The basic concepts of machine parts. Machine details: concept and their characteristics The value of transmission mechanisms in mechanical engineering
Basic concepts and course definitions
We define the basic concepts at the very beginning of work to systematize the educational material and in order to avoid ambiguous interpretation.
Place the concepts of the degree of complexity.
In the standard GOST 15467-79 Products - result of activity or processes. Products may include services, equipment, processed materials, software or combination of them.
According to GOST 15895-77, PRODUCTit is an industrial product unit. The product is any item or a set of production items manufactured by the enterprise. Under the product understand any products manufactured by design documentation. Products are details, sets, knots, mechanisms, aggregates, machines and complexes. Products, depending on availability orabsence in them component parts, divide: 1) on noncedated (parts) - not compound; 2) on specified(assembly units, complexes, kits) - consisting of two andmore compound parts. Composite parts of the machine are: Detail,assembly unit (knot), complex and kit.
MACHINE PARTS - Scientific discipline engaged in learning, designing and calculating parts of machinery and general purpose nodes. Mechanisms and machines consist of details. In almost all cars, bolts, trees, gears, bearings, clutches are called nodes and details of general purpose.
DETAIL – (franz.detail - Slice) - a product made of homogeneous on the name and brand of material without the use of assembly operations (GOST 2.101-68). For example, a roller from one piece of metal; cast housing; The plate from the bimetallic sheet, etc. Details may be simple (nut, key, etc.) or complex (crankshaft, gearbox case, machine strinna, etc.).
Among the wide variety of parts and nodes of machines, there are those used in almost all machines (bolts, shafts, couplings, mechanical transmissions etc.). These details (knots) are called complete details And learn in the course "Details of Machines". All other details (pistons, turbine blades, rowing screws, etc.) belong to details special purpose and studied in special courses. Details outputapply in mechanical engineering in very large quantities. Therefore, any improvement of methods for calculating and constructing these parts, which allows to reduce the cost of material, lower the cost of production, increase durability, p rino Large economic effect.
Assembly unit - The product, components of which are to be connected at the manufacturer through assembly operations (swing, articulation, soldering, crimping, etc.), (GOST 2.101-68).
Knot - The completed assembly unit consisting of details of a general functionality and performing a specific function in products of one destination only with other components of the product (coupling, rolling bearings, etc.). Complex nodes may include several simple nodes (subasters); For example, the gearbox includes bearings, shafts with sandwheels planted on them, etc.
SET (Remkomplekt) is a set of individual parts that serves to perform such operations as an assembly, drilling, milling or to repair certain nodes of machines. For example, a set of overhead or end keys, screwdrivers, drills, milling cutters, or a carburetor repair kit, fuel pump and so on.
MECHANISM- a system of moving connected parts, intended for transforming a movement of one or more bodies into expedient movements of other bodies (for example, a crank-slider mechanism, mechanical transmissions, etc.).
According to the functional purpose, machine mechanisms are usually divided into the following types:
Transmission mechanisms;
Executive mechanisms;
Control mechanisms, control and regulation;
Mechanisms for feeding, transporting and sorting.
Link - A group of details forming a movable or still relative to each other mechanical system tel.
The link taken for the fixed is called rack.
Input link They call the link to which the movement transformed by the mechanism in the movement of other links.
Weekend link Called a link that makes movement, to execute the mechanism.
Between the input and output links can be located intermediate links.
In each pair of jointly operating units in the direction of the power flow distinguish master and leader links.
In modern engineering, the mechanisms are widely used, which include elastic (springs, membranes, etc.) and flexible (Belts, chains, ropes, etc.) links.
Kinematic couple They call the connection of two contacting links, allowing their relative movement. Surfaces, lines, points of the link, by which it can come into contact with another link, forming a kinematic pair, are called elements of the kinematic pair. According to the functional basis, kinematic couples can be rotational, promotional, screw etc.
The associated system of links, forming kinematic couples, is called kinematic chain . Thus, the basis of any mechanism is the kinematic chain.
Apparatus – (lat.apparatus - part) Device, technical device, fixture, usually some autonomous functional part of a more complex system.
UNIT – (lat.aggrego. - Attach) Unified functional node with complete interchangeability.
DRIVE UNIT - The device by which the movement of the working bodies of the machines is carried out. A adequate term is used in TMM - machine unit.
A CAR– (greek. "M Ahina" - Huge, Terrible) System of parts that makes a mechanical movement for converting energy, materials or information in order to facilitate labor. The machine is characteristic of the presence of a source of energy and requires the presence of an operator for its management. The insightful German economist K. Marx noticed that every car consists of motoring, gear and executive mechanisms. The category "Machine" in everyday life is often used as the term "technique".
TECHNICS - These are material tools created by man,used to them to expand its functionalityin various areas of activity in order to meet material and spiritual needs.
By the nature of the workflow, all variety of machines candivide into classes: energy, technological transporting and informational.
Energy machines - These are devices intended for energy transformation of any kind (electric, steam, thermaletc.) to mechanical. These include electric cars(electric motors), electromagnetic current converters, steam machines, engines internal combustion, turbines, etc. To multipleenergy machines include converter machines , employees for transforming mechanical energy into the energy of any kind. These include generators, compressors, hydraulicpumps, etc.
Transporting machines - convert the engine energy inthe energy of moving masses (products, products). To transportingmachines include conveyors, elevators, noria, lifting cranesand lifts.
Information (computing) machines - intended forobtaining and converting information.
Technological machines - Designed to convert the gradethe object (product), consisting in changing its size, forms, properties or status.
Technological machines consist of an energy machine (Engine), transfer and executive mechanisms. The most importantin the car is ACTUATING MECHANISM , defining technologic capabilities, degree of versatility and namecars. Those parts of the machine that come into contact withproduct and affect it, called Working body machine .
In the field of machine design(Mechanical Engineering) is widely used category Technical system , underwhich is understood by artificially created objects intendedto meet a certain need to be inherentthe ability to perform at least one function, multi-element, the hierarchy of the structure, the plurality of links between the elements,multiplerability of changes and diversity of consumer qualities. TOtechnical systems include individual machines, devices,, structures, manual guns, their elements in the form of nodes, blocks,aggregates and other assembly units, as well as complex complexesrelated machines, apparatuses, structures, etc.
DRIVE UNIT- A device that drives the machine or mechanism.
The drive consists of:
Source of energy;
Gear mechanism;
Control instruments.
Machine aggregate A technical system consisting of one or more connected serial or parallel machines and is intended for performing any required functions. Usually, the machine unit includes: engine, transmission mechanism and working or energy machine. Currently, the machine aggregate often includes controllingor cybernetic machine. The transmitter mechanism in the machine unit is necessary to harmonize the mechanical characteristics of the engine with the mechanical characteristics of the working or energy machine. Depending on the operating conditions of the machine unit, the control mode can be done manually or automatically.
COMPLEX - This is also a assembly unit of individual interrelated machines, automata and robots, managed from a single center to perform technological operations in a certain sequence.For example, RTK - robotic complexes, automatic lines without human participation when performing technological operations; Flow lines, where people are involved in some operations, for example, when removing the bird's fool.
