4. The practical use of the concept of ideality Kudryavtsev A. V. Ideality is one of the key concepts of the theory of solutions of inventive tasks. The concept of ideality is the essence of one of the laws (the law of improving ideality), and also underlies other laws

Classification of cartridges for the purpose and degree of filtering in accordance with the hardware standards, the cartridges are also divided into the SL and BB series and, respectively, are 5.7, 10 and 20 inches. On the assignment all the cartridges can be divided into three groups: cartridges for removal

22. System with unlimited solubility in liquid and solid states; Systems of eutectic, peritectic and monoteectic type. Systems with polymorphism of components and eutectoid transformation Complete mutual solubility in solid state possible

6.3. Other methods for increasing productivity in order to increase productivity, you can simply purchase the details that are not so expensive now so that there are no funds to purchase them. Mostly who want to increase their performance

4. Practical use of ideality

Kudryavtsev A. V.

Ideality is one of the key concepts of the theory of solutions of inventive tasks. The concept of ideality is the essence of one of the laws (the law of increasing the ideality), and also underlies other laws of development of technology, which is most clearly manifested in such as:

The law of displacement of a person from the technical system;

The law of transition from macrosystem to microsystems.

G. S. Altshuller said that the ideal system is such a system that is not, and its function is performed.

When building an image of an ideal technical system, you must perform two actions - to imagine that the real system may not be that it is possible to do without it, as well as formulate and accurately determine the function for which the system is necessary. Performing both actions in real conditions can cause certain difficulties. Consider them in more detail.

The formulation of the system as missing in the educational process is usually performed quite simple. (The perfect phone is such a phone that is not ..., the perfect flashlight is such a flashlight, which is not ... and so on). However, in real activity, when working with objects, important for the solver, he may have problems with the merging of the fact that the negative figure is expensive and necessary for the procedure. For example, the abstract concept of an "ideal specialist" is easy to build. The ideal specialist is such a specialist who is not, and whose functions are performed. Such a definition is simply formed simply. But many people have difficulty formulating an ideal model for their specialty. For many specific specialists there are difficulties in the formation of a model of the world in which there is no need for their services. It is difficult for a doctor to determine what is the perfect doctor, the teacher, what is the perfect teacher. Previously clear, the model in this case may be deformed, coming down to other, for example, to transfer the requirements of the claims. Here is the problem in building a new model of the world, this in which there is no important and apparent element.

It is not easy to fulfill the second part of the prescription - to determine exactly what "and its functions are performed". But it is in this work that the most important aspect of the application of the model is to understand why a perfect system was required at all.

In the process of solving, the task is often formulated without prior definition and clarification of the goal. The definition of the future result is replaced by the description of the machine intended to achieve this result. For example, if necessary, fix the part, in the development task may appear the formulation "Develop a device for fixing the part". Such initial phomulirovations should, if possible, be adjusted and refined.

In the previous lecture on ideality, it was noted that it is very important and useful to be able to see the goal exempt from the specific means of its implementation. To see the goal is to see the result of action even before it becomes clear, with what you can approach this result. This approach is also needed because the assessment of the funds found can only be performed when an understanding of the desired goal. The depth of this understanding determines the possibilities and accuracy of the assessment, the choice is optimal for a particular situation.

For example: "It is necessary to develop a device for lowering the equipment into the well."

This formulation can be replaced by a more general one - "It is necessary to lower the equipment into the well." Here already appears the opportunity to take advantage of existing means. This formulation can also be changed once again even more common. For example, to such: "It is necessary that the equipment is in the well."

Is it possible to continue a number of generalizations? Of course, if we turn to the appointment of the equipment. If it is intended for lifting water to the surface, then the goal may sound like this: "It is necessary that the water rises to the surface." At the same time, it is possible to consider the options in which the device located at the top raises water from the well.

Independent, autonomous use of the principle of ideality and determining the ideal technical system is one of distinctive featuresforming the style of work of TRIZ specialists. However, you can most often meet in the literature using this principle in the ICR operator (the formation of the ideal end result) - one of the most interesting and euristic valuable steps Ariz.

The scope of the ideal end result may differ from the scope and capabilities of the ideal technical system. ICR is the setting of the requirements for the selected object independently implement a complex of functions originally implemented by another object, (by an element of the same system, oversystem, external environment). There are three options for such an implementation that differ in the degree of idealness (disappearance) of the original specified technical system.

1. The object itself (without ordinary, specially intended systems or devices) processes itself, while maintaining consumer qualities. This means that the product performs the function of a system intended for processing it (remaining useful for the consumer). This ICR actually coincides with the lowered ideal technical system. However, the formulation of such a variant is not always appropriate, since in some problems it can conflict with a previously defined level of concreshing zone.

The system intended for processing, as a rule, consists of a number of nodes. (The composition of these nodes in generalized form was considered when studying the law of the completeness of the system parts). The ideality of such a system increases, if any of its elements takes on an additional function, replaces other elements. It is most advisable to require it from the tool, part of the system directly by the processing product. In this case, the ICR has the form:

2. The tool itself performs the function of the auxiliary elements of the system (supplies itself with energy, orients itself in space ...), continuing to handle the product (that is, perform its function).

Naturally, while the tool may not take on themselves all auxiliary functions, but their part (for example, control functions, or energy supply ...). In various cases, systems that differ in the level of "coarseness" will be obtained without a pronounced source of energy, or without a transmission, or without a control organ.

If for some reason it is not possible to get rid of the system that implements an important function, then you can load this system with additional functions and due to this get rid of other systems. IKR in this case is recorded in the following form:

3. The system itself performs an additional function, continuing to implement its own.

As you can see, the general structure of the ICR looks like this:

Selected object

performs an additional feature

continuing to perform their function (other additional conditions can be entered here).

Separately, the situation should be given when, in the process of working on the task, it is decided to introduce an additional element. This may be an element that actually exists in the system environment, and may be an abstract representation - the so-called "X-element". In such situations, ICR is customary according to the following structure:

Selected object ("X-Element")

Eliminates a previously formulated unwanted effect

Absolutely not complicating the system (after all, the requirement for the preservation of eigenfunctions of the element here is most often redundant, and the risk of complicating the system with additional elements is quite real.

Working with the "X-element" (in the early versions of the arises, the concept of "external environment") requires special skills. After all, IKR building and performing some subsequent actions, the inventor forms a set of requirements, properties, characteristics, the introduction of which to the system will solve the task. "X-Element" is a combination of such qualities that will later have to look for in the system itself as its latent, hidden, unaffected opportunities. If it is impossible to use such an internal selection, the need to use elements with the required properties appears.

Let's try to work out the skill of the formulation of the ICR and its practical use in solving inventive tasks.

We use the ICR in relation to such a field of technology as heat transfer to the distance. It is well known that the best heat available to us heat is metals. Copper, silver, gold are especially allocated in this regard. But the metals are transmitted heat not as good as sometimes I would like it. For example, we will be quite difficult to convey a significant flow of heat in a metallic rod. The heated end of such a rod can already start melting, and on the opposite side it can be perfectly handed it. An interesting task is to be charged here: how to ensure a stream of considerable power through a limited section in conditions of small temperature drops.

We formulate the ideal final result in the following form: "The thermal stream of high power itself passes through the space without loss and with a minimum difference in temperatures."

Such devices were created. They got the name "Thermal Pipes". