TSD. MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC Drive Drives System. Cylindrical linear asynchronous engine in the drive of highly volt switches of the publication indicated in the VAC list and equivalent to them
Specialty 05.09.03 - "Electrical Complexes and Systems"
Dissertations for the scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences
Moscow - 2013 2
The work is performed at the Department of "Automated Electric Drive"
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Research University" MEI ".
scientific adviser: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Masandilov Lev Borisovich
Official opponents: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department "Electromechanics" FGBOU VPO "MEI"
Bespalov Viktor Yakovlevich;
candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Chief Specialist "Liftavtoservis" A branch of the MGUP "Moslift"
Chupairs Vladimir Vasilyevich
Leading organization: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Lenin "
The dissertation defense will take place "7" June 2013 at 14 o'clock. 00 min. In the audience of M-611 at the meeting of the dissertation council D 212.157.02 with the FGBOU VPO "NiU" MEI "at the address: 111250, Moscow, Red Carnocairmennaya ul., d. 13.
The dissertation can be found in the library of FGBOU VPO "NiU" MEI ".
Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council D 212.157. Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Tsyuk S.A.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance Topics.40 - 50% of production mechanisms have workers with progressive or reciprocating motion. Despite this, currently the most use of rotational-type electric motors in the drives, when using additional mechanical devices, carrying out the transformation of the rotational movement to the translational: crank-connecting mechanism, screw and nut, gear and rack, etc. In many cases, these devices are complex kinematic chains, characterized by significant energy losses, which complicates and increases the cost of the drive.
Use in drives with translational movement of the working body instead of the engine with a rotating rotor of the corresponding linear analogue that gives direct straight movement, makes it possible to exclude transmission mechanism In the mechanical part of the electric drive. This solves the problem of maximum approach of the source of mechanical energy - the electric motor and the actuator.
Examples of industrial mechanisms in which linear motors currently can be used are: Lifting vehicles, reciprocating devices, such as pumps, switching devices, cranes carts, elevator doors, etc.
Among the linear engines are the most simple in designs are linear asynchronous motors (LAD), especially cylindrical type (jonde), which are devoted to many publications. Compared to rotating asynchronous engines (AD), the jonde is characterized by the following features: an opening of the magnetic chain, leading to the emergence of longitudinal boundary effects, and a significant complexity of the theory associated with the presence of edge effects.
The use of water in electric drives requires knowledge of their theory, which would allow for static modes and transition processes. However, by now, due to the marked features, their mathematical description has a very difficult form, which leads to significant difficulties in the need for a number of settlements. Therefore, it is advisable to use simplified approaches to the analysis of the electromechanical properties of the way. Often, for the calculations of electric drives with a paw without evidence, a theory is used, which is characteristic of ordinary blood pressure. In these cases, the calculations are often associated with significant errors.
For calculations of electromagnetic liquid-metal pumps VOLDEKOM A.I. A theory was developed based on the solution of the Maxwell equations. This theory served as the basis for the appearance of various methods for calculating the static characteristics of the progress, among which it is possible to distinguish the widely known method of analog modeling of multilayer structures.
However, this method does not allow to calculate and analyze dynamic modes, which is very important for electric drives.
Due to the fact that the outer electric drives with the jonda can be widespread in industry, their research and development are significant theoretical and practical interest.
The purpose of the dissertation work is the development of the theory of cylindrical linear asynchronous motors using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures and the application of this theory to the calculations of the static and dynamic characteristics of electric drives, as well as the development of a frequency-controlled outer-controlled electric drive from the joy for widespread automatic doors in the industry.
To achieve this goal in the dissertation work, the following tasks:
1. Choice mathematical model The progress and development of the methodology for determining the corresponding chosen model of generalized undercover parameters, using which the calculations of static and dynamic characteristics provide an acceptable coincidence with experiments.
2. Development of the methodology for experimental definition of the institution parameters.
3. Analysis of the peculiarities of the application and development of electric drives on the systems of the PC brake and the TPN chassion for the elevator doors.
4. Development of options for the mechanism of the outer drive of the sliding door cabin of the elevator cabin from the process.
Research methods. To solve the tasks set in the work: the theory of electric drive, theoretical foundations of electrical engineering, theory of electrical machines, in particular the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures, modeling and development of personal computer in specialized programs Mathcad and Matlab, experimental laboratory studies.
The validity and accuracy of scientific provisions and conclusions is confirmed by the results of experimental laboratory studies.
Scientific novelty The work is as follows:
with the help of the developed method for determining the generalized parameters of the low-speed chanda, its mathematical description is substantiated in the form of a system of equations, which makes it possible to produce various calculations of the static and dynamic characteristics of the electric drive from the process;
the algorithm of the experimental method of determining the parameters of the blood pressure with the rotating rotor and the process is characterized by increased accuracy of processing experimental results;
as a result of research dynamic properties The process of revealed that transient processes in the jonde are characterized by much less vibration ratio than that of hell;
using the edge of the elevator for an outer drive of the elevator allows you to form smooth operations of opening and closing the doors with a simple control in the system of the PC.
The main practical result of the thesis is as follows:
a method was developed for determining the generalized parameters of a low-speed jellow to produce research and calculations during operation and the development of electric drives;
the results of the study of low-frequency chasso confirmed the possibility of minimizing the required power of the frequency converter when used in the outer electric drives, which improves the technical and economic indicators of such electric drives;
the results of the study of the plot connected to the network via the frequency converter showed that a braking resistor and brake key are not required to drive the elevator doors, since the infections used for the actuator used to operate the recovery braking mode. The absence of a brake resistor and the brake key allows to reduce the cost of the drive of the elevator door with the jonda;
for single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors of the elevator cabin, a diagram of a outer mechanism is developed, which is advantageous with the use of a cylindrical linear asynchronous motor, characterized by the translational motion of the moving element, to carry out the translational motion of the doors.
Approbation of work. Main results The work was discussed at the meetings of the department of the "automated electric drive" NiU "MEI", reported at the 16th International Scientific and Technical Conference of Students and Graduate Students "Radio Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Energy" (Moscow, MEI, 2010).
Publications. On the topic of the thesis, six printed works were published, including 1 - in publications recommended by the WAK of the Russian Federation to publish the main results of dissertations for the competition of scientists of the Doctor's degrees and candidate of science, and 1 patent was obtained for a utility model.
Structure and scope of work. The thesis consists of introduction, five chapters, general conclusions and a list of literature. Number of pages - 146, illustrations - 71, the number of references used - 92 on 9 pages.
In the introduction The relevance of the topic of dissertation work is substantiated, the goal of the work is formulated.In the first chapter Presented constructions of the under study. A method for calculating the static characteristics of the progress using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures is described. The development of the illegal drives of the lift cabin doors is considered. The features of the existing electric drives of the elevator doors are indicated, the research tasks are delivered.
The method of analog modeling of multilayer structures is based on the solution of the Maxwell equations system for various areas of linear asynchronous engines. When obtaining the basic calculated formulas, the assumption that the inductor in the longitudinal direction is considered infinitely long (the longitudinal edge effect is not taken into account). With this method, the static characteristics of the informulas under formulas are determined:
where D 2 is the outer diameter of the secondary element of the process.
It should be noted that the calculations of the static characteristics of the Institute of Formulas (1) and (2) are cumbersome, because These formulas include variables, to determine which a lot of intermediate computing is required.
For two orders with the same geometrical data, but in different numbers of turns of the WF winding of the inductor (CJUST 1 - 600, CJUST 2 - 1692) according to formulas (1) and (2), their mechanical and electromechanical characteristics were calculated at F1 50 Hz, U1 220 V . The results of calculations for the jealthy 2 are presented later in Fig. one.
In our country, in most cases, unregulated electric drives with a relatively complex mechanical part are used for elevator doors with a relatively simple electrical part. The main disadvantages of such drives are the presence of a gearbox and the complex design of the transformation of the rotational movement into a translational mechanical device, when the additional noise occurs.
Due to the active development of the conversion technology, the tendency to simplify the kinematics of mechanisms with the simultaneous complication of the electric part of the drive due to the use of frequency converters, with which it became possible to form the desired trajectories of the door movement.
Thus, recently, adjustable electric drives are used for the doors of modern elevators, which provide almost silent fast and smooth movement of doors. As an example, the frequency-adjustable drive of Russian-made doors with a Baad type control unit and an asynchronous engine, the shaft of which is connected to the door mechanism through the clinorem transmission. According to a number of specialists in well-known adjustable drives, despite their advantages compared with unregulated, there are also disadvantages associated with the presence of belt transmission and their relatively large cost.
In the second chapter A technique has been developed for determining the generalized process parameters, with which its mathematical description is substantiated in the form of a system of equations. The results of experimental studies of the static characteristics of the process are presented. Analyzed the characteristics of the jade with composite VE. The possibility of manufacturing the under-frequency chapels is investigated.