MACHINE – (greek. " and totostos"- self-dressing) A machine operating on a given program without an operator.
ROBOT – (czech . robot - worker) A machine that has a control system that allows it to independently accept performing solutions in a given range.
Requirements for technical objects
When developing technical object It is necessary to take into account the requirements that the designed object must satisfy.
In 1950, the German engineer F. Kesselring made an attempt to collect all the requirements that designed designers in order to decompose the design process, i.e. The separation of a complex task to a number of simpler, turn the design to the process of consistent satisfaction of one requirement after another - like a school task in several actions.
The list of F. Ceselinring included more than 700 requirements. It was an incomplete list, today more than 2500 requirements are known.
Kesselring failed to solve the task, since many requirements contradict each other. For example, the requirement to increase the level of automation of the technical object is contrary to the requirement of the fulfiguous simplification of the design, etc.
Thus, in each case, the designer must decide which requirement to satisfy, and what should be neglected.
Nevertheless, the existence of a list of requirements and its replenishment is extremely useful, because it makes pay attention to the sides of the object that sometimes seem to be banal, and in fact they are missed.
Below are some examples of requirements:
Subjugate the design of the task of increasing the economic effect, which is primarily determined by the useful impact of the machine, its durability and the cost of operating costs for the entire period of use of the machine;
To achieve maximum increase in useful return by increasing the productivity of the machine and the volume of operations performed by it;
To achieve a full reduction in the cost of operation of machines with a decrease in energy consumption, cost service and repair;
Increase the degree of automation of machines in order to increase productivity, improve product quality and reduce labor costs;
Increase the durability of cars;
Provide a long moral service life, laying high source parameters in the car and providing for reserves for the development and improvement of machines;
Intensifying their use of versatility and reliability in the background of the intensification machines;
Provide for the possibility of creating derivatives with maximum use of structural elements of the base machine;
Strive to reduce the number of machine sizes;
Strive for elimination major repairs due to the presence of replacement parts;
Consistently withstand the principle of aggregate;
Eliminate the need for selection and fit when assembling, ensuring their interchangeability;
Exclude reconciliation operations, adjust the parts and nodes at the place; Provide in the design, fixing elements providing proper installation parts and assemblings;
Provide you with the strength of parts by giving them rational forms, the use of high strength materials, the introduction of hardening processing;
In machines, nodes and mechanisms operating in cyclic and dynamic loads, enter elastic elements mitigating load fluctuations;
Make cars unpretentious to care, eliminate the need for periodic adjustment, etc.;
Warning the possibility of overvoltage of the machine, to bring automatic regulators, safety and limit devices, eliminating the possibility of operation of the machine on hazardous modes;
Eliminate the possibility of improper assembly of parts and nodes in need of accurate mutual coordination, inserting locking;
Replace periodic lubricant continuous automatic;
Avoid open mechanisms and gears;
Ensure reliable insurance of threaded compounds from selfless;
Warn corrosion parts;
Strive to minimal machine weight and minimal metal.
At this point it is worth stopping. A number of facts suggests that in part of the metal consumption of construction, we are still very far behind in a number of engineering industries from developed capitalist countries.
Thus, the material intensity of the EO-6121 excavator is 9 tons above the excavator of the firm of the firm (FRG), the tower crane KB-405-2 on 26 tons is heavier than the analogue produced by Raerner (Germany), the metal-capacity of the T-130M tractor is higher than the American analog of D-7P on 730 kg. Kamaz has 877 kg of their own weight, and the Magirus (Germany) is 557 kg / 1 t.
On the transport of an excess of own weight "KAMAZ" overspend on 1 car 3 t / year.
To simplify the design of the machines;
Replace where possible mechanisms with rectilinear reciprocating movement with rotational motion mechanisms;
Provide maximum manufacturability of parts and nodes;
Reduce mechanical processing, providing for the manufacture of blanks with a form approaching the final form of the product;
Carry out the maximum unification of elements to apply normalized parts;
Save expensive and scarce materials;
Machine simple and smooth external forms, facilitating the maintenance of the machine in a tidy state;
Comply with the requirements of technical aesthetics;
Make accessible and convenient for inspection nodes that need periodic check;
Ensure the safety of the operation of the aggregate;
Continuously improve the design of machines in mass production;
When designing new designs, check all elements of the novelty of experiments;
Wider use of the studied structures, the experience of related, and in the right cases and remote in the profile of engineering industries.
A reasonable combination of requirements is achieved by the design optimization. In some cases, the optimization tasks are solved quite simply. In other cases, the solution of such tasks has to be engaged in entire institutions.
The setlined requirements are not disparate, in no way connected with each other by random recommendations. They reflect the impact of modern HTR on the technique. In the work of "HTR and the advantages of socialism", [thought, 1975] is: "Generalization of the development trends of technology and scientific developments makes it possible to note the following features of the working machines created:
A. In the field of the use of nature forces - increasing use of physical, chemical, biological processes, transition to complex technology, new species Movement of matter, high and low potentials (pressures, temperatures, etc.).
B. In the field of structural and organizational and technical forms - an increase in unit capacity, integration of processes in one body, the growth of tie strength, ensuring the dynamism of structures, widespread use of artificial materials, integration of machines to all large lines, sites, sites, nodes, complexes. The development of dynamism is achieved by improving standardization, unification, universalization, blockness and aggregation. This dynamic reflects the diversity of the functions of the technique. Progress of standardization, aggregation characterizes the unity of technology on a natural science basis.
B. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe principles of impact on the subject of labor - the maximum possible, direct use of the forces of nature, the trend towards changing the fundamental bases of the processed substances and obtaining the final product.
Mechanisms and their classification
Mechanisms used in modern machinesah and systems are very diverse and classified in many assessments.
1. In terms of application and functional purposes:
Mechanisms of aircraft;
Machine mechanisms;
Mechanisms for blacksmithing machines and presses;
Mechanisms of internal combustion engines;
Industrial robots mechanisms (manipulators);
Compressor mechanisms;
Mechanisms of pumps, etc.
2. By type of transfer function on the mechanisms:
With a constant gear ratio;
With variable gear ratio:
With unregulated (sinus, tangent);
With adjustable:
With stepped adjustment (gearbox);
With stepless regulation (variators).
3. By type of movement conversion:
Rotational rotational (gearboxes, multipliers, couplings)
Rotating in translational;
Translational into rotational;
Translational to progressive.
4. On the movement and location of the links in space:
Spatial;
Flat;
Spherical.
5. By variability of the structure of the mechanism on the mechanisms:
With immutable structure;
With a variable structure.
6. According to the number of mobility of the mechanism:
With one mobility W.= 1;
With several mobility W.> 1:
Summing (integral);
Separating (differential).
7. In the form of kinematic pairs (KP):
With lower KP (all KP mechanism lower);
With higher KP (at least one KP top);
Hinged (all KP mechanism of rotational - hinges).
8. According to the method of transmission and transformation of the stream of energy:
Frictional (clutch);
Gearing;
Wave (creation of wave deformation);
Pulse.
