The first fastbeck he had a bevelled. Why the most beautiful pre-war cars were performed in the body "Fastbek. What is Liftbek

Definition

Currently, the term "Fastbek" is usually used precisely to separate the car from the hatchbacks with a slope of the roof and fixed rear glassOften - to emphasize his sports orientation. It is according to such a principle of Fastbank called the Mercedes-Benz CLS car, which carries the "four-door coupe" commercial designation. On the other hand, the story knows the opposite examples when the hatchbacks wore the Fastbek commercial designation in order to emphasize the sports orientation of the model, thus, this issue is a discussion and largely depends on the manufacturer's policy. This contradiction can be resolved in this way [ ] :

• the term "Fastbek" in the meaning body shape Describes any car with a slope of the roof - for example, some hatchbacks and liftbacks, sedans like "victory" or universal type Audi 100 Avant sample 1983;
• the term "Fastbek" in the meaning body type It may mean including the body, in shape resembling a hatchback, but not having a door in the back wall, with a fixed rear glass and an ordinary trunk lid under it.

Fastbuck aerodynamics

In the 1920s and 1930s, the creators of the car with a drop-shaped back of the body, as a rule, pursued a purely utilitarian goal - to improve streamlining due to the reduction of aerodynamic resistance. This was what was stated as the main advantage of Fastbek in popular science publications of the 1930-1940s. Over time, it became obvious that from the point of view of the aerodynamics of the tear-shaped body, essentially unprospective for serial cars: although compared with angular shapes of mass models of those years, they really gave a tangible gain in streamlining, reserves for its further improvement in relation to the car general purpose They did not have.

Back in the 1930s, the Swiss specialist in the field of aerodynamics, Wülibald Kamm found a more successful solution - the so-called "champkk", the same eight meter perfectly streamlined "drop", but brought to an acceptable length due to the "chopped" tail replaced by the vertical rear wall of the body . Such a form of body not only had a good streaming, but also created a pressing force that improves the adhesion of the car tires with an expensive, contributing to the safety of motion. However, for reasons of the design of the mass distribution of such bodies, it did not occur for a long time, since they did not fit into the current ideas about the appearance of the car. A serious interest in the works of Kamma woke up only during the gasoline crisis of the 1970s. Some early "Kambecki" for those years, for example Citroën SM and CITROëN CX, still reproduced in general terms Fastbek, keeping the hiding roof line characteristic of it and long, like a sedan, rear Sve and differing from typical fastbags only more profitable from the point The aerodynamics of the winding angle of the rear wall of the body (such a form of modern cars have only some crossovers, like Honda Crosstour and BMW X6, as well as specific luxury-sports five-door cars like BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo), but over time they began to evolve in another The direction - towards the hatchback with the "chopped" rear breath and the vertical rear wall of the body.

Certain epochs produced cars, the body of which were officially called fastbags, or to which it became possible to apply this term on our days.

Early development

The first body of this type (but not yet called this term) was created back in 1911 by the French designer L.For. His car on the serial chassis of the company "GRAGUR" (Grégoire) He had an "ovoid" (according to the original terminology) the back of the body, which gave him a good streaming for those years, besides, it was noted that the car practically did not form when the plume was moved dust, which was typically for the then bodies with a flat back wall. However, in those years, this type of body did not take root because of its unusualness and a bad combination of such a form of the rear with the design of cars of those years.

1930-1950

In the mid-1930s, in the desire to improve the aerodynamics of the car appear serial models With a capped back of the body, such as Czechoslovak Tatra T77 and Tatra T87 (Designer - Hans Ledovinka (English Hans Ledwinka)). In a long tail of a drop -ide body, inconvenient to accommodate passengers, the engine has been installed in these models. Cars "classic" layouts with such a body shape appear.

Under the influence of the Pioneer Fastbets of the 1930s, the shape of the body of mass models began to change - the rear wall of the vertical becomes tilted forward, the circles are spinning. However, most designers did not go further.

The peak of popularity of Fastbeks came to the end of the 1940s - the beginning of the 1950s when they were in production program Many American manufacturers (Ford, Chevrolet, Pontiac and others) and had quite widespread in Europe - "victory" M-20 (designer - Veniamin Samoilov), Borgward Hansa 2400, Ford Vedette and others.

In itself, the name "Fastbek" appeared in the United States in the late 1930s and was originally branded. Most cars with such a bodies did not call so at that time; Only now this term is often distributed to all similar cars of this era. Thus, the "victory" in all directories is marked as a sedan, although the term "Fastbak" itself in the USSR was known and subsequently used in relation to it in a number of popular publications; In relation to CHEVROLET cars, the word "Aerosedan" (Aerosedan) used in the name of a series of models was served to designate the body with a capped back. Pontiac used designations Streamliner. and Torpedo.; Ford did not highlight the body this typeused on models of 1937-1948. In general, the style of cars of those years today is often collectively indicated by the word Streamline (english "flow line").

Meanwhile, by the mid-1950s, the release of mass models with a body of this type was mostly cooler: fashion trends have changed, and its low functionality has been revealed.

So, the deaf rear wall of the body with a small, strongly tilted glass gave a bad visibility, the heap form of the body reduced the space over the rear side of the seats, the access to the trunk was inconvenient (many first-generation fast bakers were generally carried out from the inside of the machine, through the back of the rear sofa, for example, Saab 92). As a result, the Fastbak body on general-purpose cars was pretty quickly displaced by the classic type of three-volume sedan practically completely. Thus, the body, conventionally referred to in our time with a common term FastBack, turned out to be a kind of transitional link from a two-volume sedan of the 1930s with a vertical back wall of the body (gas M-1) to a three-bill sedan of the 1950s (GAZ-21).