The following approach to the study of the electric drive from the progress and its mathematical description is proposed:
1) Using the multilayer structures of formula (1) and (2) obtained using the method of analog modeling for static characteristics of the process (mechanical and electromechanical) and calculate these characteristics (see Fig. 1);
2) On the obtained characteristics, select two points for which the following variables are fixed: the electromagnetic force, the inductor current and the complex phase resistance for one of these selected points (see
3) we believe that the static characteristics of the century can also be described by formulas (5) and (6), which are below and correspond to the established regime of a conventional asynchronous motor with a rotating rotor and obtained from its differential equations;
4) We will try on two selected points to find the generalized parameters included in the specified formulas (5) and (6) of static characteristics;
5) Substituting the generalized parameters found in the specified formulas (5) and (6), fully calculate the static characteristics;
6) We produce a comparison of static characteristics found in and in clause 5 (see Fig. 2). If these characteristics are close enough to each other, it can be argued that the mathematical descriptions of the progress (4) and hell have a similar form;
7) Using the resulting generalized parameters, it can be written both the Differential Justaian equations (4) and the resulting formulas of various static characteristics arising from them.
Fig. 1. Mechanical (A) and electromechanical (b) Characteristics Installations of an approximate mathematical description of the progress, which is similar to the corresponding description of conventional blood pressure, in vector form and in the synchronous coordinate system has the following form:
Using the results of the solution of the system (4) in the established modes (at V / const), formulas for static characteristics were obtained:
To find the generalized parameters of the under study under investigators in (5) and (6), it is proposed to apply a known method for experimental determination of generalized parameters of the T-shaped substitution scheme for hell with a rotating rotor along the variables of the two installed modes.
From expressions (5) and (6) follows:
where k Fi is a sliding coefficient. Recording the relationship of the form (7) for two arbitrary slides S1 and S2 and sharing them on each other, we get:
With the known values \u200b\u200bof the electromagnetic forces and inductor currents for two slides from (8), the generalized parameter R is determined:
With an additionally known for one of the slides, for example S1, the value of the complex resistance Z Φ (S1) of the replacement chart of the jonday, the formula for which can also be obtained as a result of the solution of the system (4) in the steady modes, generalized parameters and S are calculated as follows:
The values \u200b\u200bof the electromagnetic forces and the inductor currents for the two slides, as well as the complex resistance of the replacement scheme for one of the slides, included in (9), (10) and (11), is proposed to determine the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures of software (1), (2 ) and (3).
Using the specified formulas (9), (10) and (11), the generalized parameters of the Justa of Justa and Justa region 2 are calculated, with which they are further according to formulas (5) and (6) at F1 50 Hz, U1 220V, their mechanical and electromechanical Characteristics (for jecess 2 are shown with curves 2 in Fig. 2). Also in fig. Figure 2 shows the static characteristics of the Justa Chang 2, determined by the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures (curves 1).
Fig. 2. Mechanical (A) and electromechanical (b) characteristics of the charts from the graphs in Fig. 2 It can be seen that curves 1 and 2 practically coincide with each other, from where it follows that the mathematical descriptions of the jonda and hell have a similar view. Therefore, with further research it is possible to use the received generalized post parameters, as well as simpler and convenient formulas for calculating the characteristics of the process. The validity of the use of the proposed method for calculating the process parameters is also additionally checked by an experimental way.
Analyzed the possibility of manufacturing under-frequency ordinary, i.e. designed for increased voltage and manufactured with an increased number of turns of the inductor winding. In fig. 3 Static Characteristics Installations Installations 1 (at F1 10 Hz, U1 55 V), Installation 2 (at F1 10 Hz, U1 87 B) and Low Frequency Custody (at F1 10 Hz and U1 220 V, Curves 3), in which the number of turns Inductor windings 2.53 times more than that of the progress 2.
From shown in Fig. 3 graphs It can be seen that with the same mechanical characteristics of the under consideration under consideration in the first quadrant, the Justa CJUST has more than 3 times lower inductor current than the underlying chapter 1, and the low-frequency chanda is 2.5 times than the infantry 2. Thus, it turns out that it turns out that it turns out that The use of a low-frequency depth in the outer electric drive allows you to minimize the required power of the frequency converter, thereby improving the technical and economic indicators of the electric drive.
1, Fig. 3. Mechanical (A) and electromechanical (b) Characteristics of the process 1, In the third chapter A method of experimental definition of generalized postal parameters, which is implemented simple way With a fixed IE and allows you to determine the parameters of the jonda, the geometric data of which is unknown. The results of calculations of the generalized institutional parameters and the usual blood pressure using the specified method are given.
In the experiment, the diagram of which is depicted in fig. 4, engine winding (blood pressure or jonday) connect to the source direct current. After closing the key to currents in the windings, change over time from the initial value determined by the parameters of the circuit to zero. In this case, the dependence of the current in the phase and on time is fixed using a DT current sensor and, for example, a specialized L-Card L-791 board installed in a personal computer.
Fig. 4. The scheme for carrying out experience to determine the parameters of the blood pressure or the progress as a result of mathematical transformations obtained a formula for the addiction of the current in the plot phase, which has the form:
where P1, P2 is the constants associated with the generalized parameters S, R and the progress or blood pressure as follows:
From formulas (12) and (13) it follows that the type of transition process of decomposition of the current price depends only on the generalized parameters S, R and.
To determine the generalized parameters of the progress or blood pressure on the experimental curve of the current current, it is proposed to highlight three times of time T1, T2 and T3 from each other and fix the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof currents. In this case, taking into account (12) and (13) it becomes possible to compile a system of three algebraic equations with three unknowns - S, R and:
the solution of which is advisable to obtain a numerical method, for example, by Levenberg-Marquardt.
Experiments to determine the generalized parameters of the blood pressure and the custody were carried out for two engines: AD 5A90L6KU3 (1.1 kW) and CJUST 2.
In fig. 5 shows the theoretical and experimental curves of the current CJUST 2.
Fig. 5. Curves of falling Current Jondu 2: 1 - a curve calculated on the generalized parameters that are obtained in the second chapter; 2 - a curve calculated on the generalized parameters, which were obtained as a result of their experimental determination, the mechanical and electromechanical characteristics of the engines under study, calculated using various options (theoretical and experimental) generalized parameters are located close to each other, which once again confirms the adequacy of the proposed mathematical description for Jelly.
In the fourth chapter, the features of the nature of transition processes in the jonde are revealed. The electric drive was developed and explored by the elevator doors system.
For a qualitative assessment of the characteristics of the nature of transition processes, a well-known method is used to analyze the attenuation coefficients characterizing the dependences of the ADC variables with a rotating rotor at constant speed.
The greatest effect on the attenuation rate (vibration) of transient processes of variables of the order or blood pressure has the smallest attenuation coefficient 1. In fig. 6 shows the calculated dependences of the attenuation coefficients 1 from the electrical velocity for two jondays (CHASD 1 and CJUST 2) and two blood pressure (4AA56B4U3 (180 W) and 4A71A4U3 (550 W)).
Fig. 6. The dependences of the smallest attenuation coefficient 1 for the progress and blood pressure from those shown in Fig. 6 dependences it can be seen that the attenuation coefficients are practically independent of the speed, in contrast to the attenuation coefficients of the blood pressure under consideration, for which 1 at zero speed of 5 - 10 times less than at nominal. It should also be noted that in two discussed blood pressure, the values \u200b\u200bof attenuation coefficients 1 at low speeds are significantly lower than that of the progress 1 (at 9 - 16 times) or the jecess 2 (at 5 to 9 times). In connection with what was said, it can be assumed that the real transition processes in the jonde are characterized by much less vibration ratio than hell.
To check the suggestion of a smaller oscillativity of real transient processes, a number of numerical settlements of direct launches of Justiya 2 and Hell (550 W) were implemented in comparison with blood pressure. The dependences of the point, effort, speed and current of blood pressure and the progress on time, as well as the dynamic mechanical characteristics confirm the prevalence made earlier that the transition processes of the Justa are characterized by much less vibration ratio than that of the blood pressure, due to the significant differences in their smallest attenuation coefficients ( Fig. 6). In this case, the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the jonda are less different from static than for hell with a rotating rotor.
For a typical elevator (with an open 800 mm), the possibility of using as drive Engine The mechanism of the elevator of the low-frequency guard. According to the reviews of experts for typical elevators with a width of 800 mm, static efforts when opening and closing doors differ from each other: when opening, they are about 30 - 40 H, and when closed - about 0 - 10 N.. Transient processes in the jonday have significantly fewer fluctuations compared to blood pressure, the implementation of the movement of the door sash using a low-frequency guard by switching to the corresponding mechanical characteristics, according to which the process is accelerated or inhibited to a given speed.