9. In the form, constructive execution and movement of the links:
Lever;
Gear;
Cam;
Frictional;
Screw;
Worm;
Planetary;
Manipulators;
Mechanisms with flexible links.
In addition, there are a large number of different components or combined mechanisms, which are certain combinations of the mechanisms of the species listed above.
However, for a fundamental understanding of the operation of the machines, the basic classification feature is structure of mechanisms - A combination and relationship of elements included in the system.
Studying flat lever mechanisms with lower kinematic couples, Professor of St. Petersburg University L.V. Assur in 1914 discovered that any of the most complex mechanism actually consists not just from individual units, but from the simplest structural groups formed by links and kinematic couples - small open kinematic chains. He suggested the original structural classificationin which all mechanisms consist of primary mechanisms and structural groups (zero-mobility groups or "Assur" groups).
In 1937, the Soviet Academician I.I. Artobolevsky has improved and supplemented this classification by distributing it up to spatial mechanisms with translational kinematic pairs.
The essence of the structural classification is to use the concept of a structural group, of which all mechanisms consist.
The value of transmission mechanisms in mechanical engineering
The main functions transmission mechanisms are:
Transmission and motion transformation;
Change and speed control;
The distribution of power flows between the various executive bodies of this machine;
Start, stop and reversing motion.
These functions must be performed by defective with the specified degree of accuracy and performance for a certain period of time. In this case, the mechanism must have minimal dimensions, Be economical and secure in operation. In some cases, other requirements may be presented to transmission mechanisms: reliable operation in a polluted or aggressive medium, at high or very low temperatures, etc. Satisfaction to all these requirements is a complex task and requires the designer of the ability to navigate to navigate in the diversity of modern mechanisms, knowledge of modern structural materials, the latest methods for calculating parts and elements of machines, dating The influence of the technology of manufacturing parts on their durability, efficiency, etc.
One of the tasks of the "Details of the Machines" and is to train the methods for designing transmission mechanisms of general purpose.
Most modern machines and devices are created according to the engine scheme - the transmission is the working body (executive mechanism). The need to introduce transmissions as an intermediate link between the engine and the working bodies of the machine is associated with a solution of a number of tasks.
For example, in cars and other transport vehicles It is required to change the speed and direction of movement, and on the rises and when moving from the place, it is necessary to increase the torque on the drive wheels several times. The automotive engine itself cannot perform these requirements, as it works stable only in a narrow range of changes in the magnitude of the torque and angular velocity. When you go beyond this range, the engine stops. Like car motor Many other engines are weakly adjustable, including most electrical.
In some cases, the engine control is possible, but it is inexpedient for economic considerations, since outside the nominal mode of operation KPD engines Significantly decreases.
The mass and cost of the engine at the same power decrease with an increase in the angular velocity of its shaft. The use of such engines with a transmission that reduces the angular velocity, instead of engines with a low angular speed without transmission is economically more appropriate.
Due to the wide distribution of integrated mechanization and automation of production, the transmission in the machines increases even more. Energy flow branching and simultaneous transmission of motion with various parameters to several executive bodies from one source is an engine. All this makes it possible to transfer one of the essential elements of most modern machines and installations.
Classification of machine parts
There is no absolute, complete and completed classification of all existing machine parts, because The constructions are diverse and, moreover, new ones are constantly being developed.
Depending on the complexity of manufacturing, details are divided into Simpleand sophisticated. Simple details for their manufacture require a small number of already known and well-developed technological operations and are manufactured at mass production On machine machines (for example, fasteners - bolts, screws, nuts, washers, plintes; gear wheels of small sizes, etc.). Complex details are most often quite complex configuration, and in their manufacture, quite complex technological operations are applied and a significant amount of manual labor is used to execute which last years Robots are increasingly used (for example, when assembling-welding car bodies).
According to the functional purpose, the nodes and parts are divided into typical groups by the nature of their use.
- Shows Designed for transformation and conversion of motion, energy in machines. They are separated by gearing transmission transmitting energy by means of mutual engagement of teeth (gear, worm and chains), and transmitted by friction transmitting energy by means of friction forces caused by the initial belt tension (belt transmission) or pressing one roller to another (friction gears).
- Shafts and axles. Shafts serve to transmit torque along its axis and to maintain rotating gear parts (gear wheels, stars of stars) installed on the shafts. Axis serve to maintain rotating, parts without transmission of useful torque.
- Supportserve to install shafts and axes.
- Bearings. Designed to secure shafts and axes in space. Leave shafts and axes only one degree of freedom - rotation around its own axis. Bearings are divided into two groups depending on the type of friction in them: a) rolling; b) slip.
- Couplingsdesigned to transmit torque from one shaft to another. The couplings are permanent, non-separation of the shafts during the operation of machines and coupling, allowing the grip and discharge of the shafts.
- Connecting Details (Connections) Connect the details together.
They are two species:
a) detachable - they can be disassembled without destruction. These include threaded, pin, keypone, slotted, terminal;
b) Undoubted - the separation of parts is impossible without their destruction or is associated with the danger of their damage. These include welding, adhesive, riveting, press connections.
- Elastic elements. They are used: but) to protect against vibrations and shocks; b) for a long time of useful work by pre-accumulating or energy accumulation (springs in hours); in) To create a tension, the reverse movement in cam and other mechanisms, etc.
- Inertial Details and Elementsdesigned to prevent or weaken oscillations (in linear or rotational motion) due to accumulation and subsequent return of kinetic energy (flywheels, counterweight, pendulum, women, shabots).
- Protective details and seals Designed to protect the inner cavities of nodes and aggregates from the action of adverse environmental factors and from leaving lubricants Of these cavities (n leaves, glazes, covers, shirts, etc.).
- Cabinet parts Designed for the placement and fixation of moving parts of the mechanism, for their protection against the action of adverse factors of the external environment, as well as for fastening the mechanisms in the composition of machines and aggregates. Often, in addition, body parts are used to store the operational reserve of lubricants.
- Details and control and control nodes Designed for the impact on units and mechanisms in order to change their mode of operation or maintaining it at the optimal level (traction, levers, cables, etc.).
- Specific details. These include devices for protection against pollution, for lubrication, etc.
The framework of the training course does not allow to study all the varieties of machine parts and all the design nuances. However, knowledge, at least typical parts and general principles of designing machines, gives an engineer a reliable foundation and a powerful tool for performing design work of almost any complexity.
In the following chapters, we consider the reception of the calculation and design of typical parts of the machines.
Basic principles and stages of machine design and design
The process of developing machines has a complex, branched ambiguous structure and is usually called a wide term design - Creating a pre-edge of an object representing its basic parameters in general.
Design (according to GOST 22487-77) - The process of compiling a description necessary to create another non-existent object (algorithm for its functioning or process algorithm), by converting the primary description, optimizing the specified characteristics of the object (or the algorithm of its functioning), eliminate the incorrectness of the primary description and consistent representation (If necessary) descriptions in different languages. In the conditions of the educational institution (compared to the conditionviosiii enterprises) these design stages are somewhat simplified.