After the mid-1950s, the capped back of the body retained some back-drawing vehicles for which such a form was to some extent justified, especially if necessary, in the back of the body, a relatively high row engine, to successfully entertain which is a rather low three-tier sedan in the ... The coupe was not easy, as well as individual sports and self-imitating models, like Porsche 356, is already more likely by tradition than by any practical considerations.

1960-1970s

In the 1960s, the desire to improve appearance And to a lesser extent, the aerodynamics of serial cars again led designers to bodies with a sloping roof.

Back in the late 1950s in the United States, then in Europe, cars began to appear with two-door coupling bodies or hardtop, having a very long, smoothly moving into the roof trunk - it was still three-volume body, but a general trend towards visually more streamlined forms They are well traced. In the early 1960s, such bodies began to call Fasttop or Sportsroof. So, the Ford Galaxie car model "1963 1/2" (that is, presented in mid-1963 model year) The Body "Double-door Hardtop" had a roof of rectangular ducts with a more showing than that of the sedan, the rear pillar and branded name Sportsroof. This car was originally created specifically for oligation in the racing Nascar Stock Car Racing. Subsequently name sportsroof It was transferred to Ford Fastbags.

The first real fast batch in this era was the American Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray 1963. He has no whole back of the body, but only the back of the roof, recessed in the usual angular base of the body.

Sting Reya marked the beginning of a new surge of popularity popularity, nevertheless, most of them had the back part was still not a drop-shaped, but simply at the bottom, or smoothly dropped in the rear. In essence, the new generation fastbuck was the product of the body's evolution fasttop.With which the roof was extended back so much that it practically reached the back of the trunk.

Such a body thanks to fashion for powerful and quick cars It was very popular in the United States in the second half of the 1960s - early 1970s (a typical example - Ford Mustang and many Muscle Cars) and caused numerous imitations in Europe and Asia (for example, Ford Capri). It is this type of body that begins to be associated with sports, as a result of which he practically displaces in Europe sport models With a capped back of the body (in practice, often more streamlined). As a rule, it was a two-door sports vehicle, which were also called Sports Coupé. or Berlinetta..

Due to the use of very large highly bent rear glasses At the fastbacks of this generation, it was quite satisfactory to solve problems with visibility. So, Fastbak Plymouth Barracuda Models of 1964 had the largest rear window at that time. The main problem remained low practicing trunk with such a roof configuration; Although its volume was potentially large, access to the baggage was inconvenient. Introduction of a folding back rear seatAs on the same Barracuda, it helped solve this problem only partly.

Subsequently, this line of the body received an extra door in the back and became an analogue of European hatchbacks, which in Europe occurred from the universal, so they were mostly five-door and had a three-pool sidewall, while American - mostly three-door (or, in American, two-door) and with four-pool sidewalls. In the United States, in relation to such bodies, the term began to consume SPORT UTILITY.What does "sports practicality" mean. Currently, it is associated primarily with comfortable SUVs (SUV).

It was during these years that the term "Fastbek" began to be used as the opposite term "hatchback" and a denoting car with the same body shape, but without a door in the rear wall. During the first peak of popularity of fastbackers, such opposition did not make sense, since the hatchbacks in those years have not yet been widespread. In essence, the Fastbucks of the 1960s were a kind of transitional link to the full hatchbecks of the 1970s.

In Europe, a certain number of cars with the body "Fastbek" also appeared in Europe, for example, Citroen CX and Volkswagen Passat B1, but they still remained relatively rare exotic: the European mainstream has already begun to become a hatchback with a lifting door in the rear.

Meanwhile, the requirement of further improvement of aerodynamics of cars in the 1970s caused a new wave of research, during which the optimal from this point of view was revealed and taking into account optimal accommodation Passengers and cargo body shape "aerodynamic wedge" with a high and sharply disconnected rear wall. This form of the car car was implemented in the 1980s and was widely distributed subsequently.

Present

In the 2010s, starting from the Mercedes-Benz CLS (2010) model, the fashion for the body with a smoothly declining side by the rear wall of the body is usually reborn, usually used on expensive sports type cars. As examples, you can call Audi A7 Sportback, BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo. In contrast to the beginning of this area of \u200b\u200bMercedes, formerly a real four-door fastback with a conventional trunk lid, these cars have a glazed fifth door in the back and are actually leafbags, although manufacturers prefer to use original terms for them, such as the same Sportback.

The 1930s became turning in the automotive industry - manufacturers of cars drew attention to aerodynamics and refused to have already had the traditional form when the machines looked like a brick. Machines with curved body lines have entered. And it was at that time that the so-called fastbuck appeared.

One of the popular instances of that time is Dubonnet Xenia Coupé. One of the bright details of this car is the triangular tiny trunk door. And the doors of the car go away when opening to the side.

This car has become one of the first in such a body. Something general he has a fighter. And the interior of the cabin of this car is the same futuristic as its appearance. Silhouette of a car deserves admiration.

In the 1930s Fastbags - cars with an inclined back of the body - on the roads began to appear more and more. Automakers decided that the new body shape positively affects the aerodynamics of the car - the air flows smoothly descended from the body. GM first applied Fastbak Body for Pierce-Arrow and Cadillac.

When you see a car, released 80 years ago, you realize that the interior is cooler than that of modern.