In accordance with the selected mechanical characteristics of the low-frequency chapel, its transition processes are calculated. In the calculations, it was assumed that the total mass of the electric drive, determined by the MASS MASSES and the cabin doors and the shaft of the sample elevator (with an open 800 mm), is 100 kg. The obtained graphs of transient processes are presented in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Transient processes of low-frequency jecessing under opening (A, B, D) The P characteristic ensures the drive acceleration to the steady speed of 0.2 m / s, and the characteristic T provides braking from the steady speed to zero. The considered version of the administration of the jewel for opening and closing the doors shows that the use of the door drive jelly has a number of advantages (smooth transition processes with a relatively simple control; the absence of additional devices carrying out the transformation of the rotational movement to the translational and other) compared to the use of ordinary blood pressure and Therefore, it is considerable interest.
The drive of the elevator cabin with ordinary blood pressure or chapels, as noted above, is characterized by different values \u200b\u200bof resistance forces when opening and closing doors. In this case, the drive electric machine can operate both in engine and braking modes during the opening and closing of the elevator doors. The dissertation was analyzed by the possibility of returning energy into the network during the work of the process in braking modes.
It is shown that today 2 in the large frequency range is generally there is no recovery braking mode. A formula for determining the boundary frequency is shown below which the generator mode is missing with electricity efficiency to the network at blood pressure and the process. Conducted studies of energy modes of operation The progress allows you to make an important conclusion: when using the mains connected to the network, the brake resistor and the brake key are not required through the infection frequency converter. The absence of the brake resistor and the brake key allows to reduce the cost of the drive of the elevator doors from the process.
In the fifth chapter, an overview of the existing drives of the elevator doors.
Developed variants of the mechanism of the mechanism of the outer drive of the sliding doors of the elevator from the jogging.
For single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors, the elevator cabin is invited to use the developed illegal drive from the joy. The diagram of the mechanism of such a drive in the case of single-door doors is shown in Fig. 8, but, in the case of two-dimensional doors - in fig. 8, b.
Fig. 8. Schemes of the drive mechanism of the sliding single-holder (A) and two-dimensional (b) cabin cabin doors from the infantry: 1 - Custodian, 2 - Inductor Installation, 3 - Secondary Idladin Element, 4 - Support Rule, 5, 6 - Door Sashes, 7, 8 - Blocks of the cable system, the proposed technical solutions allow you to create unless drivers of sliding single-handed or two-dimensional doors, in particular, the elevator cabins, which are characterized by high technical and economic indicators, as well as reliable and inexpensive operation when used to form a progressive movement of the doors of simple and relatively inexpensive cylindrical Linear electric motor with translational motion of the moving element.
Upon proposed options for unpretentious drives of single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors from the process, a patent for utility model No. 127056 was obtained.
General conclusions
1. A method was developed for determining generalized parameters included in the Differential Justa Differential Equations, which is based on calculations using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures and the method for determining the blood variables in terms of its two installed modes.2. With the help of the developed method for determining the generalized parameters of the low-speed journal, its mathematical description is substantiated in the form of a system of equations, which makes it possible to produce various calculations of the static and dynamic characteristics of the electric drive from the process.
3. The use of a low-frequency guard in the outer electric drive allows you to minimize the required power of the frequency converter, which improves the technical and economic indicators of the electric drive.
4. A method of experimental definition of generalized institutional parameters is proposed, characterized by increased accuracy of processing experimental results.
5. Using the jelly for an elevator's outer drive drive allows you to form smooth operations of the opening and closing of doors in a simple control in the system of the ICD process. To implement the desired processes, it is necessary to use a relatively inexpensive frequency converter, which has a minimum set of required functionality.
6. When using the plot connected to the network via the frequency converter, the braking resistor and the brake key are not required to drive the elevator doors, since the infections used to operate the drive area there is no recovery braking mode. The absence of the brake resistor and the brake key allows to reduce the cost of the drive of the elevator doors from the process.
7. For single-fold and two-dimensional sliding doors, predominantly, the elevator cabin has been developed for the mechanism of a outer drive, which is advantageous with the use of a cylindrical linear asynchronous motor, characterized by the translational motion of the movable element, to carry out the forward movement of the doors. Upon proposed options for unpretentious drives of single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors from the process, a patent for utility model No. 127056 was obtained.
1. Masalandilov LB, Novikov S.E., Kuraev N.M. Features of determining the parameters of an asynchronous motor at frequency control.
// Bulletin MEI, №2. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2011. - P. 54-60.
2. Patent for utility model No. 127056. Masalandilov LB, Kuraev N.M., Fumm G.Ya., Zholudiev I.S. Sliding door drive of the elevator cabin (options) // BE No. 11, 2013.
3. Masalandilov L.B., Kuraev N.M. Features of the selection of the calculated parameters of an asynchronous motor at frequency control // Electric drive and control system // Works of MEI. Vol. 683. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2007. - P. 24-30.
4. Masalandilov LB, Kuraev N.M. Calculation of the parameters of the T-shaped scheme of substitution and characteristics of cylindrical linear asynchronous motors // Electric drive and control systems // Works of MEI. Vol. 687. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2011. - P. 14-26.
5. Masalandilov LB, Kuzikov S.V., Kuraev N.M. Calculation of parameters of the substitution schemes and characteristics of cylindrical linear asynchronous and MHD engines // Electric drive and control systems // Proceedings of MEI.
Vol. 688. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2012. - P. 4-16.
6. Baydakov O.V., Kuraev N.M. Modernization of the electric drive on the TPN-Hell system with a quasi-frequency control // Radioelectronics, electrical engineering and energy: Sixteenth international. Scientific conf. Students and graduate students: Tez. Dokl. In 3 tons. T. 2. M.: Publishing House MEI, 2010.
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In 2010, the Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Electro-Rosic machines were first equipped with cylindrical linear engines, superior to all similar solutions in this area.
Compared to the SVP, they have a significantly greater supply of longevity and reliability, with higher accuracy capable positioning, and also have better dynamic characteristics. Other configurations of Linear Motors are won due to the overall optimization of the design: less heat dissipation, higher economic efficiency, ease of installation, maintenance and operation.
Considering all those advantages that have a century, it would seem why it is still wise with the drive part of the equipment? However, not everything is so simple, and separate, separate, point improvement will never be as effective as the update of the entire system of interrelated elements.
Mitsubishi Electric MV1200R MITSUBISHI Electric MV1200R
Therefore, the use of cylindrical linear engines has not remained the only innovation implemented in the Mitsubishi Electric Electro-Evolutionary Machines Drive System. One of the key transformations that allowed to fully use the advantages and potential of the Central TsLD to achieve unique indicators of the accuracy and performance of the equipment, there was a complete upgrade of the drive control system. And, unlike the engine itself, it's time to implement our own developments.
Mitsubishi Electric is one of the world's largest manufacturers of CNC systems, the overwhelming majority of which are made directly in Japan. At the same time, the Mitsubishi Corporation includes a huge number of research institutes, leading surveys, including in the field of control systems of drives, CNC systems. It is not surprising that in the company's machines almost all the electronic filling of its own production. Thus, modern solutions are implemented in them, the maximum adapted to the specific lineup of the equipment (definitely, it is much easier to do with its own products than with the purchased components), and at the minimum price maximum quality, reliability and performance are provided.
A bright example of applying in the practice of own developments was the creation of the system ODS. - Optic Drive System. In the series Na and MV machines, cylindrical linear engines in feed drives, managed through the third generation servos, were first used.
Mitsubishi Na and MV machines were equipped with first-in-kind drive system Optic Drive System
Key peculiarity of servo amusements Mitsubishi family Melservoj3. is the ability to implement communications on the protocol SSCnet III.: Communication of engines, feedback sensors through amplifiers with the CNC system occurs through fiber optic communication channels.
At the same time, almost 10 times (compared to systems of previous generations of machines), the rate of data exchange increases: from 5.6 Mbps to 50 Mbps.
Due to this, the duration of the information exchange cycle is reduced by 4 times: from 1.77 ms to 0.44 ms. Thus, the control of the current position, the issuance of corrective signals occurs 4 times more often - up to 2270 times per second! Therefore, the movement occurs more smoothly, and its trajectory is as close as possible to the specified (this is especially relevant when driving on complex curvilinear trajectories).
In addition, the use of fiber optic cables and servo amplifiers operating under the SSCNET III protocol can significantly increase the noise immunity (see Fig.) And the reliability of information exchange. In the event that the incoming pulse contains incorrect information (the result of interference), it will not be worked out by the engine, the following impulse data will be used instead. Since the total number of pulses is 4 times more, such a pass of one of them minimally affects the accuracy of moving.
Eventually new system Drive control, thanks to the use of third generation servos and fiber optic communication channels, provides more reliable and 4 times faster data exchange, which makes it possible to make the most accurate positioning. But in practice, these advantages are not always useful, since the control object itself is an engine, due to its dynamic characteristics, it is not possible to work out the control pulses of this frequency.