Project (from lat. projectus. - thrown forward) - a set of documents and descriptions in various languages \u200b\u200b(graphic - drawings, schemes, diagrams and graphics; mathematical - formulas and calculations; engineering terms and concepts - texts of descriptions, explanatory notes) necessary to create any construction or product .
Engineering design - the process in which scientific and technical information Used to create a new system, devices or cars that bring to society a certain benefit.
Design methods:
Direct analytical methods of synthesis (developed for a number of simple typical mechanisms);
Euristic design methods - solving the design tasks at the level of inventions (for example, the algorithm for solving inventive tasks);
Synthesis analysis methods - bust possible solutions According to a specific strategy (for example, with the help of a random number generator - Monte Carlo method) with comparative analysis for the combination of high-quality and operational indicators (optimization methods are often used - minimization of a target function formulated by the developer, which is determining the set of quality characteristics of the product);
Automated design or CAD systems - a computer software environment simulates the design object and determines its qualitative indicators, after making a solution - selection of an object parameter designer, the system in automated mode issues project documentation;
Other design methods.
The main stages of the design process.
1. Awareness of the public need for product being developed.
2. Technical task for design (primary description).
3. Analysis of existing technical solutions.
4. Development of a functional scheme.
5. Development of a structural scheme.
6. Metric synthesis of the mechanism (synthesis of the kinematic scheme).
7. Static Power Calculation.
8. Sketch project.
9. Kinetostatic Power calculation.
10. Power calculation based on friction.
11. Calculation and design of parts and kinematic pairs (strength calculations, balancing, balancing, vibration).
Here it is advisable to perform the following actions:
Clarify the official purpose of the assembly unit,
Disassemble kinematic scheme node (mechanism), i.e. allocatethe components of the kinematic chain, clarify the followerenergy transfer from the initial link on the kinematic chain tothe final link, allocate a stationary link (body, rack, etc.), relative to which all other links move, clarifylinks between links, i.e. type of kinematic couples, installfaithful functions of fixed links and all moving links,
Start designing a node from the most responsible linkdetermine its type, highlight the components of its elements, the calculation or structurally determine the main dimensions of the elements of kinematiccouples and elements of the link,
Consistently designing all the links of the node, performing the pro- botka their elements
Squeakly construct a fixed knot link,
Clarify the separation of each link to the details,
Divide each item to the components of the elements,
Install the service feature (function) and the purpose of eachelement and its connection with other elements,
Select the mate, adjacent and free surfaceseach part item,
Install the finally the shape of each surface and its polostrangeness
Finally make an image of each detail on the imageassembly assembly.
12. Technical project.
13. Work project (development of work drawings of parts, manufacturing and assembly technology).
14. Production of prototypes.
15. Tests of prototypes.
16. Technological preparation of mass production.
17. Serial production of the product.
Depending on the needs of the national economy, the product is produced in different quantities. Production of products are conventionally divided into single, small, medium-sized and mass production.
Under single it is understood as the manufacture of products according to the harvested NTD, in a single copy and is not repeated in the future.
The design of the machines are performed in several stages set by GOST 2.103-68. For singleproduction is:
1. Development of technical proposal for GOST 2.118-73.
2. Development of a sketch project according to GOST 2.119-73.
3. Development of a technical project according to GOST 2.120-73.
4. Development of documentation for the manufacture of the product.
5. Adjustment of documentation based on the results of manufacturing and testing the product.
Stages of design serialthe same, but only the correction of the documentation has to repeat several times: first for an experienced copy, then for an experimental party, then according to the results of manufacturing and testing the first industrial batch.
In any case, starting to each stage of design, as in general, to any work, it is necessary to clearly designate three positions:
Initial data - Any objects and information related to the point ("What do we have?").
purpose - Expected results, values, documents, objects ("What do we want to get?").
Tools achievement - Design methods, calculated formulas, tools, energy and information sources, design skills, experience ("What and how to do?").
The design of the designer-designer acquires meaning only if the customer is the presence of a customer - a person or organization in need of products and funding development.
Theoretically, the Customer must compile and issue a technical task to the developer - a document in which all technical, operational and economic parameters of the future product are competent and clearly indicate. But, fortunately, this does not happen, because the customer is absorbed by its departmental tasks, and, most importantly, does not have sufficient design skills. Thus, the engineer does not remain without work.
Work begins with the fact that the customer and the performer jointly make up (and sign) Technical task. At the same time, the performer must obtain a maximum of information on the needs, wishes, technical and financial capabilities of the customer, mandatory, preferred and desirable properties of the future product, the features of its operation, repair conditions, the possible market of sales.
Careful analysis This information will allow the designer to properly build a logical chain "Task - target - tools" and fully implement the project.
Technical task - a list of requirements, conditions, goals, tasks delivered by the Customer in writing, documented and issued by the Contractor's work of a design and research nature. Such a task is usually preceded by the development of construction, design projects and is intended to focus on the creation of a project that meets the desires of the Customer and the appropriate conditions for the use of the project being developed, as well as resource restrictions.
Development Technical offer Starts with the study of the technical task. The appointment, principle of the device and methods of connecting the main assembly units and parts are found. All this is accompanied by an analysis of scientific and technical information about similar structures. Cinematic calculation is performed, designer calculations for strength, rigidity, wear resistance and according to performance criteria. From the catalogs, all standard products are pre-selected - bearings, couplings, etc. The first sketches are performed, which are gradually refined. It is necessary to strive for the maximum compactness of the location and convenience of mounting-dismantling parts.
Technical Proposition (P) - a set of design documents that should contain technical and feasibility studies of the feasibility of developing product documentation on the basis of the analysis of the customer's technical task and different options Possible solutions of products, comparative evaluation of decisions, taking into account the constructive and operational features of developed and existing products and patent studies.
On the stage Sketch project Specified and verification calculations of parts are performed, the drawings of the product in the main projections, the design of the parts is being worked out with the purpose of their maximum technologicality, the details are selected, the ability to build-disassemble and adjust the nodes, the lubricant and sealing system is selected. A sketch project should be considered and approved, after which it becomes the basis for a technical project. If necessary, manufactured and tested layouts of the product.
Sketch Project (E) - The set of design documents that should contain fundamental design solutions that provide a general understanding of the device and the principle of the product, as well as data that determine the purpose, the main parameters and the overall dimensions of the product being developed. A sketch project after coordination and approval in the prescribed manner serves as a basis for developing a technical project or working design documentation.
Technical project Must be sure to contain the drawing of the general form, the statement of the technical project and the explanatory note. Drawing of a common view according to GOST 2.119-73 should provide information about the design, the interaction of the main parts, the performance and technical characteristics and principles of the product. The statement of the technical project and an explanatory note, as well as all text documents must contain comprehensive information about the design, manufacturing, operation and repair of the product. They are issued in strict accordance with the norms and rules of the ECCD (GOST 2.104-68; 2.105-79; 2.106-68). The technical project after coordination and approval in the prescribed manner serves as a basis for the development of working design documentation.
Thus, the project acquires the final type of drawings and explanatory notes with calculations called working documentationdesigned so that they can make a product and control their production and operation.