At the same years, Fastbeks came to Europe, and presented their version of the car in the revolutionary body. The car turned out to be more than elegant. One of the first cars looked so:

This option was released into mass production.

With such a steep fin.

However, as soon as the French came to the Fastbets market, they struck the world by the unusual, pompousness and grace of their cars.

But with the advent of hatchbacks, cars in the body of fastbakes disappeared from roads. But recently, they are increasingly returning, hitting connoisseurs with their elegance.

Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia

Term fastbek (eng. fastback, it. schrägheck. \u003d inclined rear) Refers to various types of car bodies having a special sloping roof shape, smoothly, without a step moving into the trunk lid. In addition, in the past, in some countries, the term "Fastbek" denoted a separate type of body - today such designation is often used by collectors, and often more widely than during the existence of such cars.

In general, we can say that there are various versions of what cars should be attributed to the Fastbets class, and which are not.

Definition

In the general case, this term can be called any car with a lowering roof line, for example, most of the hatchbacks; Nevertheless, as indicated in the definition of the American magazine Road & Track, not every hatchback is a fast batch, incorrectly converse.

However, it is also an opinion that the Fastbak suggests a rigidly fixed rear window and the ordinary trunk lid, so the hatchback for this version cannot be a fast baker. In principle, such a statement of the issue is true for cars of the 1970s, among which there were externally similar toes with the door in the back and fastbecks with a fixed back glass and a small lid of the trunk, which continues the roof line - there was a need to somehow divide them.

Currently, the term "Fastbek" is usually used precisely to separate the car from the hatchbacks with a slope of the roof and fixed rear glass, often - to emphasize his sports orientation. It is according to such a principle of Fastbank called the Mercedes-Benz CLS car, which carries the "four-door coupe" commercial designation. On the other hand, the story knows the opposite examples when the hatchbacks were commercial designation "Fastbak" - also, in order to emphasize the sports orientation of the model, thus, this issue is discusitive and largely depends on the manufacturer's company's policy.

In general, both in general, one can resolve this contradiction in this way:

• The term "Fastbek" in the meaning body shape Describes any car with a slope roof - for example, some hatchbacks and elephants, sedans like "victory" or universal type Audi 100 AVANT sample 1983.
• The term "Fastbek" in the meaning body type It may mean including the body, in shape resembling a hatchback, but not having a door in the back wall, with a fixed rear glass and an ordinary trunk lid under it.

Fastbuck aerodynamics

In the twenties and thirties, the creators of the car with a drop-shaped back of the body as a rule pursued a purely utilitarian goal - to improve streamlining due to the decrease in aerodynamic resistance. This was what was stated as the main advantage of Fastbek in popular science publications of the thirties - forties.

Meanwhile, over time, it became obvious that from the point of view of the aerodynamics of the body-shaped body, essentially unprospective for serial cars: although compared to angular forms of mass models of those years, they really gave a tangible gain in streamliers, reserves for its further improvement in relation to the car Destinations they did not have.

The fact is that the drop-shaped form is almost ideal from the point of view of streamlining only with the "right" proportions of the body, approximately like the aircraft fuselage or motorcycle. Taking into account the minimally suitable for the location of passengers of the car's height, the achievement of such proportions would require its length to 8 ... 9 meters - the requirement in practice is very difficult. So, "Mercedes" at the end of the thirties built the racing Mercedes-Benz T80 for this scheme, which, with a length of 8,230 mm and a height of 1,740 mm, had a "right" proportions of drops and unique even for today's standards Aerodynamic resistance coefficient 0.18 - But it was reached by the price of the complete absence of practicality in terms of everyday exploitation. When maintaining the reasonable length of the car with a drop-shaped body, its height would have to be reduced to just as unacceptable, as well as an eight meter length, values \u200b\u200bare less than 1 meter, like the racing "stars" of Peltzer.

If the "drop" is crushed, while maintaining the nature of its regulations, but not by itself the outline of the perfectly streamlined body, customizing the proportions for the need to accommodate passengers in the body - as the creators of "Tatras" and "Beetle" were made - aerodynamic resistance is growing rapidly due to The appearance of the separation of air flow with the formation of the vortices along the entire roof contour. And if there is still very angular bodies of the middle of the thirties, the decrease in aerodynamic resistance was very noticeable, then compared with sufficiently streamlined three-legged sedans of the end of the thirties - the beginning of the forties, with characteristic of them "licked" intensities, the effect was not too significant - especially If the drop-like rear part was connected with the front-part performed according to the requirements, and not the aerodynamics of the front part, besides, in the case of a "classic" layout, the arms burdened by numerous slots for the passage of cooling air, bye not going through the streamlining. As a result, the effect of the use of the capped body turned out to be generally decorative - the conditions for the placement of passengers in it were noticeably worse than in a body that has a more traditional form, which played its role in decaying the popularity of the capped bodies in the first half of the fifties, When "torpedo-shaped" pseudo-precipitated circuit breakers left the fashion, giving way to new design trends (see below).

The second substantial lack of fastback from the point of view of aerodynamics is the occurrence when connecting it by air of significant lifting force, which worsens the resistance of the car when driving at high speed due to reduced adhesion of its tires with asphalt. Also, fastbags have increased sensitivity to the side wind.

