, besides, it consumes electrical energy. The pump acting on the principle of Stirling solves this question. The stirling engine for pumping liquids will be simpler by the usual scheme, since instead of the piston, the pumped liquid itself can be used, which also serves for cooling.
• Refrigeration equipment . The design of all refrigerators uses the principle of thermal pumps. Some refrigerator manufacturers plan to install the stirling engine to their products, which will be very economical. The working flu will be air.

• Ultra low temperatures. For gases, such motors are very effective. Their use is more profitable than turbine devices. Also, the stirling engine is used in devices for cooling the sensors of accurate devices.

• . Electrical energy can be obtained by converting the energy of the Sun. For this purpose, stirling engines can be used, which are installed in the focus of the mirror so that the place of heating is continuously illuminated by the rays of the sun. The reflector is controlled as the sun moves, the energy of which is concentrated on a small area. In this case, the radiation reflection with mirrors is about 92%. The engine's working fluid is most often helium or hydrogen.
• Batteries heat. Using the stirling device, you can reserve thermal energy using heat accumulators based on salts. Such devices have an energy supply, superior chemical, and have a smaller cost. Using the power to adjust the power, the increase and decrease in the phase angle between the two pistons can be accumulated mechanical energy, carrying out the engine braking. In this case, the engine serves as a thermal pump.
• Automotive. Despite difficulties exist existing models Stirling motor used for cars. Interest in such an engine suitable for the car, there was still in the last century. Developments in this direction were conducted by British and German auto-concerns. In Sweden, a stirling engine was also developed, in which unified serial units and nodes were used. The result was the 4-cylinder engine, the parameters of which are comparable to the characteristics of a small diesel engine. This engine was successfully tested as power aggregate For a multi-torr.

Today, studies of styling installations for underwater, space and other installations, as well as the design of the main engines are carried out in many foreign countries. Such a high interest in stirling motors has become the result of the public interest in the fight against the pollution of the atmosphere, the noise and preservation of natural energy sources.