Work project (s) - development of design documentation of prototype, manufacturing, testing, adjustment based on test results. The drawings of parts and components and others are finally developed and approved. Regulatory - technical documentation For the manufacture and assembly of products for testing it.
Manufacturing, testing, finishing and mastering the prototype. Development of a dumping sample device.
It also requires basic concepts.
Design documents include graphic and text documents, which separately or together determine the composition and device of the product and contain the necessary data for its development or manufacturing, acceptance, operation and repair.
Design documents are divided into:
Originals - Documents made on any material and originals intended for them.
Original - Documents decorated with authentic signatures installed and made on any material that allows multiple reproduction from them copies. It is allowed as a script to use the original.
Duplicates - Copies of originals that ensure the identity of the reproduction of the original, made on any material that allows the removal of copies from them.
Copies- Documents performed in a manner ensuring their identity with the original.
Technical task - The document compiled jointly by the customer and the developer containing the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe appointment, technical characteristics and the principal device of the future product.
Technical Proposal - Additional or refined product requirements that could not be indicated in the technical task (GOST 2.118-73).
Creation - Specific material or spiritual activities that generates something new or new combination of the known one.
Invention - A new solution of the technical task, giving a positive effect.
Sketching - The process of creating a sketch (from Franz. eX.quisse. – from reflections), preliminary drawing or outline, fixing the idea and containing the main outlines of the object being created.
Layout - The location of the main parts, assembly units, nodes, and modules of the future object.
Payment - numerical definition of effort, stresses and deformations in details, establishing the conditions for their normal operation; It is performed as needed at each stage of the design.
Drawing - accurate graphic image of an object containing full information about his form, sizes and main technical conditions manufacturing.
Assembly drawing - A document containing an image of the assembly unit and other data necessary for its assembly (manufacturing) and control. Assembly drawings also include drawings on which hydromontal and pneumonutage are performed.
Drawing of common type - a document that determines the design of the product, the interaction of its component parts and the explanatory principle of the product.
Theoretical drawing - A document determining the geometric shape (circuit) of the product and the coordinates of the arrangement of the components.
Overall drawing - A document containing a contour (simplified) image of a product with dimensional, installation and connecting dimensions.
Electrical drawing - A document containing the data necessary to perform the electrical installation of the product.
Mounting drawing - A document containing a contour (simplified) image of the product, as well as the data necessary for its installation (installation) at the site of application. Mounting drawings also include drawings of foundations specifically designed to install the product.
Packaging drawing - A document containing the data required for the packaging of the product.
Scheme - a document showing in the form of conventional images and designations of components of the product and communication between them.
Explanatory note - Text document (GOST 2.102-68), comprising a description of the device and the principle of the product, as well as specifications, Economic rationale, calculations, guidelines for the preparation of the product to use.
Specification - Text tabular document that determines the composition of the assembly unit, complex or kit (GOST 2.102-68).
Statement of specifications - A document containing a list of all the specifications of the component parts of the product with an indication of their quantity and inability.
Report of reference documents - A document containing a list of documents to which there are references in the design documents of the product.
Statement of purchased products - A document containing a list of purchased products applied in the product being developed.
i style \u003d "MSO-Bidi-Font-Style: Normal"\u003e the statement of the use of purchased products - A document containing a list of purchased products allowed to use in accordance with GOST 2.124-85.
The statement of the holders of the original - A document containing a list of enterprises (organizations) on which the original of documents developed and (or) applied to this product is stored.
Statement of Technical Offer - A document containing a list of documents included in the technical offer.
Statement of the sketch project - a document containing a list of documents included in the draft project
The statement of the technical project - A document containing a list of documents included in the technical project.
Technical condition - A document containing requirements (a set of all indicators, norms, rules and regulations) to the product, its manufacture, control, acceptance and delivery that is inappropriate to indicate in other design documents.
Program and Test Methods - Document containing, technical data to be inspected when testing the product, as well as order and methods of their control.
Table - A document containing the appropriate data reduced to the table depending on its purpose.
Payment - A document containing calculations of parameters and values, for example, the calculation of dimensional chains, calculation for strength, etc.
Repair documents - Documents containing data for repair work on specialized enterprises.
Instruction - A document containing instructions and rules used in the manufacture of the product (assembly, adjustment, control, acceptance, etc.).
Operating document - design document, which separately or together with other documents, defines the rules of operation of the product and reflects information certifying the manufacturer's values \u200b\u200bof the basic parameters and characteristics of the product, warranty and information on its operation during the established service life.
Operational documents of products are intended for operation and familiarization with their design, studying the rules of operation (intended use, maintenance, current repairs, storage and transportation), reflecting information certifying the manufacturer's value of the basic parameters and characteristics of the product, guarantees and information on its operation over the entire period, as well as information on its disposal.
Preliminary design - The first stage of design (GOST 2.119-73), when fundamental constructive and circuit solutions are established, giving general ideas about the device and the work of the product.
A sketch project is usually developed in several options withwith a thorough settlement analysis, as a result of which the option is selected for subsequent development.
At this design stage, kinematic calculation is madedrive, calculation of gear with sketch layouttheir details reflecting fundamental design solutions andgiving a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe device and principleprojected product. From the above it follows that the calculations are necessarydimo perform with simultaneous drawing of the product design,since many sizes required for calculation (distances betweenshaft supports, place of load application, etc.), you can only getfrom the drawing. At the same time, the phased drawing of the design in the calculation process is a check of this calculation. Wrongthe result of the calculation is manifested in violation of proportionality design details when performing a sketch layout of the product.
The first design calculations at the stage of sketch designperform, as a rule, simplified and approximate. Endingthe beneficial calculation is verification for this (already scheduled)products of the product.
Many sizes of part elements in designingcome, and take in accordance with the experience of the design of suchconstructions summarized in standards and regulatory and referencedocuments, textbooks, reference books, etc.
A sketch project after approval is the basis fortechnical projects or work design documentation.
Technical project - Final design stage (GOST 2.120-73), when final technical solutions are detected, giving a complete picture of the product.
The technical project after the approval serves as the basis fordevelopment of working documentation.
Development of working documentation - final Stage Projecttreatment required for the manufacture of all abnormalizeddetails, as well as for registration of the application for the standardproducts.
In an educational institution, the scope of work at this design stage is usually established by the decision of the department and is indicated in technicalcompetition. When developing a drive, working documentation usuallyincludes a drawing of its shared form or overall drawing, assembly drawing gearbox, work drawings of the main parts (shaft, wheels,asterisk or pulley, etc.)
Any machine, mechanism or appliance consists of separate parts combined into assembly units.
The detail is called such a part of the car, the manufacture of which does not require assembly operations. According to its geometric shape, parts can be simple (nuts, keys, etc.) or complex (cabinet parts, machine boxes, etc.).
The assembly unit (node) is called the product, composite parts of which are to be connected to each other, welding, riveting, gluing, etc. Parts included in the composition of individual assembly units, are connected to roller or motionless.
From a wide variety of details used in machines of various purposes, you can allocate such that occur in almost all machines. These details (bolts, shafts, gear parts, etc.) are called general purpose items and are the subject of studying the "Machine Details".
Other details that are specific for a specific type of machinery (pistons, turbine blades, rowing screws, etc.) are called special purpose items and are studied in the respective special disciplines.
The course "Details of the Machines" establishes general requirementsplaced in the design of machine parts. These requirements should be taken into account three design and manufacturing various machines.
The perfection of the design of machine parts is estimated by their performance and economy. Performance combines such requirements as strength, rigidity, wear resistance and heat resistance. Efficiency is determined by the value of the machine or its separate parts and operational expenses. Therefore, the main requirements for efficiency are minimal mass, simplicity of design, high manufacturability, applying deficiencies, high mechanical efficiency and compliance with standards.
In addition, aware of the details of the machines are given recommendations for the choice of materials for the manufacture of machine parts. The choice of materials depends on the purpose of the machine, the appointment of parts, the methods of their manufacture and a number of other factors. Right choice Material significantly affects the quality of the details and the machine as a whole.
Connections of parts in machines are divided into two main groups - mobile and fixed. Mobile connections serve to provide relative rotational, progressive or complex movement of parts. Fixed connections are designed for hard fastening parts between themselves or to install cars on bases and foundations. Still connections can be detachable and notion.
Connecting compounds (bolted, keyproof, gear, etc.) allow multiple assembly and disassembly without destroying connecting parts.
Low connections (rivet, welded, glue, etc.) can be disassembled only by destroying connecting elements - rivets, welded seam, etc.
Consider the detachable connections.
Machine A device generated by a person performing mechanical movements for transformation of energy, materials and information in order to fully replace or facilitate the physical and mental labor of a person, an increase in its performance.
Under the materials are understood by processed items, moved goods, etc.
The machine characterizes the following signs:
energy conversion into mechanical work or conversion mechanical work in another type of energy;
the definition of the movement of all its parts at a given movement of one part;
artificiality of origin as a result of human labor.
By the nature of the workflow, all cars can be divided into classes:
machines - engines. These are energy machines designed to convert the energy of any kind (electrical, thermal, etc.) into mechanical energy (solid);
machines - transducers - energy machines intended for transforming mechanical energy into energy of any kind (electrical generators, air and hydraulic pumps, etc.);
transport machines;
technological machines;
information machines.
All machines and mechanisms consist of parts, nodes, aggregates.
Detail - Part of the car manufactured from homogeneous material without the use of assembly operations.
Knot- The completed assembly unit, which consists of a number of connected parts. For example: Bearing, coupling.
Mechanismit is called an artificially created system of bodies, intended for converting the movement of one or more bodies to the required movements of other bodies.
Requirements for machines:
High performance;
2. Payback of the cost of design and manufacture;
3. High efficiency;
4. Reliability and durability;
5. Easy management and maintenance;
6. Transportability;
7. Small dimensions;
8. Security in work;
Reliability- This is the ability of the part to save its operational performance, execute the specified functions during the specified service life.
Requirements for machine details:
but) strength - resistance to the detail of the destruction or occurrence of plastic deformations during the warranty period of service;
b. ) rigidity - guaranteed degree of resistance to the elastic deformation of the part in the process of its operation;
in ) wear resistance - Details resistance: mechanical wear or corrosion-mechanical wear;
d) small dimensions and weight;
e) manufacture of inexpensive materials;
e) manufacturability (production should be carried out at the lowest work and time costs);
g) safety;
h) Compliance with state standards.
When calculating parts for strength, it is necessary to obtain such a voltage in a hazardous section, which will be less than or equal to admitted: Δ max ≤ [δ]; τ max ≤ [τ]
Allowable voltage- This is the maximum working voltage that can be allowed in a hazardous section, subject to the necessary strength and durability of the part during its operation.
The allowable voltage is chosen depending on the limit voltage
;
n is a permissible strength factor that depends on the type of design, its responsibility, the nature of loads.
The stiffness of the part is checked by comparing the magnitude of the largest linear | or angular J moving with allowable: for linear | max £ [|]; For angular j max £ [j]
And design and design
Basic concepts and definitions
Detail - Part of the machine made of homogeneous material without the use of assembly operations. Details may be simple (nut, key, etc.) and complex (crankshaft, gearbox housing, machine strin, etc.).
Details are common and special purposes.
Assembly unit -the product obtained from parts using assembly operations.
Knot - The completed assembly unit consisting of parts having a general functional purpose (bearing, support node).
Mechanism - kinematic chain, for transmission and conversion of motion (for example, a crank mechanism). The mechanism consists of parts and nodes.
A car - mechanism or complex of mechanisms intended to perform the required useful work (transformation of energy, materials or information in order to facilitate labor). Any machine consists of a motor, transfer and executive mechanism. Managing the machine requires the presence of an operator.
Machine - A machine operating on a given program without an operator.
Robot - A control system that allows it to independently receive performing solutions in the specified range.
1.1.1 Classification of machine parts
Machine parts Learn the details, nodes and mechanisms general purpose (bolts, screws, shafts, axles, bearings, couplings, mechanical transmissions, etc.), i.e., which are used in all mechanisms.
Details and nodes of machines are classified on typical groups by the nature of their use:
· Transmissions - transmit movement from the source to actuators;
· Shafts and axes - carry rotating gear details on themselves;
· Supports - serve to install shafts and axes;
· Couplings - combine shafts together and transmit a torque;
· Connecting parts (connections) - connect the parts between themselves.
· Elastic elements - soften vibration, jerks and blows, accumulate energy, provide constant compression of parts;
· Cabinet parts are organized within themselves the space to accommodate other parts and nodes, ensure their protection.
1.1.2 Design and Design
Machine Development Process is called design. It is to create a pre-edge of an object that represents its basic parameters in general.
Under design Understand the whole process from the idea to the manufacture of the car. Objective and end result design - Creating working documentationwhere it is possible without the development of the developer to produce, exploit, control and repair the product.
Construction of machines - creative process. The main task of design is the creation of products that are most beneficial from an economic point of view.. In other words, it is the creation of products that ensure the implementation of certain functions (useful work with the required performance), at the lowest costs of their manufacture, operation, maintenance and disposal of these products at the end of the service life.
Getting Starting to Design, the designer must clearly designate three positions:
1. Source data - any objects and information related to the case ("What do we have?");
2. The goal is the expected end results, values, documents, objects ("What do we want to get?");
3. Tools achievement - design methods, calculated formulas, tools, sources of information, design skills, experience ("What and how to do?").
A thorough analysis of this information will allow the designer to properly build a logical chain "Task - a target - tools" and fully implement the project.
The main features of the design:
· Multivariance of solving any task. The same task in design usually can be solved by a variety of ways. Comparison of competing options and the choice of one of them is optimal based on certain criteria (weight, price, manufacturability);
· Coordination of accepted solutions with general and specific requirements for design, as well as with the requirements of guests (regulating not only design, sizes and applied materials, but also terms, definitions, symbols, measurement system, calculation methods, etc.) ;
· Coordination of decision-made solutions with the existing level of technology manufacturing technology.
The requirements for design can be as presented by the Customer and the requirements formulated on the basis of the analysis of the conditions of manufacture, operation, maintenance, disposal, as well as the requirements of regulatory documents.
1.1.3 Basic requirements for the design of machine parts.
When designing a machine or mechanism from the designer, except functionalityrequired to provide reliability and economy.
Functionality -the ability to meet their intended purpose. Functionality criteria: power, performance, efficiency, dimensions, energy intensity, material intensity, accuracy, smoothness, etc.
Reliability - Product property to maintain its workability, i.e. The ability to perform their functions by saving the specified indicators for a specified period of time. Reliability is a strength and tribotechnical (wear).
Economy Determined by the value of the material, the cost of production and operation.
Basic reliability criteria: strength, rigidity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, vibration resistance.
The value of this or that criterion for this part depends on its functional purpose and working conditions. For example, for fastening screws, the main criterion is strength for driving screws - wear resistance. When designing parts, their performance is mainly provided by the choice of the appropriate material, the rational structural form and the calculation of the size of the main criteria.
Strength It is usually the main criterion for the performance of most parts. The item should not collapse or receive residual deformations under the influence of the workload. It should be remembered that the destruction of parts of the machine can lead not only to downtime, but also to accidents.
Condition of strength: Voltages in the material details should not exceed allowable:
In some cases, the strength test is more convenient to perform by definition of the safety factor:
Rigidity It is characterized by changing the size and shape of the part under load. Calculation of rigidity involves restricting the elastic movements of parts within the limits permissible for specific working conditions. For example, insufficient rigidity of shafts in gearboxes leads to their deflection, which worsens the quality of the engagement of the gears and the conditions of the bearing nodes.
Stiffness condition: Displacement points of part (deformation) under the influence of workloads should not exceed the allowed value, which is determined by the terms of normal operation. For example, the beam deflection arrow should not exceed the permissible value:
The shaft spining angle should not exceed the permissible value:
Wear resistance.Wear - the process of gradual change in the size and form of parts as a result of friction. At the same time, the gaps in bearings, guides, in gear engagement, in the cylinders of piston machines, and this reduces the qualitative characteristics of the machines - power, kp.d., reliability, accuracy. Details, worn more than the norms are marked and replaced during repair. With a modern level of technology, 85-90% of the machines fail as a result of wear and only 10-15% for other reasons.
Wear condition resistance: Pressure on rubbing surfaces should not exceed the permissible value:
Corrosion resistance.Corrosion is the process of destruction of surface layers of metal as a result of oxidation. Corrosion is the cause of premature destruction of many designs. Due to corrosion, up to 10% of the volume of melted metal is lost annually. Anti-corrosion coatings are used to protect against corrosion ( nickelting, galvanizing, binding, cadming, painting) or produce parts from special corrosion-resistant materials ( stainless steel, non-ferrous metals, plastics).
Heat resistance. The heating of the parts of the machines can cause: lowering the strength of the material and the appearance of creep, decrease in the protective ability of oil films, and, consequently, an increase in wear, a change in the gaps in the conjugate details, which can lead to a jamming or jamming. To avoid harmful effects, thermal calculations are carried out and, if necessary, appropriate constructive changes contribute (for example, artificial cooling).
Vibration resistance. Vibrations cause additional voltage variables and, as a rule, lead to fatigue destruction of parts. In some cases, vibrations reduce the quality of the operation of machines, for example, the accuracy of processing metal-cutting machines and the quality of the surface treated. In addition, additional noise appears. The most dangerous resonant oscillations.
In addition to reliability criteria in designing, the following requirements are presented:
Economy. The design of the machine, the shape and material of its parts should be so to ensure the minimum cost of its manufacture, operation, maintenance, disposal.
Manufacturability of manufacturing. The form and material of the parts should be such that the manufacture of details required the minimum labor costs, time, funds.
Safety. The design of the details should ensure the safety of personnel in the manufacture, operation and maintenance of the machine.
Machine parts (from Franz. Détail - details)
elements of machines, each of which is one of the whole and cannot be disassembled without destruction to simpler, composite blocks of machines. D. M. is also a scientific discipline considering the theory, calculation and design of machines. The number of details in complex machines reaches tens of thousands. Performing machines from parts is primarily caused by the need for relative movements of parts. However, the fixed and mutually fixed parts of the machines (links) are also made from separate connected parts. This allows you to use optimal materials, restore the working capacity of worn cars, replacing only simple and cheap items, facilitates their manufacture, provides the possibility and convenience of assembly. D.M. As scientific discipline considers the following basic functional groups. Cabinet parts ( fig. one
) carrying mechanisms and other machine nodes: plates that support machines consisting of separate units; Stanins carrying main nodes of machines; transport machines; corps of rotary machines (turbines, pumps, electric motors); cylinders and cylinder blocks; gearboxes, gearboxes; Tables, Salazki, Calipers, Consoles, Brackets, etc. Transmission - mechanisms transmitting mechanical energy to the distance, as a rule, with the transformation of velocities and moments, sometimes with the transformation of species and movement laws. Transferring the rotational motion, in turn, divide on the principle of working on gearing transmission, working without slipping - gear transmissions (see gear transmission) ( fig. 2.
, a, b), worm gears (see worm gear) ( fig. 2.
, c) and chain, and transmission friction - belt transmissions (see belt transmission) and friction with rigid links. According to the presence of an intermediate flexible link, which ensures the possibility of significant distances between the shafts, distinguishes the transmissions of flexible bond (belt and chains) and the transmission by direct contact (gear, worm, friction, etc.). By the relative arrangement of shafts - transmissions with parallel axes of shafts (cylindrical gear, chain, beltented), with intersecting axes (conical gear), with crossed axes (worm, hypoid). According to the main kinematic characteristic - a transfer ratio - there are transmissions with a constant gear ratio (reduction, efficient) and with variable gear ratios - stepped (gearboxes (see. Transmission)) and stepless (variator s). Transmissions transforming rotational movement into a continuous translational or vice versa are separated by the transmission of screw - nut (sliding and rolling), Rake - Rack gear, Rake - Worm, Long Polgaika - Worm. Shafts and axes ( fig. 3.
) Serve to maintain rotating D. M. Distinguish the gears, carrier gear parts - gear wheels, pulleys, stars, and shafts are indigenous and special, bearing, except for the gear parts, engineering engineers or machine guns. Axis, rotating and fixed, has been widely used in transport vehicles to maintain, for example, native wheels. Rotating shafts or axes are based on the bearing and ( fig. four
), and progressively moving parts (tables, calipers, etc.) move along the guides (see the guides). Slip supports can work with hydrodynamic, aerodynamic, aerostatic friction or mixed friction. Rolling rolling structures are used for small and medium loads, roller - with significant loads, needle - with embarrassed dimensions. Most often in the machines are used rolling bearings, they are made in a wide range of external diameters from one mM. to several m. and weighing g. to several t.. Couplings serve for the shafts. (See Coupling) This feature can be combined with the compensation of manufacturing and assembly errors, mitigating dynamic impacts, control, etc. Elastic elements are intended for vibration insulation and damping energy, to perform engine functions (for example, time springs), to create gaps and tights in the mechanisms. Split twisted springs, spiral springs, leaf springs, rubber elastic elements, etc. Connecting parts are a separate functional group. Distinguish: indefinite compounds (see an indefinite compound) that do not allow disconnection without the destruction of parts, connecting elements or a connecting layer - welded ( fig. five
, but), soldering, crossed ( fig. five
, b), glue ( fig. five
, c), rolled; Connecting compounds (see the terminal compound), allowing separation and carried out by the mutual direction of parts and friction forces (most of the connector compounds) or only with a mutual direction (for example, the compounds of prismatic key). At the form of connecting surfaces, compounds on planes (most) and on the surfaces of rotation - cylindrical or conical (shaft - hub) are distinguished. Welded joints are welded in mechanical engineering. From the connector compounds, the greatest distribution received threaded connectionscarried out by screws, bolts, hairpins, nuts ( fig. five
, d). The prototypes of many D. m. Known with deep antiquity, the earliest of them are lever and wedge. More than 25 thousand years ago, a person began to apply a spring in bows for throwing arrows. The first transmission of flexible bond was used in an ampace drive to mining fire. Rollers whose work is based on rolling friction, more than 4,000 years ago were known. To the first details approaching under the working conditions to modern, the wheel, axis and bearing in wagons. In antiquity and during the construction of temples and pyramids, the gates of Ami and block Ami were used. Plato and Aristotle (4th century BC. Er) mention in its writings about metal pinges, gears, cranks, rims, polystes. Archimeda applied the screw in the water-made machine, apparently known and previously. In the notes, Leonardo da Vinci describes the screw gear wheels, gear wheels with rotating vegetables, rolling bearings and hinged chains. In the literature of the Renaissance, there are information about the belt and cable broadcasts, cargo screws, couplings. Designs D. M. Improved, new modifications appeared. In late 18 - early 19th centuries. Wide distribution received ripple compounds in boilers, structures J.-D. Bridges, etc. In the 20th century Close compounds gradually supplemented welded. In 1841, the Avenger in England was developed a system of fastening threads, which was the first work on standardization in mechanical engineering. The use of transfers with flexible bond (belt and cable) was caused by the distribution of energy from steaming On the floors of the factory, with transmissions drive, etc. With the development of individual electric drive, belt and cable transfer began to use for energy transmission from electric motors and primary engines in the drives of light and medium-sized machines. In the 20s 20 V. Clinoremated transfers spread widely. Further development of flexible bonding transmissions are multi-world and gear belts. The gears were continuously improved: the recovery engagement and the engagement of the straightforward profile with roundings was replaced with cycloidal, and then evolvent. An essential stage was the appearance of the circlent engagement M. L. Novikova. Since the 70s 19 V. Rolling bearings began to be widely used. Significant propagation was obtained by hydrostatic bearings and guides, as well as bearings with air lubrication. Materials D. M. To a large extent, determine the quality of the machines and make up a significant part of their cost (for example, in cars up to 65-70%). The main materials for D. M. are steel, cast iron and colored alloys. Plastic masses are used as electrically insulating, antifriction and friction, corrosion-resistant, heat-insulating, high-strength (fiberglass), as well as both possessing good technological properties. Rubber are used as materials with high elasticity and wear resistance. Responsible D. M. (Camcolted wheels, highly tense shafts, etc.) are performed from hardened or improved steel. For D. M., the dimensions of which are determined by the conditions of rigidity, use materials that make the manufacture of parts made of perfect forms, such as non-uncrowded steel and cast iron. D. M., working at high temperaturesPerform from heat-resistant or heat-resistant alloys. On the surface of D. M. The largest rated voltages from bending and twist, local and contact voltages are valid, and the wear is also covered, so D. M. Surface hardening: chemical-thermal, thermal, mechanical, thermal-mechanical processing. D.M. MUST with a given probability to be operational over a certain period of service with the minimum necessary value of their manufacture and operation. To do this, they must satisfy the criteria of performance: strength, rigidity, wear resistance, heat resistance, etc. Calculations on the strength of D. M., experiencing variable loads, can be conducted on rated voltages, in terms of safety reserves, taking into account the concentration of stresses and a large-scale factor or taking into account Mode variability. The most reasonable can be considered the calculation for a given probability and trouble-free operation. Calculation of D. M. The hardness is usually carried out from the condition of satisfactory work of the conjugate parts (the absence of increased edge pressures) and the working capacity of the machine, such as obtaining accurate products on the machine. To ensure wear resistance, they seek to create conditions for liquid friction, in which the thickness of the oil layer should exceed the sum of the heights of the micronether and others. Deviations from the correct geometric shape of the surfaces. If it is impossible to create liquid friction, pressure and speed limit to the established practice or calculates wear on the basis of a similarity on operational data for nodes or machines of the same destination. Calculations of D. M. Develop in the following directions: settlement optimization of structures, development of calculations for computers, the introduction of the time factor, the introduction of probabilistic methods, standardization of calculations, the use of table calculations for D. centralized manufacturing. The basics of the formation of the calculation of D. M. were laid by research in the field of engagement theory (L. Euler, X. I. Gokhman), the theory of friction of threads on the drums (L. Euler et al.), Hydrodynamic lubrication theory (N. P. Petrov, O. Reynolds, N. E. Zhukovsky, etc.). Research in the field of D. m. The USSR is held at the Institute of Machinery, Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Technology, MVTU. Bauman and others. The main periodic body, which publishes materials on the settlement, design, applying D. M., is the "Bulletin of Mechanical Engineering". Development of design D. M. occurs in the following directions: increasing the parameters and development of D. M. High Parameters, the use of optimal features of mechanical with solid links, hydraulic, electrical, electronic and other devices, Design D. m. For a period to moral aging Machines, increase in reliability, optimization of forms due to new technology capabilities, ensuring perfect friction (liquid, gas, rolling), sealing of conjugates D. M., Performing D. M., working in an abrasive medium, from materials, the hardness of which is higher than hardness abrasive, standardization and organization of centralized manufacturing. LIT: Machine parts. Atlas of structures, ed. D. N. Reshettova, 3 ed., M., 1968; Machine parts. Directory, t. 1-3, M., 1968-69. D. N. Reshetov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Watch what is "Details of Machines" in other dictionaries:
The combination of structural elements and their combinations, which is the basis of the machine design. Detail of the car is called such a part of the mechanism that is manufactured without assembly operations. Machine details are also scientific and ... Wikipedia
machine parts - - Topics Oil and gas industry En Machine Components ... Technical translator directory
1) Dep. Composite parts and their simplest connections in machines, devices, devices, devices, etc.: Bolts, rivets, shafts, gears, swords, etc. 2) Scientific. Discipline, including theory, calculation and design ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary
This term has other values, see the key. Installation of the key in the groove of the sword shaft (from Polish. Szponka, through it. Spon, Span Slice, Wedge, Lining) Detail of machines and mechanisms of the oblong shape, inserted into the groove ... ... Wikipedia