That is why the most justified is a combination of servo amplifiers j3 With cylindrical linear engines in a single ODS system used in the machines of the Na and MV series. Due to its excellent dynamic properties, the ability to work out huge and minor accelerations, to move steadily at high and low speeds, has a huge potential to increase positioning accuracy, which helps a new control system. The engine easily works out high-frequency control pulses, providing accurate and smooth movement.
Mitsubishi machines allow you to get parts with outstanding accuracy and roughness. Warranty on positioning accuracy - 10 years.
However, the advantages that the electroerosive machine receives equipped with the ODS system is not limited exclusively. increased positioning accuracy. The fact is that the production of a certain accuracy and roughness on the electroerosive machine is achieved when the electrode is moved (wire) at a certain speed along the trajectory and in the presence of a certain voltage and the distance between the electrodes (wire and harvest). The values \u200b\u200bof the supply, voltage and interelectrode distance are strictly defined for each material, the height of processing and the desired roughness. However, the processing conditions are not strictly defined, as is not homogeneous and the material of the workpiece, therefore, to obtain a suitable part with the specified characteristics, it is necessary that the processing parameters changed consistently with changes in the processing conditions. This is especially important when it comes to obtaining micron accuracy and high roughness. And also it is extremely necessary to ensure the stability of the process (the wire should not break, there should be no significant jumps in the magnitude of the speed of movement).
Processing monitor. Green Shown Speed \u200b\u200bSchedule, which shows the work of adaptive control
This task is solved using adaptive control. The machine is independently adjusted for changing processing conditions by changing the feed value and voltage. From how promptly and correctly make these amendments, it depends on how accurately and quickly work out the detail. Thus, the quality of adaptive control operation to a certain extent sets the quality of the machine itself through its accuracy and performance. And here it is just manifested by the benefits of the use of the CULD and the ODS system as a whole. The ability of ODS to ensure the development of control pulses with the highest frequency and accuracy made it possible to improve the quality of adaptive control. Now the processing parameters are adjusted up to 4 times more often, moreover, above and the overall positioning accuracy.
Solid alloy, height 60 mm, roughness Ra 0.12, max. Error - 2 microns. Detail Received on Matsubishi Na1200 Machine
Summarizing some results, we can say that the use of the TSD in Mitsubishi Electric machines would not be such an effective step that allowed new heights of both accuracy and processing performance without the introduction of an updated control system.
Only complex, but, nevertheless, fully informed and proven changes in the design can be the key to improving the quality (as an aggregate indicator of the level of reliability and technological capabilities of equipment) and the competitiveness of the machine. Changes for the Better is Mitsubishi's motto.
Linear engines have become widely known as a high-precision and energy-efficient alternative to conventional drives converting rotary movement to the translational. Due to what it became possible?
So, let's pay attention to the ball-screw pair, which in turn can be considered a high-precision rotational motion transformation system to the translational. Typically, the efficiency of the SVP is about 90%. When taking into account the CPD servomotor (75-80%), losses in the coupling or belt transmission, in the gearbox (in the case of its use) it turns out that only about 55% of the power is spent directly to perform useful work. So it is easy to guess why linear enginewhich directly transfers to the object translational movement is more effective.
Usually the easiest explanation of its design is an analogy with an ordinary rotational motion engine, which was cut through the forming and turned on the plane. In fact, it was just that was the design of the very first linear engines. The flat linear engine with the core was first published and took its niche as a powerful and efficient alternative to other drive systems. Despite the fact that in general, their design was not enough due to significant losses for vortex currents, insufficient smoothness, etc. They were still profitable from the point of view of the efficiency. Although the above disadvantages adversely affected the high-precision "nature" of the linear engine.
U-shaped linear engine, structurally made without a core, is designed to eliminate the drawbacks of a classic flat linear engine. On the one hand, this has made it possible to solve a number of problems, such as losses for vortex currents in the core and the lack of smoothness of movement, but on the other, brought several new aspects that limit its use in areas requiring ultra-conventional movements. This is a significant reduction in engine rigidity and even more heat release problems.
For the ultrafreciation equipment market, linear engines were as a message from heaven, carrying promises of infinitely accurate positioning and high efficiency. However, harsh reality showed itself when the heat allocated due to insufficient design efficiency in the windings and the core was directly transmitted to the working area. While the field of using LDs, thermal phenomena, accompanying significant heat generation made positioning with submicron accuracy, have increasingly expanded, not to say it impossible.
To increase the efficiency, the efficiency of the linear motor needed to return to its constructive basics themselves, and through the maximum possible optimization of all their aspects to obtain the most energy efficient drive system with the highest possible rigidity.
The fundamental interaction underlying the design of the linear engine is the manifestation of the Amphere law - the presence of force acting on the conductor with a current in the magnetic field.
The consequence of the ampere power equation is that the maximum force developed by the engine is equal to the product of the current strength in the windings on the vector product of the magnetic field induction vector on the wire length vector in the windings. As a rule, to increase the efficiency of the linear motor, it is necessary to reduce the strength of the current in the windings (because the heating losses of the conductor are directly proportional to the current for the current force in it). To do this, with a constant value of the drive output, only with an increase in the other components included in the ampere equation. This is how the developers of the cylindrical linear engine (CULD) along with some manufacturers of ultrafreciation equipment. In fact, during the last study at the University of Virginia (UVA), it was found that the TWID consumes 50% less energy to carry out the same work under the same output characteristics as a similar U-shaped linear engine. To understand how such a significant increase in the efficiency of work is achieved, let's separately focus on each component of the aforementioned Ampere equation.
Vector work b × l. Using, for example, the rule of the left hand is easy to understand that to implement a linear movement, the optimal angle between the current direction in the conductor and the magnetic induction vector is 90 °. Usually, the linear motor current in 30-80% of the length of the windings occurs at right angles to the field induction vector. The rest of the windings, in fact, performs auxiliary function, while it occurs in resistance losses and even forces can appear opposite to the direction of movement. The design of the CULD is that 100% of the wire length in the windings is at an optimal angle of 90 °, and all the arising efforts are coated with the movement vector.
Explorer length with current (L). When specifying this parameter, a kind of dilemma occurs. Too much length will lead to additional losses due to the increase in resistance. The optimal balance between the conductor's length and losses due to the increase in resistance is observed in the CULD. For example, in the TSD, tested at the University of Virginia, the wire length in the windings was 1.5 times more than in its U-shaped analogue.
Magnetic field induction vector (B). Moreover, in most linear motors, a magnetic flux is redirected using a metal core, a patented constructive solution is used in the TSD: the magnetic field force naturally increases due to the repulsion of the magnetic fields of the same name.
The amount of force that can be developed under this structure of the magnetic field is the function of the magnetic induction flow density in the gap between the movable and stationary elements. Since the magnetic air resistance is approximately 1000 times more than steel and directly proportional to the size of the gap, its minimization will reduce and magnetotrifying power required to create a field of necessary force. Magnitoroving force in turn is directly proportional to the strength of the current in the windings, therefore, with a decrease in its required value, it is possible to reduce the current value, which in turn to reduce resistance losses.
As can be seen, each constructive aspect of the TSDD was thought out in order to maximize the efficiency of its work. But how much is it useful from a practical point of view? Let's pay attention to two aspects: heat out and cost of operation.
All linear engines are heated due to losses in the windings. Allocated heat should be left somewhere. And the first side effect of heat dissipation is the concomitant processes of thermal expansion, such as an element in which the windings are fixed. In addition, an additional heating of guides, lubricants, sensors in the drive area occurs. Over time, cyclic processes of heating and cooling can adversely affect mechanical and on the electronic components of the system. The thermal expansion also leads to an increase in friction in guides, etc. In the same study conducted in the UVA, it was found that the TWID transmitted to the slab mounted on it approximately 33% less heat than the analog.
With less energy consumption, the cost of operation of the system as a whole is reduced. On average, 1 kVH is worth 12.17 cents. Thus, the average annual cost of operation of the U-shaped linear motor will be $ 540.91, and the Central TsLD is $ 279.54. (For the price of 3.77 rubles. For the KVCH, it turns out 16768.21 and 8665.74 rubles. Respectively)
When the drive system is selected, the list of options is indeed large, however, when developing a system intended for the needs of ultra-excision machinery, the high efficiency of the CULD can provide significant advantages.