Back in the thirties, the Swiss specialist in the field of aerodynamics Wuunibald Kamm found a more successful solution - the so-called "chambek", the same eight meter ideally streamlined "drop", but brought to an acceptable length due to the "chopped" tail replaced by the vertical rear wall of the body. Such a form of body not only had a good streaming, but also created a pressing force that improves the adhesion of the car tires with an expensive, contributing to the safety of motion. However, for reasons of the design of the mass distribution of such bodies, it did not occur for a long time, since they did not fit into the current ideas about the appearance of the car. Serious interest in the works of Camma woke up only during the gasoline crisis of the seventies. Some early "Kambecki" for those years, for example Citroën SM and CITROëN CX, still reproduced in general terms Fastbek, keeping the hiding roof line characteristic of it and long, like a sedan, rear Sve and differing from typical fastbags only more profitable from the point Aerodynamics viewing the rear wall of the rear wall of the body (such a shape of modern cars have only some crossovers, like Honda Crosstour and BMW X6, as well as specific luxury-sports five-door cars like BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo) - However, over time, they began to evolve in another The direction - towards the hatchback with the "chopped" rear breath and the vertical back wall of the body.

Certain epochs produced cars, the body of which were officially called fastbags, or to which it became possible to apply this term on our days.

Early development

The first body of this type (but not yet called this term) was created back in 1911 by the French designer L.For. His car on the serial chassis of the company "GRAGUR" (Grégoire) He had an "ovoid" (according to the original terminology) the back of the body, which gave him a good streaming for those years, besides, it was noted that the car practically did not form when the plume was moved dust, which was typically for the then bodies with a flat back wall. However, in those years, this type of body did not take root because of its unusualness and a bad combination of such a form of the rear with the design of cars of those years.

1930s - 1950s

In the mid-1930s, there are serial models with a capped back of the body, such as Czechoslovak Tatra T77 and Tatra T87 (Designer - Hans Lavinka, appear in the desire to improve car aerodynamics. Hans Ledwinka.). In a long tail of a drop -ide body, inconvenient to accommodate passengers, the engine has been installed in these models. Cars "classic" layouts with such a body shape appear.

Under the influence of the pioneer wastbkers of the thirties, the shape of the body of mass models began to change - the rear wall of the vertical becomes tilted forward, the circles are spinning. However, most designers did not go further.

Fastbet's Popular Peak came to the end of the forties - the beginning of the fifties, when they had in the production program of many American producers (Ford, Chevrolet, Pontiac and others) and had quite widespread in Europe - "Victory" M-20 (Designer - Veniamin Samoilov) , Borgward Hansa 2400, Ford Vedette and others.

Gaz Pobiada in A Street of Mtskheta - Georgia 2.jpg

Soviet Fastbek "Victory" GAZ M-20, 1946-1958.

1948 PONTIC STREAMLINER DELUXE - FLICKR - EXFORDY (1) .JPG

Pontiac Streamliner Models of 1948.

2007-09-08 02 Borgward Hansa 2400 (Ausschn, Ret) .jpg

European Fastbak Borgward Hansa 1952-1955.

Ford V8 VEDETTE (1952), Dutch License Registration DL-21-65 PIC7.jpg

European Fastbak Ford Vedette 1952.

In itself, the name "Fastbek" appeared in the United States at the end of the thirties and was originally branded. Most cars with such a body did not call so at that time - only in our time this term is often distributed to all similar cars of this era. Thus, the "victory" in all directories is marked as a sedan, although the term "Fastbak" itself in the USSR was known and subsequently used in relation to it in a number of popular publications; For CHEVROLET cars, the word "The word" served as a cevrolet car for the designation of the body with a capped back aerosidan» - Aerosedan.used in the name of a number of models; Pontiac used designations Streamliner. and Torpedo.; Ford did not highlight the body of this type used on models of 1937-1948. In general, the style of cars of those years today is often collectively indicated by the word Streamline (english "flow line").

Meanwhile, by the mid-1950s, the release of mass models with a body of this type was mostly cooler: fashion trends have changed, and its low functionality has been revealed.

So, the deaf rear wall of the body with a small, strongly tilted glass gave a bad visibility, the body-shaped body reduced the space over the rear side of the seats, access to the trunk was inconvenient (many first-generation fast bakers, it was generally carried out from the inside of the machine, through the back of the rear sofa - for example Saab 92). As a result, the Fastbak body on general-purpose cars was pretty quickly displaced by the classic type of three-volume sedan practically completely. Thus, the body, conventionally referred to in our time with a common term FastBack, turned out to be a kind of transitional link from a two-volume sedan of the 1930s with a vertical back wall of the body (gas M-1) to a three-bill sedan of the 1950s (GAZ-21).

After the mid-fifties, the capped rear part of the body retained some of the back-drawing vehicles for which such a form was to some extent justified, especially if it is necessary to locate in the back of the body of a relatively high row engine, to successfully enter which in the diversion of a rather low three-tier sedan or a compartment , as well as individual sports and model imitatives, like Porsche 356 - is more likely to tradition, than for any practical considerations.

1960s - 1970s

In the 1960s, however, the desire to improve appearance, and is only a small degree of aerodynamics, serial cars again led designers to bodies with a slope roof. The post-war development of fastbaxes in the United States is characterized by the "cosmic" body exterior, expressed by fins in the rear and numerous streamlined elements - a consequence of a breakthrough in the space industry in the country back in the late 1950s in the United States, then in Europe, cars began to appear with two-door bodies like The coupe or hardtop having a very long, smoothly moving into the roof in the trunk - it was still three-volume body, but the general trend towards visually more streamlined forms on them is well traced. In the early 1960s, such bodies began to call fasttop. or sportsroof. Thus, the Ford Galaxie car model "1963 1/2" (that is, presented in the middle of 1963 of the model year) with the body "Double-door Hardtop" had a roof of rectangular ducts with a more show than a sedan, a rear pillar and branded name Sportsroof. This car was originally created specifically for oligation in the racing Nascar Stock Car Racing. Subsequently name sportsroof It was transferred to Ford Fastbags. The first real fast batch in this era was the American Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray 1963. He has no whole back of the body, but only the back of the roof, recessed in the usual angular base of the body. Sting Reya marked the beginning of a new surge of popularity popularity, nevertheless, most of them had the back part was still not a drop-shaped, but simply at the bottom, or smoothly dropped in the rear. In essence, the new generation fastbuck was the product of the body's evolution fasttop.With which the roof was extended back so much that it practically reached the back of the trunk. Such a body thanks to fashion to powerful and fast cars was very popular in the US in the second half of the 1960s - early 1970s (a typical example - Ford Mustang and many Muscle Cars) and caused numerous imitations in Europe and Asia (for example, Ford Capri ). It is this type of body that begins to be associated with sports, as a result of which he practically displaces sports models in Europe with a capped back of the body (in practice, often more streamlined). As a rule, it was a two-door sports vehicle, which were also called Sports Coupé. or Berlinetta..

Due to the use of very large stripped rear windows on the fast women of this generation, it was quite satisfactory solved problems with visibility. So, Fastbak Plymouth Barracuda Models of 1964 had the largest rear window at that time. The main problem was the low practicality of the trunk with this roof configuration - although it was potentially large, access to the baggage was uncomfortable. The introduction of the rear seat folding back, as on the same Barracuda, helped solve this problem only in part. Subsequently, this line of the body received an extra door in the back and became an analogue of European hatchbacks - which in Europe have occurred from the universal, so they were mostly five-door and had a three-pool sidewall, while American - mostly three-door (or, in American, two-door) and with four-pool sidewalls. In the United States, in relation to such bodies, the term began to consume SPORT UTILITY.What means "Practical sportiness" - Nowadays, it is associated primarily with comfortable SUVs (SUV). It was during these years that the term "Fastbek" began to be used as the opposite term "hatchback" and denoting a car with the same body shape, but without a door in the back wall - during the first peak of popularity of fastbacks, such opposition did not make sense, since Hatchbacks in those years Not yet widespread. In essence, the fastbets of the sixties were a kind of transitional link to the full hetchbanks of the seventies.

In Europe, a certain number of cars with the body "Fastbek" also appeared, for example, Citroen CX and Volkswagen Passat B1, but they still remained relatively rare exotic - European mainstream was already the hatchbacks with a lifting door in the rear.

Meanwhile, the requirement to further improve the aerodynamics of cars in the seventies caused a new wave of research, during which the optimal deposit of the body was optimal from this point of view and, taking into account the optimal placement of passengers and cargo, the body shape - "aerodynamic wedge" with a high and sharply discovered rear wall. This form of the car car was implemented in the eighties and gained widespread subsequently.

Modern stage

IN last yearsStarting with the Mercedes-Benz CLS (2010) model, in Europe there is a fashion for a body with a smoothly reduced low-end body wall, usually applied on expensive sports cars - as examples you can call Audi A7 Sportback, BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo. In contrast to the beginning of this area of \u200b\u200bMercedes, formerly a real four-door fastback with a conventional trunk lid, these cars have a glazed fifth door in the back and are actually leafbags, although manufacturers prefer to use original terms for them, such as the same Sportback.

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Notes

Fastback excerpt

Returning to Moscow from the army, Nikolai Rostov was accepted by homemade as the best son, hero and beloved Nichushka; relatives - as a cute, pleasant and respectful young man; Familiar - like a beautiful hussar lieutenant, a dexterous dancer and one of the best grooms of Moscow.
Acquaintance from Rostova was all Moscow; the old year of the old graph was enough, because all the estates were rebounded, and therefore Nikiushka, the head of her own lyry and the most fashionable rates, special, what no one else in Moscow, and the boots, the most fashionable, with the most Sharp socks and small silver spurs, spent time very fun. Rostov, returning home, tested a pleasant feeling after a certain period of time to try herself to old living conditions. It seemed to him that he was very mature and grew. Despair for the unbearable from the law of God's exam, making money from Gavrille on the cab driver, secret kisses with Sonya, he remembered all this, as about the childhood, from which he was immeasurably far away. Now he is a hussar lieutenant in a silver mention, with Soldiers, George, is preparing his trick for running, along with famous hunters, elderly, respectable. He has a familiar lady on the boulevard, to which he rides in the evening. He conducted a Mazurka on the ball at Arkharov, talked about the war with Field Marshal Kamensky, was in the English club, and was on you with one forty-male colonel, with whom he introduced his Denisov.
The passion for his sovereign somewhat weakened in Moscow, since he did not see him during this time. But he often talked about the sovereign, about his love for him, giving feeling that he still says everything that something else is in his feeling to the sovereign, which cannot be all clear; And with all souls, the sense of adoration to Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, who, in Moscow, was given the name of Angel in Moscow at the time in Moscow.
In this short stay of Rostov in Moscow, before departure to the army, he did not get together, and on the contrary I went out with Sonya. She was very good, Mila, and, obviously, passionately in love with him; But he was at that time of his youth, when it seems so much of the way that there is no time to do it, and the young man is afraid to contact - values \u200b\u200bhis freedom that he needs much more. When he thought about Sona in this new stay in Moscow, he spoke himself: e! There is still a lot, there will be many such things there, somewhere, I still unknown. I still have time when I want to do it and love, and now there is no time. In addition, it seemed to him something humiliating for his courage in a female society. He traveled to the balls and in the women's society, pretending to do it against the will. Bega, English Club, a bush with Denisov, a trip there - it was another thing: it was decently wellman to Hussar.
In early March, the old Graph Ilya Andreich Rostov was concerned about the dinner device in the English club for receiving Prince Bagration.
The graph in a bathrobe went through the hall, giving orders to the club eco-tree and the famous Feoktist, the senior chef of the English club, about asparagus, fresh cucumbers, strawberries, calf and fish for dinner Prince Bagration. Count, since the founding of the club, was his member and senior. He was entrusted from the club a celebration of a celebration for Bagration, because rarely who knew how to a wide hand, to make a pretty feast, especially because he rarely knew how to attach his money if they needed on a feather device. The cook and the economy of the club with merry faces listened to the orders of the graph, because they knew that neither with whom, as with it, it was impossible to live better at the dinner, which was worth a few thousand.
- So look, scallops, rings in the cake, you know! - Cold was three? ... - asked the cook. The graph wondered. - It is impossible less than three ... mayonnaise times, - he said, bending finger ...
- So order the sterces of big take? - asked Economy. - What to do, take, if you are not inferior. Yes, my father is mine, I was and forgotten. After all, you need another antra on the table. Oh, my fathers! - He grabbed his head. - Yes, who will bring flowers to me?
- Mitinka! And Mitinka! You're downloading Mitinka, in the Moscow region, "he turned to the manager who entered his call is, - you're downloaded to the Moscow region and led you now dress the Barenika Maxim Gardener. Tell me that all the oranges here are wolts, walked felt. So so that I two hundred potters were here on Friday.
I also remember and still different orders, he came out to relax to the counsel, but he remembered the necessary, returned himself, returned the cook and economa and began to order again. In the doorway heard light, male gait, Bryatsani Spurs, and beautiful, ruddy, with black mustache, apparently rested and spent on a relaxed life in Moscow, entered a young graph.
- Oh, my brother! The head goes around, "said the old man, as if striding, smiling before his son. - At least you would help! It is also necessary for the songwriters. I have music, yes Gypsy or what to call? Your brethren of the military is like.
"Right, papidka, I think, Prince Bagration, when she was preparing for Shangrabensky battle, smoothed less than you now," the son said, smiling.
The old graph pretended to be angry. - Yes, you try, you try!
And the graph appealed to the cook, who, with smart and venerable face, was observed and gently looked at his father and son.
- What is the youth, and, Foktist? He said, "the old men laugh at our brother.
- Well, your fortification, it would only eat well, and how to collect Yes to serve, this is not their business.
"So, so," the count shouted, and having fun shaking his son for both hands, shouted: "So that, you caught me!" Take you now Sanya Pairies and go to Bezukhov, and tell me that the graph, they say, Ilya Andreich sent me to ask you strawberries and pineapples fresh. You can't get anyone else. It's none, so you go, tell me, and from there, that's what, go to ragble - Ipatka Kutcher knows - Find you there Ilyushka Gypsy, that's what the count Orlova then danced, remember, in White Cossakina, and you remember him Here, to me.
- And with the gypsies to bring him here? - asked Nikolai laughing. - Oh well!…
At this time, the swords, with a business, concerned and together, Christian, who never left it, entered the room Anna Mikhailovna. Despite the fact that every day Anna Mikhailovna forced the count in a bathrobe, every time he confused with her and asked for an apology for his costume.
"Nothing, a graph, dove," she said, closing his eyes. "And I will go to the mess," she said. - Pierre arrived, and now we will get everything, a graph, from his oranges. I needed to see him. He sent me a letter from Boris. Thank God, Boria now at the headquarters.
The count was delighted that Anna Mikhailovna took one part of his orders, and told her to lay a little carriage.
"You're telling you, say that he came." I will write it. What is he with his wife? - he asked.
Anna Mikhailovna brought his eyes, and his deep grief was put on her face ...
"Oh, my friend, he is very unhappy," she said. - If the truth is what we heard, it's terrible. And whether we thought when he was happy with his happiness! And such a high, heavenly soul, this young little girl! Yes, I sorry him from the heart and I will try to give him a consolation that will depend on me.
- Why is it? - Asked both Rostov, senior and junior.
Anna Mikhailovna took a deep breath: "Doolokh, Maryia Ivanovna Son," she said to the mysterious shop, "they say, quite compromised it. He brought him out, invited him to the house in St. Petersburg, and now ... she came here, and this sorrive head for her, "said Anna Mikhailovna, wanting to express his sympathy of Pierre, but in unwitting intonations and semi-coupling showing sympathy to sorp the head as she Named Dologov. - They say, Pierre himself completely killed his grief.
- Well, still tell him, so that he came to the club, - everything will disperse. Feast Mountain will.
On another day, March 3, 2 m hour half thedle, 250 people of the members of the English club and 50 people took guests to visit the lunch of a dear guest and the hero of the Austrian campaign, Prince Bagration. At first, upon receipt of the news of the Austerlitsky battle, Moscow came in bewilderment. At that time, the Russians are so accustomed to victories that, having received news of defeat, some simply did not believe, others were looking for an explanation to such a strange event in any extraordinary reasons. In the English club, where everything was gathered, which was a noble, having loyal information and weight, in December, when news began to come, did not speak about the war and about the last battle, as if everyone had conspired to be silent about him. People who gave the direction to conversations like that: Graf Rostopchin, Prince Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruki, Valuev, c. Markov, KN. Vyazemsky, did not appear in the club, but gathered at home, in their intimate circles, and Muscovites, who spoke with other people's votes (which belonged to Ilya Andreich Rostov), \u200b\u200bremained for a short time without a certain judgment of the war and without executives. Muscovites felt that something was not good and that it was difficult to discuss these bad things, and therefore it is better to be silent. But a few times, the jury come from the deliberate room, and aces appeared, who gave the opinion in the club, and everything spoke clearly and definitely. The reasons for the incredible, unheard and impossible event were found, that the Russians were beaten, and everything became clear, and in all corners of Moscow, the same thing. These reasons were: treason of the Austrians, the bad food of the troops, the treason of the Pokhabyshev Pole and Frenchman Langeron, the inability of Kutuzov, and (Slowly said) youth and inexperience of the sovereign, who gotten evident and insignificant people. But the troops, Russian troops, said everything, were unusual and made wonders of courage. Soldiers, officers, generals were heroes. But the hero of the heroes was the prince of Bagration, famous for his Schangrabensky affair and the retreat from Austerlitz, where he spent his column with uncomfortable and all day beat off the strongest enemy. The fact that Bagration was chosen by a hero in Moscow, contributed to the fact that he did not have connections in Moscow, and was someone else's. In his face, he was given due honor to combat, simple, without relationships and intrigues, a Russian soldier, who also connected memoirs of the Italian campaign with the name of Suvorov. In addition, in rewarding such honors, it was best to disappear and disapproval by Kutuzov.
- If there were no Bagration, Il Faudrait L "Inventer, [it would be necessary to invent it.] - said the joker Shinshin, paroding the words of Voltaire. Nobody spoke about Kutuzov, and some sopidically scorn him, calling the court turntime and old satire. Throughout Moscow was repeated by the words of Prince Dolgorukova: "Lepia, Miscellaneous and Seeking", comforted in our defeat with the memoirs of the previous victories, and repeated the words of Rostopnach about the fact that French soldiers should be initiated by the battles of high-alkaline phrases, that with the Germans it is necessary to logically talk, convincing them that It is more dangerous to run than yttright; but that Russian soldiers need only to hold and ask for: Potache! New and new stories have been heard from all the sides, new and new examples of the courage, rendered by our soldiers and officers with Austerlice. He saved the banner, he killed 5 of the French , that one charged 5 tons. They spoke about Berg, who did not know him that he was wounded in his right hand, took the sword to the left and went ahead. About Bolkonsky did not say anything, and I also knew him closely that he died early, leaving her father's pregnant wife and eccentric.

In the age of 30, automakers finally thought about aerodynamics and stopped making cars in the form of bricks. It became fashionable to drive cars, the design of which consisted only from curved lines and surfaces. It was then that cars with Fastbak Body began to appear. Let me start to start at the magnificent Dubonnet Xenia Coupé. Noticed a tiny triangular trunk door? That's what he has inside:

Dubonnet Xenia Coupé is one of the first cars with Fastback Body. By the way, his interior is the same futuristic as the appearance. There is something similar to fighters.

And the doors ... you just look, they shifted the sideways! Yes, and the silhouette itself is simply delightful!

Cars with an inclined rear began to appear on the roads more and more. Specialists in aerodynamics unanimously came to the fact that such a form of the rear positively affects the aerodynamics of the car, smoothly lowering air flows, and not dropping them from the long roof, an overhead "sheer" rear wall. In the GM concern, the first body Fastback was tried by Cadillac and Pierce-Arrow.


You do not think that 80 years ago, the Cadillac interior was much better than now?

At about the same time, the "virus" of fastbackers switched to Europe. After a year after GM, a car with such a body introduced Mercedes-Benz. Their model turned out even more elegant. One of the first samples looked like this:

The series went this option:

Cool fin, not right

Fastbek

Term fastbek (eng. fastback, it. schrägheck.) Refers to various types of car bodies having a special sloping roof shape, smoothly, without a step moving into the trunk lid. In addition, in the past, in some countries, the term "Fastbek" denoted a separate type of body - today such designation is often used by collectors, and often more widely than during the existence of such cars.

In general, we can say that there are various versions of what cars should be attributed to the Fastbets class, and which are not.

Definition

Mercedes-Benz CLS - modern car With Fastback Body with Still Background.

Bentley Continental GT.

In the general case, any car with a lowering roof line can be called this term, for example, most hatchbacks; Nevertheless, as indicated in the definition of the American magazine Road & Track, not every hatchback is a fast batch, incorrectly converse.

However, it is also an opinion that the Fastbak suggests a rigidly fixed rear window and the usual trunk lid, so the hatchback does not have a fastback for this version. In principle, such a formulation of the issue is true for cars of the 1970s, among whom they found externally similar hatchbacks With the door in the back and fastbecks with a fixed rear glass and a small lid of the trunk - there was a need to somehow divided them.

And now the term "Fastbek" is often used to separate the car from the type of hatchbacks with a slope and fixed rear glass, often - to emphasize his sports orientation. It is according to such a principle that Fastbekk is called the Mercedes-Benz CLS car, which carries the "four-door coupe" commercial designation. On the other hand, the story knows the opposite examples when the hatchbacks were commercial designation "Fastbak" - also, in order to emphasize the sports orientation of the model, thus, this issue is discusitive and largely depends on the manufacturer's company's policy.

In general, both in general, one can resolve this contradiction in this way:

• The term "Fastbek" in the meaning type of roof line Describes any car with a slope of the roof, such as hatchbacks, sedans like "Victory" or universal type Audi 100 Avant sample 1983.
• The term "Fastbek" in the meaning body type It may mean including the body, in shape resembling a hatchback, but not having a door in the back wall, with a fixed rear glass and an ordinary trunk lid under it.

Fastbek as body type

Certain epochs produced cars, the body of which were officially called fastbags, or to which it became possible to apply this term on our days.

Early development

The first body of this type (but not yet called this term) was created back in 1911 by the French designer L.For. His car on the serial chassis of the company "GRAGUR" (Grégoire) He had an "ovoid" (according to the original terminology) the back of the body, which gave him a good streaming for those years, besides, it was noted that the car practically did not form when the plume was moved dust, which was typically for the then bodies with a flat back wall. Nevertheless, in those years, this type of body did not fit in view of its unusualness and a bad combination of such a form of the rear with the design of autocars of those years.

1930s - 1950s

Tatra T87 had a body of type "Fastbak", although in those years he was not really marked.

Borgward Hansa (1952-55) - European Fastback 50s.

The name "Fastbek" was originally branded, and only in our time it is often distributed to all similar cars of this era. Let's say, in relation to Chevrolet cars, the word was served in a similar term " aerosidan» ( aerosedan.) used in the name of a number of models. There was a term "torpedo" - torpedo Back. In general, the totality of the solutions laid in cars was usually designated as a style. streamline (english "flow line").

Fastbucks appeared in the second half of the 1930s as an attempt to improve the aerodynamics of the car compared with the two-volume sedans spread in those years, with an almost vertical back wall of the body, were widespread in the last pre-war and first post-war years, but by the mid-1950s their release was It is mainly discontinued, since the low functionality of such a body was revealed.

The deaf rear wall of the body with a small, strongly tilted glass gave a bad visibility, the body-shaped body reduced the space over the rear seats, access to the trunk was inconvenient (many first-generation fast bakers, it was generally carried out from the inside of the machine, through the back of the rear sofa - for example Saab 92) . As a result, by the beginning of the 1950s, the Fastback Body on general purpose vehicles was almost completely displaced by the classic type of three-volume sedan. Thus, the body, conventionally referred to in our time with a common term Fastback, were a kind of transitional link from the two-disconnect sedan of the 1930s with a vertical back wall of the body (GAZ-M-1) to a three-bill sedan of the 1950s (GAZ-21) .

NSU SportPrinz, 1958.

However, many sports cars And in the 1950s, the headleal back of the body was still had, for example, Porsche 356. The aerodynamic advantages given to such a body were outweighted for these machines.

1960s - 1970s

In the 1960s, however, the desire to improve the appearance and, in part, the aerodynamics of serial cars again led designers to the bodies with a slope of the roof.

In the second half of the 1950s in the United States, then in Europe, cars with two-door bodies such as a coupe or hardtop, having a very long, smoothly passing into the roof trunk - at the same time, these were real three-disconnecting body, unlike two-volume fastbackers . In the early 1960s, such bodies began to call fasttop., sportroof or sports Coupé..

Ford Galaxie Starliner Models of 1960 - Hardtop Coupe with a slope of the roof, sometimes denoted "Fasttop", in contrasting the usual roof with a straight rear counter - "BOXTOP".

Opel Rekord Coupé is a European analogue of American Fasttop Body.

1968 Ford Galaxie 500 Fastback.

Amc Marlin Models of 1967 - American Sports Fastback of the 1960s.

The further evolution of this type led to the appearance of bodys, in which the flat roof of the Fasttop type was extended back so much that it practically reached the back of the trunk. This type of body called the old term "Fastbek". The fundamental difference from the fastbanks of the previous generation here is that the back part was no longer a drop-shaped, but rather simply by sliding, or smoothly dropped in the rear.

Such a body thanks to fashion to powerful, fast cars was widespread in the United States for a number of years in the second half of the 1960s - early 1970s (a typical example - Ford Mustang and many Muscle Cars) and caused numerous imitation of Europe and Asia (for example, Ford Capri). It is this type of body that begins to be associated with sports, as a result, he practically displaces sports models in Europe with a capped back of the body (in practice, often more streamlined). As a rule, it was a two-door sports vehicle, which were also called Sports Coupé. or Berlinetta..

Due to the use of very large stripped rear windows on the fat bakers of this generation, it was possible to solve the problem with visibility quite satisfactorily. The main problem remained low practicing trunk with such a roof configuration.

Volkswagen TYP 3 1600, 1965.

Subsequently, this line of the body received an extra door in the back and became an analogue of European hatchbacks - which in Europe occurred from the universal, so they were mostly five-door and had a three-pool sidewall, while American - mostly three-door (in the US, were often denoted by two-door) and with four-pointed sidewall.

In the United States, in relation to such bodies, the term began to consume SPORT UTILITY.What means "Practical sportiness" - Nowadays, it is associated primarily with SUVs. It was during these years that the term "Fastbek" began to be used as the opposite term "hatchback" and a denoting car with the same body shape, but without a door in the rear wall.

In Europe, there was also a certain number of cars with the body "four-door fastback", for example, Citroen CX and Volkswagen Passat B1, but they still remained relatively rare exotic. Two-door fastbucks were still distributed in the late fifties - sixties.

Notes