The invention relates to electrical engineering and can be used in breeding pumping and wells for extraction of reservoir liquids from medium and large depths, mainly in oil production. Cylindrical linear asynchronous engine Contains a cylindrical inductor with multiphase winding, made with the possibility of axial movement and mounted inside the steel secondary element. The steel secondary element is an electric motor housing, the inner surface of which has a high-handed coating in the form of a layer. The cylindrical inductor is made of several modules selected from phase coils and interconnected flexible communication. The number of inductor modules to multiply the number of winding phases. When switching from one module to another phase coil is laid with alternate change of location of individual phases. When the engine diameter is 117 mm, the inductor length is 1400 mm, the inductor frequency of 16 Hz The electric motor develops up to 1000 H and 1.2 kW power with natural cooling and up to 1800 N with oil. The technical result is to increase the traction force and power per unit length of the engine under conditions of limiting on the diameter of the housing. 4 Il.
Drawings to the Patent Patent 2266607
The invention relates to the designs of submersible cylindrical linear asynchronous motors (jondays) used in the volatile pump-well installations for extraction of reservoir liquids from medium and large depths, mainly in oil production.
The most common way to produce oil is the rise of oil from wells with a rod plunger pumpsmanaged by rocking machines.
In addition to obvious deficiencies inherent in such installations (large dimensions and mass rocking and rods; wear of pump-compressor pipes and rods), there are also a significant disadvantage of small disadvantages to regulate the velocity of the plunger movement, which means that the performance of the rod pumping units, the impossibility of work In inclined wells.
The ability to regulate these characteristics would make it possible to take into account the natural changes in the flow of well in the process of its operation and reduce the number of sizes of pumping units used for different wells.
Known technical solutions for creating breeding deep-pumping plants. One of these is the use of plunger-type depth pumps with a drive based on linear asynchronous motors.
The design of the jonda mounted in the pump-compressor tube above the plunger pump (Izhel G.I. and others. "Linear asynchronous engines", Kiev, technology, 1975, p.135) / 1 /. The well-known engine has a housing placed in it by a fixed inductor and a movable secondary element located inside the inductor and affecting the plunger on the pump plunger.
The traction force on the movable secondary element appears due to the interaction of the current-induced aircover in it, which is created by multiphase windings connected to the power supply.
Such an electric motor is used in the volatile pumping units (A.S. USSR No. 491793, Publ. 1975) / 2 / and (A.S. USSR No. 538153, Publ. 1976) / 3 /.
However, the conditions of operation of submersible plunger pumps and linear asynchronous motors in the well impose restrictions on the choice of design and the size of the electric motors. A distinctive feature of the submersible chassion is the limited engine diameter, in particular, not exceeding the diameter of the pump-compressor pipe.
For such conditions, famous electric motors have relatively low technical and economic indicators:
Kpd. and COS are inferior to similar indicators of asynchronous engines of traditional execution;
Developed Custody Specific Mechanical Power and Traction (per unit of engine length) are relatively small. The length of the engine placed in the well is limited to the length of the pump-compressor pipe (no more than 10-12 m). When limiting the length of the engine, it is difficult to achieve the pressure required for lifting fluid. Some increase in traction effort and capacity is possible only by increasing the electromagnetic engine loads, which leads to a decrease in KPD. and the reliability level of engines due to elevated heat loads.
These disadvantages can be eliminated if you run the "inductor-secondary element" schema, in other words, the inductor with windings is placed inside the secondary element.
Such an execution of the linear engine is known ("Induction electric motors with an open magnetic circuit". Informelectro, M., 1974, p.16-17) / 4 / and can be taken as the most close to the claimed decision.
The known linear motor contains a cylindrical inductor with a winding, mounted inside the secondary element, the inner surface of which has a high-conducting coating.
Such an end to the inductor with respect to the secondary element was created to facilitate winding and installing coils and was not used as a drive for submersible pumps operating in wells, but for ground use, i.e. Without hard limit on the dimensions of the engine housing.
The objective of the present invention is to develop the design of a cylindrical linear asynchronous motor to drive submersible plunger pumps, which, under conditions of restrictions on the diameter of the engine case, has elevated specific indicators: traction force and power per unit of engine length when providing required level reliability and specified power consumption.
To solve the task, the cylindrical linear asynchronous engine for the drive of submersible plunger pumps contains a cylindrical inductor with a winding, mounted inside the secondary element, the inner surface of which has a high-conducting coating, while the inductor with windings is made with the possibility of axial movement and is mounted inside the electric motor body, steel thickness The walls of which are not less than 6 mm, and the inner surface of the housing is coated with a layer of copper with a thickness of at least 0.5 mm.
Considering the unevenness of the surface of the wells and, as a result, a possible bending of the electric motor housing, an electric motor inductor should be performed consisting of several modules interconnected by flexible bonding.
At the same time, to align the currents of the motor winding phases, the number of modules is chosen in a multiple number of phases, and during the transition from one module to another coils are laid with alternate change of the location of individual phases.
The essence of the invention is as follows.
The use of an electric motor body as a secondary element allows you to maximize the well-limited well space. The maximum achievable values \u200b\u200bof the power and force of the engine depend on the maximum permissible electromagnetic loads (current density, induction of the magnetic field) and the volume of active elements (magnetic circuit, winding, secondary element). Combining a structural design element - an electric motor housing with an active secondary element allows you to increase the volume of active engine materials.
An increase in the active surface of the engine allows you to increase the traction force and engine power per unit of its length.
An increase in the active volume of the engine reduces the electromagnetic loads that determine the thermal state of the engine, on which the level of reliability depends.
In this case, obtaining the necessary values \u200b\u200bof the traction force and the power of the engine per unit of its length when ensuring the necessary level of reliability and the specified power consumption (KPD and COS) under the conditions of limiting the diameter of the engine housing is achieved by the optimal selection of the thickness of the steel engine of the engine body, as well as The thickness of the high-conducting coating of its active zone is the inner surface of the case.
Considering the nominal speed of moving the working parts of the plunger pump, optimally corresponding to it the speed of the running magnetic field of the movable inductor, possible technological difficulties in the manufacture of windings, acceptable pole divide values \u200b\u200b(not less than 0.06-0.10 m) and inductor current frequency (no more than 20 Hz), the parameters over the thickness of the steel wall of the secondary element and the copper coating are selected in the claimed manner. These parameters allow limitations to the engine diameter reduce power loss (and, consequently, to increase kp.d.) by eliminating the growth of magnetization current and reduce the scattering of the magnetic flux.
The new technical result achieved by the invention is to apply the inductor-secondary element facing circuit for the maximum efficient use of a limited well space when creating a cylindrical linear asynchronous motor with characteristics that allow you to use it as a drive of submersible pumps.
The claimed engine is illustrated by the drawings, where figure 1 shows the general view of the engine with the modular design of the inductor, in FIG. 2 is the same, section according to A-A, figure 3 shows a separate module, in FIG. 4 is the same, cut B-b.
The engine comprises a housing 1 - a steel pipe with a diameter of 117 mm, with a thickness of a wall of 6 mm. The inner surface of the tubes is covered with copper layer 0.5 mm. Inside the steel pipe 1, using centering sleeves 3 with antifriction gaskets 4 and pipes 5 mounted a movable inductor consisting of modules 6, interconnected by flexible bonding.
Each of the inducer modules (figure 3) is dialed from individual coils 7, alternating with ring teeth 8 having a radial slot 9, and placed on magnetic conduit 10.
A flexible bond consists of the upper 11 and the lower 12 clamps, movably installed with the help of grooves on the protrusions of neighboring centering sleeves.
On the upper plane of the clamp 11, currentwater cables 13 are fixed. At the same time, the number of modules in the inductor in the inductor phases is selected by a multiple phase number, and during the transition from one module to another coil of individual phases alternately change places. The total number of inductor modules, which means, the length of the engine is selected depending on the required traction.
The electric motor can be equipped with a stem 14 to attach it to the submersible plunger pump and the rod 15 - to connect to the current supply. At the same time, stocks 14 and 15 are connected to a flexible bonding inducer 16 to prevent the bending moment from the submersible pump and the current suite to the inductor.
The electric motor passed the bench tests and works as follows. When feeding the frequency converter located on the surface of the Earth, there are currents that create a running magnetic field in a multi-phase engine winding. This magnetic field brings secondary currents both in a highly conductive (copper) layer of the secondary element and in the steel case of the engine.
The interaction of these currents with a magnetic field leads to the creation of traction, under the action of which the movable inductor is moved, which affects the thrust on the pump plunger. At the end of the moving part of the sensor command, the engine is reversed by changing the alternation of the phases of the supply voltage. Next, the cycle is repeated.
When the engine diameter is 117 mm, the inductor length is 1400 mm, the inductor frequency of 16 Hz The electric motor develops up to 1000 H and 1.2 kW power with natural cooling and up to 1800 N with oil.
Thus, the stated engine has acceptable technical and economic characteristics for its use complete with a submersible plunger pump for extraction of reservoir liquids from medium and large depths.
CLAIM
A cylindrical linear asynchronous motor for driving plunger plunger pumps containing a cylindrical inductor with a multi-phase winding, made with the possibility of axial movement and mounted inside the steel secondary element, the steel secondary element is an electric motor body, the inner surface of which has a high-conducting coating layer, characterized by that the cylindrical inductor is made of several modules scored from the phase coils and interconnected by a flexible bond, the number of cylindrical inductor modules to multiply the number of the winding phases, and when switching from one module to another phase coils are laid with alternate change of the location of individual phases.
Yuri Skirts
In the usual engines for us internal combustion The initial links, make a reciprocating movement. Then this movement, with the help of a crank-connecting mechanism, is converted into a rotational. In some devices, one type of movement is performed first and last.
For example, in the generator engine, there is no need to first return the reciprocating movement to the rotational, and then, in the generator, from this rotational movement, extract the straight component, that is, to make two opposite conversion.
The current development of electronic converter equipment allows you to adapt the output voltage of the linear generator for the consumer, it makes it possible to create a device in which a part of a closed electric circuit makes no rotational movement in a magnetic field, but reciprocating together with an internal combustion engine rod. Schemes explaining the principle of operation of the traditional and linear generator are shown in Fig. one.
Fig. 1. Scheme of a linear and conventional electric generator.
In a conventional generator, a wire frame is used to obtain a voltage, rotating in a magnetic field and driven by an external propulsion. In the proposed generator, the wire frame is moving linear in the magnetic field. This small and non-accepted distinction makes it possible to significantly simplify and reduce the proportion, if the internal combustion engine is used in its capacity.
Also, in the piston compressor, driven piston Engine, the inlet and outlet of the link makes the reciprocating movement, fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Scheme of a linear and conventional compressor.
Whole engine
- Small dimensions and weight due to the lack of a crank-connecting mechanism.
- High workout on failure, due to the lack of a crank-connecting mechanism and due to the presence of only longitudinal loads.
- Low price due to the lack of a crank-connecting mechanism.
- Technologicalness - For the manufacture of parts, only unearmable operations, turning and milling are needed.
Compression tact. The piston moves from the lower dead point of the piston to the upper dead point of the piston, overlapping the purge windows first. After closing the piston of purge windows, the fuel injection will occur in the cylinder, the compression of a combustible mixture begins. The preachment is created under the piston under the piston, under the action of which air flows into the pre-chamber through the opening valve.
2. Tact of the working stroke. With the position of the piston near the top of the dead point, the compressed working mixture flammifies electrical spark from the candle, as a result of which the temperature and pressure of gases increase sharply. Under the action of thermal expansion of gases, the piston moves to the lower dead point, while expanding gases make useful work. At the same time, the piston creates high pressure In the pre-chamber. Under the action of pressure, the valve closes without giving, thus, the air get into the intake manifold.
Ventilation system
When working in the cylinder, Fig. 6 Working, piston under the action of pressure in the combustion chamber, moves in the direction of the specified arrow. Under the action of overpressure in the pre-chamber, the valve is closed, and the air compression is compressed here for ventilation of the cylinder. Upon reaching the piston (compression rings) of purge windows, Fig. 6 Ventilation, the pressure in the combustion chamber drops sharply, and then the piston with the connecting rod is moving along inertia, that is, the mass of the rolling part of the generator plays the role of the flywheel in the usual engine. At the same time, the blowing windows and compressed in an antique chamber air, under the action of the pressure difference (pressure in the premium chamber and atmospheric pressure), blows the cylinder. Further, with the operating cycle in the opposite cylinder, the compression cycle is carried out.
When the piston moves in the compression mode, fig. 6 Compression, the piston closes the blowing windows, the injection of liquid fuel is carried out, at that moment the air in the combustion chamber is under a small overpressure of the beginning of the compression cycle. With further compression, as soon as the pressure of the compressible combustible mixture becomes equal to the reference (set for this type of fuel), an electrical voltage will be supplied to the spark plug electrodes, the mixture will be ignited, the operating cycle will start and the process will repeat. At the same time, the internal combustion engine represents the only two coaxial and oppositely placed cylinders and the piston, interconnected mechanically.
Fig. 6. Linear motor ventilation system.
Fuel pump
The drive of the fuel pump of the linear electric generator, is a cam surface, squeezed between the pump piston roller and the roller of the pump housing, fig. 7. The cam surface makes a reciprocating movement along with the connecting rod of the internal combustion engine, and spreads the rollers of the piston and the pump with each clock, while the pump's piston moves relative to the cylinder of the pump and the fuel portion is pushed to the fuel injection nozzle at the beginning of the compression cycle. If it is necessary to change the amount of fuel ejected in one clock, the cam surface is rotated relative to the longitudinal axis. When turning the cam surface with respect to the longitudinal axis, the pump piston rollers and the pump housing rollers will move or move (depending on the direction of rotation) at different distance, the stroke of the fuel pump piston will change and the portion of the fuel piston will change. The rotation of the reciprocally moving cam around its axis is carried out using a fixed shaft that comes into engaging with a cam through a linear bearing. Thus, the cam moves reciprocating, and the shaft remains fixed. When you turn the shaft around your axis, the cam surface is rotated around its axis and the course of the fuel pump changes. Fuel injection portions to move walking engine or manually.
Fig. 7. The fuel pump of the linear electric generator.
The drive of the linear compressor fuel pump is also a cam surface, squeezed between the plane of the piston of the pump and the plane of the pump housing, fig. 8. The cam surface makes a return rotational movement along with the gear shaft of the internal combustion engine, and spreads the plane of the piston and pump with each clock, while the piston of the pump moves relative to the pump cylinder and the fuel portion is pushed to the fuel injection nozzle at the beginning of the compression cycle . When operating a linear compressor, there is no need to change the amount of fuel pushed. The operation of the linear compressor is implied only in a pair with a receiver - a drive of energy that can smooth out the peaks of the maximum load. Therefore, it is advisable to remove the engine of the linear compressor only into two modes: the optimal load mode and mode idle move. Switching between these two modes is carried out using electromagnetic valves, control system.
Fig. 8. The fuel pump of the linear compressor.
Starting system
The linear engine start system is carried out, as in a conventional engine, using an electric drive and energy storage. Starting a conventional engine occurs using a starter (electric drive) and flywheel (energy storage). The launch of the linear motor is carried out using a linear electrocompressor and a starting receiver, Fig. nine.
Fig. 9. Starting system.
When starting, the trigger of the starting compressor, when powering, is properly moving due to the electromagnetic field of the winding, and then the spring is returned to its original state. After pumping the receiver to 8 ... 12 atmospheres, the power is removed from the trigger terminals and the engine is ready for launch. Starting occurs by supplying compressed air to antique linear engine chambers. Air supply is carried out with the help of electromagnetic valves, the operation of which controls the control system.
Since the management system does not have information, in what position the engine connectors are located, before starting, then the supply of high air pressure into the pre-chambers, for example, extreme cylinders, the pistons are guaranteed to move to its original state before starting the engine.
Then a high air pressure is supplied to the middle cylinder chambers, thus, the cylinder ventilation is performed before starting.
After that, the supply of high air pressure is made again in the prediction chambers of the extreme cylinders, to start the engine. As soon as the working cycle is started (the pressure sensor will show high pressure in the combustion chamber corresponding to the working cycle), the control system, using the electromagnetic valves will stop the air supply from the start receiver.
Synchronization system
The synchronization of the joint engine is carried out using a synchronizing gear and a pair of gears, rice. 10, attached to the rolling part of the magnetic pipeline of the generator or pistons of the compressor. The bottom gear is simultaneously the oil pump drive, with which the forced lubrication of the knotting parts of the linear engine is carried out.
Fig. 10. Synchronization of the running rods of the electric generator.
Reducing the mass of the magnetic pipeline and the inclusion circuit of the electrical generator windings.
The linear-bench generator is a synchronous electrical machine. In the usual generator, the rotor performs a rotational movement, and the mass of the rolling part of the magnetic pipeline is not critical. In the linear generator, the movable part of the magnetic pipeline makes a reciprocating movement along with the rod of the internal combustion engine, and the high mass of the rolling part of the magnetic pipeline makes the operation of the generator impossible. It is necessary to find a way to reduce the mass of the movable part of the generator magnetic pipeline.
Fig. 11. Generator.
To reduce the mass of the moving part of the magnetic pipeline, it is necessary to reduce its geometric dimensions, respectively, the volume and mass will decrease, Fig. 11. But then the magnetic flux crosses only the winding in one pair of windows instead of five, it is equivalent to that the magnetic flux crosses the conductor five times shorter, respectively , and output (power) decrease 5 times.
To compensate for the reduction of the generator voltage, add the number of turns in one window, so that the length of the power winding conductor has become the same as in the initial version of the generator, Fig. 11.
But in order for more turns to lay in the window with constant geometric dimensions, it is necessary to reduce cross section Explorer.
With constant load and output voltage, thermal load, for such a conductor, in this case will increase, and it becomes more optimal (the current remains the case, and the cross-section of the conductor has decreased almost 5 times). It would be if the windows winding are connected in series, that is, when the load current proceeds through all the windings at the same time, as in a conventional generator. But if you alternately connect only the winding of the pair of windows that the magnetic flux is currently crossed, then this Winding for such a short period of time, will not have time to overheat, as the thermal processes inertia. That is, it is necessary to alternately connect to the load only that part of the generator winding (pair of poles), which the magnetic flux crosses, the rest of the time should be cool. Thus, the load is all the time enabled sequentially only with one generator winding.
In this case, the active value of the current flowing through the winding of the generator will not exceed the optimal value, from the point of view of heating the conductor. Thus, it is possible significantly, more than 10 times, reduce the mass of not only the rolling part of the magnetic pipeline of the generator, and the mass of the fixed part of the magnetic pipeline.
Switching windings is carried out using electronic keys.
As keys, for alternately connecting the generator windings to the load, semiconductor devices are used - thyristors (simistors).
Linear generator, this is a detailed ordinary generator, rice. eleven.
For example, with a frequency of the corresponding 3000 cycle / min and a junction of 6 cm, each winding will be heated within 0.00083 seconds, a current is 12 times higher than the nominal, the rest of the time is almost 0.01 seconds, this winding will be cooled. With a decrease in the operating frequency, the heating time will increase, but, accordingly, will decrease the current that flows through the winding and through the load.
Simistor is a switch (may be closed or blurring an electrical circuit). Circuit and opening occurs automatically. When working, as soon as the magnetic stream begins to cross the winding turns, an electrical voltage induced winding appears at the ends of the winding, it leads to a closure of the electrical circuit (opening the simistra). Then, when the magnetic flow crosses the turns of the following winding, then the voltage drop on the electrodes simistrawards to the opening of the electrical circuit. Thus, at each moment of time, the load is all the time, sequentially, only with a single generator winding.
In fig. 12 shows the assembly drawing of the generator without an excitation winding.
Most details of linear motors are formed by the surface of rotation, that is, they have cylindrical forms. This makes it possible to make them using the cheapest and permanent turning and automation of turning operations.
Fig. 12. Assembly drawing of the generator.
Mathematical model of linear engine
The mathematical model of the linear generator is based on the law of conservation of energy and Newton's laws: at each moment of time, at T 0 and T 1, the equality of the forces acting on the piston should be ensured. After a short period of time, under the action of the resulting force, the piston will move for some distance. At this short plot we accept that the piston was moving equally. The importance of all forces will be changed according to the laws of physics and are calculated according to the well-known formulas
All data is automatically recorded in a table, for example in Excel. After that, T 0 is assigned T 1 values \u200b\u200band the cycle is repeated. That is, we produce a logarithm operation.
The mathematical model is a table, for example, in the Excel program, and the assembly drawing (sketch) of the generator. The sketch is not linear dimensions, but the coordinates of the cells of the table in Excel. The corresponding estimated linear dimensions are made to the table, and the program calculates and builds a piston motion schedule in a virtual generator. That is, substituting the dimensions: the diameter of the piston, the volume of the antique chamber, the course of the pistons to the purge windows, etc., we obtain graphs of the dependence of the distance, speed and acceleration of the movement of the piston from time to time. This makes it possible to virtually calculate hundreds of options, and choose the most optimal one.
The form of the winding wires of the generator.
The layer of wires of one window of the linear generator, in contrast to the ordinary generator, lies in one spiral plane, so the winding is easier to turn the wires of non-round cross section, but a rectangular, that is, the winding is a spiral plate spiral. This makes it possible to increase the filling coefficient of the window, and also significantly increase the mechanical strength of the windings. It should be borne in mind that the speed of the connecting rod, and therefore the rolling part of the magnetic pipeline is not the same. This means that the magnetic induction lines crosses the winding of different windows with different speeds. For full use Winding wires, the number of turns of each window must correspond to the magnetic flux speed near this window (connecting rod speed). The number of turns of the windings of each window is selected taking into account the dependence of the rod speed from the distance traveled by the connecting rod.
Also for a more uniform voltage of the generated current, you can wim up the winding of each window of the copper plate of different thickness. In the area where the rod speed is not large, the winding is carried out by a plate of less thickness. A larger number of turns of the winding will be placed in the window and, at a lower rod speed on this site, the generator will produce a voltage commensurate with a voltage of the current on more "speed" areas, although the generated current will be significantly lower.
The use of a linear electric generator.
The main use of the described generator is an uninterrupted power supply at low power enterprises, allowing connected equipment to operate for a long time when the network voltage is lost, or when the parameters exit per allowed norms.
Electric generators can be used to provide electrical energy of industrial and household electrical equipment, in the absence of electrical networks, as well as as power aggregate for vehicle (hybrid car), in quality of mobile generator electrical energy.
For example, an electrical generator in the form of a diplomat (suitcase, bags). The user takes with him to the places where there are no electrical networks (construction, hike, country house, etc.) if necessary by clicking on the "Start" button, the generator starts and nourishes electrical energy connected to it. Electrical instruments: power tools, appliances. This is an ordinary source of electrical energy, only much cheaper and more easily analogues.
The use of linear engines makes it possible to create inexpensive, easy to use and control, lightweight car.
Linear electric generator vehicle
A vehicle with a linear electric generator is Double light (250 kg) car, rice. 13.
Fig.13. A car with a linear benzegenerator.
When managed, you do not need to switch speeds (two pedals). Due to the fact that the generator can develop maximum power, even when "touching" from the place (unlike a regular car), then acceleration characteristics, even with small traction engine capacity, have the best indicators than similar characteristics of ordinary cars. Effect of steering and aBS systems It is programmatically achieved, since all the necessary "iron" is already there (the drive per each wheel allows you to control the torque or braking torque of the wheel, for example, when the steering wheel is rotated, the torque between the right and left control wheel is redistributed, and the wheels are rotated by the driver only allows them to rotate , that is, management without effort). Block layout allows you to combine the car at the request of the consumer (you can easily replace the generator to replace the generator to more powerful).
This ordinary car is only much cheaper and easier to analogues.
Features simplicity management, low cost, fast speed set, power up to 12 kW, drive to all wheels (high passability car).
The vehicle with the proposed generator, due to the specific form of the generator, has a very low gravity center, therefore it will be highly resilient when driving.
Also, such a vehicle will have very high overclocking characteristics. In the proposed vehicle, the maximum power of the power unit can be used with the entire speed range.
The distributed mass of the power unit does not load the body of the car, so it can be made cheap, easy and simple.
A traction engine of a vehicle in which a linear electric generator is used as a power unit, must satisfy with such conditions:
Power windings of the engine must directly, without a converter, connect to the generator terminals (to increase the efficiency of the electrical transmission and reducing the price of the current converter);
The speed of rotation of the output shaft of the electric motor must be adjusted in a wide range, and should not depend on the frequency of the electrical generator;
The engine must have a high time on failure, that is, to be reliable in operation (not to have a collector);
The engine must be inexpensive (simple);
The engine must have a high torque at low frequency of rotation of the output shaft;
The engine must have a small mass.
The inclusion scheme of such a motor is shown in Fig. 14. By changing the polarity of the power of the rotor winding, we obtain the rotor torque.
Also, by changing the size and polarity of the power winding, the rotor rotation is introduced relative to the magnetic field of the stator. The power supply of the rotor winding current, the slide control is controlled, in the range from 0 ... 100%. The power of the rotor winding is, approximately 5% of the engine power, so the current converter must not be done for the entire current of the traction motors, but only for their excitation current. The power of the current converter, for example, for an onboard electric generator 12 kW, is only 600 W, and this power is divided into four channels (for each wheel of the wheel of its channel), that is, the power of each transducer channel is 150 W. Therefore, the low efficiency of the converter will not have a significant effect on the efficiency of the system. The converter can be built with low-power, cheap semiconductor elements.
The current from the terminals of the electric generator without any transformations is fed to the power windings of traction electric motors. Only excitation current is converted, so that it is always in antiphase with the current power windings. Since the excitation current is only 5 ... 6% of the total current consumed by the traction electric motor, the converter is necessary to power 5 ... 6% of the entire generator power, which will significantly reduce the price and weight of the converter and increase the efficiency of the system. In this case, the transducer of the excitation current of traction engines must be "to know", in which position is the engine shaft, so that at each moment of time on the excitation winding, the current is to create a maximum torque. The sensor position of the output shaft of the traction motor is an absoluteneckoder.
Fig.14. The circuit for turning on the windings of the traction motor.
The use of a linear electric generator, as a power unit of the vehicle, allows you to create a block layout car. If necessary, you can change large nodes and aggregates in a few minutes, fig. 15, as well as apply the body with the best flow around, as a low-power car has no power reserve to overcome air resistance due to imperfection of aerodynamic forms (due to the high resistance coefficient).
Fig.15. The possibility of block layout.
Linear compressor vehicle
A vehicle with a linear compressor is a double light (200 kg) car, rice. 16. This is a simpler and cheaper car analogue with a linear generator, but with lower transmission efficiency.
Fig.16. Pneumatic drive car.
Fig.17. Wheel Drive Management.
An incremental-barrier is used as the wheel rotation speed sensor. Incremental & Equipment have a pulse output, when turned to a certain angle at the output, a voltage pulse is generated. The electronic sensor circuit, "counts" the number of pulses per unit of time, and records this code in the output register. With the "submission" code control system (address) of this sensor, electronic circuit Encoder, in a sequential form gives the code from the output register, to the information conductor. The control system reads the sensor code (information about the wheel rotation speed) and according to a given algorithm produces code to control the stepping motor of the actuator.
Conclusion
The cost of the vehicle, for most people, is 20 ... 50 monthly earnings. People can not afford to purchase new car For 8 ... 12 thousand $, and on the market there is no car in the price range of 1 ... 2 thousand $. The use of a linear electrical generator or compressor, as a power unit of the car, allows you to create a simple to operate, and inexpensive vehicle.
Modern production technologies printed circuit board, and the range of manufactured electronic products allows almost all electrical connections using two wires - power and informational. That is, not to install the connection of each individual electrical instrument: sensors, executive and signaling devices, and connect each device to a general power, and a shared information wire. The control system, in turn, displays the codes (addresses) of the instruments, in the serial code, to the information wire, after which it is waiting for information about the state of the instrument, also in the serial code, and on the same line. Based on these signals, the control system generates control codes for executive and signaling devices and transmits them to transfer actuators or signal devices to a new state (if necessary). Thus, when installing or repairing, each device must be connected to two wires (these two wires are common to all side electrical appliances) and electric mass.
To reduce cost, and respectively, the prices of the consumer products,
it is necessary to simplify installation and electrical connections on-board devices. For example, with traditional installation, to turn on the rear oven, it is necessary to close, using the switch, the electrical power circuit of the lighting device. The chain consists of: source of electrical energy, connecting wire, a relatively powerful switch, electrical load. Each element of the chain, except the power source, requires individual installation, an inexpensive mechanical switch, has a low number of switching on-off cycles. With a large number of onboard electrical appliances, the price of mounting and connecting wires increases in proportion to the number of devices, the likelihood of error is increasing due to the human factor. With large-scale production, it is easier to control the instruments and read information from the sensors to make one line, and not inflicted, for each instrument. For example, to turn on the rear oven fire, in this case, it is necessary to touch the touch sensor, the control circuit will form the control code to turn on the rear dimming fire. The address of the rear-dimensional rear dimming device and the signal on the inclusion will be displayed on the information wire, and then the internal supply circuit of the rear dimming fire will be closed. That is, electrical circuits are formed complex: automatically in the production of printed circuit boards (for example, when installing boards on SMD lines), and by electrically connected all devices with two common wires and electric "mass".
Bibliography
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The possibility of transition to another type of fuel without stopping the engine.
Ignition management with pressure when compressing the working mixture.
There should be two conditions for an ordinary engine for supplying electrical voltage (current) on the ignition candle:
The first condition is determined by the kinematics of the crank-connecting mechanism - the piston must be in the upper dead point (excluding the ignition advance);
The second condition is determined by the thermodynamic cycle - the pressure in the combustion chamber, before the working cycle, must correspond to the fuel used.
At the same time, completing two conditions is very difficult. When compressing air or working mixture, a compressible gas was leaked in the combustion chamber through the piston rings and others. The slower compression (the engine shaft rotates slower), the leakage is higher. In this case, the pressure in the combustion chamber, before the working cycle, becomes less optimal and the working cycle occurs under non-optimal conditions. The efficiency of the engine drops. That is, it is possible to provide a high efficiency of the engine efficiency in a narrow range of speeds of rotation of the output shaft.
Therefore, for example, the efficiency of the engine at the stand is approximately 40%, and in real conditions, by car, with different modes Movements, this value drops to 10 ... 12%.
In the linear engine there is no crank-connecting mechanism, so it is not necessary to perform the first condition, it does not matter where the piston is in front of the working cycle, it is only a gas pressure in the combustion chamber before the working cycle. Therefore, if the supplelectric voltage (current) on the ignition candle is not to control the position of the piston, but the pressure in the combustion chamber, the working cycle (ignition) will always begin at optimum pressure, regardless of the engine operation frequency, fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Ignition control with the pressure in the cylinder, in the "Compression" cycle.
Thus, in any mode of operation of the linear motor, we will have a maximum area of \u200b\u200bthe loop of the thermodynamic cycle of carno, respectively, and a high efficiency at different modes of engine operation.
The ignition control using pressure in the combustion chamber also makes it possible to "painlessly" switch to other types of fuel. For example, when switching from a high-octane type of fuel to a low-fledged view, in a linear engine, it is only necessary to give the ignition system command so that the supply of electrical voltage (current) on the ignition candle has occurred at a lower pressure. In the usual engine, it would be necessary to change the geometric dimensions of the piston or cylinder.
Implement the control of the pressure ignition in the cylinder can be using
piezoelectric or capacitive pressure measurement method.
The pressure sensor is made in the form of a washer, which is placed under the nut of the stud fastening the cylinder head, fig. 3. The gas pressure force in the compression chamber, acts on the pressure sensor, which is under the nut mounting the cylinder head. And information on pressure in the chamber of chamber is transmitted to the magnificent moment control unit. At pressure in the chamber corresponding to the pressure of the ignition of this fuel, the ignition system supplies an electrical voltage (current) to the spark plug. With a sharp increase in pressure, which corresponds to the start of the working cycle, the ignition system removes the electrical voltage (current) from the spark plug. In the absence of an increase in pressure at a specified time, which corresponds to the absence of the start of the operating cycle, the ignition system fits the control signal of the engine start. Also, the output signal of the pressure sensor in the cylinder is used to determine the frequency of the engine and its diagnostics (determination of compression, etc.).
The force of squeezing is directly proportional to the pressure in the combustion chamber. After the pressure, in each of the opposite cylinders, will become no less than specified (depends on the type of fuel used), the control system gives the command to ignite the combustible mixture. If necessary, switch to another type of fuel, the value of a given (reference) pressure changes.
Also, adjusting the moment of ignition of the combustible mixture can be carried out automatically, as in the usual engine. The microphone is located on the cylinder - the detonation sensor. The microphone converts mechanical sound oscillations of the cylinder body into an electrical signal. Digital filter, from this set of the amount of the sinusoid of electrical voltage, extracts harmonic (sinusoid) corresponding to the detonation mode. When the signal appears at the output of the signal, the corresponding appearance of detonation in the engine is appeared, the control system reduces the value of the reference signal, which corresponds to the ignition pressure of the combustible mixture. In the absence of a signal to the corresponding detonation, the control system, after a while, increases the magnitude of the reference signal, which corresponds to the ignition pressure of the combustible mixture, until the frequencies of preceding detonation appears. Again, when the frequencies preceding the detonation appears, the system reduces the reference signal, which corresponds to a decrease in the ignition pressure, to the denselytonation ignition. Thus, the ignition system is adjusted under the type of fuel used.
The principle of operation of the linear engine.
The principle of operation of a linear, as well as an ordinary internal combustion engine is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases arising from the combustion of the fuel mixture and ensures the movement of the piston in the cylinder. The connecting rod transmits the rectilinear return-translational movement of the piston with a linear electric generator, or a piston compressor.
Linear generator, rice. 4, consists of two piston steam working in antiphase, which makes it possible to balance the engine. Each pair of pistons is connected by connecting rod. The connecting rod is suspended on linear bearings and can freely fluctuate, along with pistons, in the generator body. Pistons are placed in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine. The purge of cylinders is carried out through the purge windows, under the action of a small overpressure created in the preset chamber. On the connecting rod is the movable part of the generator magnetic pipeline. The excitation winding creates a magnetic stream required to generate an electric current. With reciprocal movement of the connecting rod, and with it, both parts of the magnetic pipeline, the magnetic induction line generated by the excitation winding, intersect the fixed force winding of the generator, induction of electrical voltage and current (with a closed electrical circuit).
Fig. 4. Linear benzogenerator.
Linear compressor, rice. 5 consists of two piston steam working in antiphase, which makes it possible to balance the engine. Each pair of pistons is connected by connecting rod. The rod is suspended on linear bearings and can freely fluctuate along with pistons in the case. Pistons are placed in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine. The purge of cylinders is carried out through the purge windows, under the action of a small overpressure created in the preset chamber. With reciprocal movement of the connecting rod, and with it and the pistons of the compressor, the air under pressure is supplied to the compressor receiver.
Fig. 5. Linear compressor.
The duty cycle in the engine is carried out in two clocks.
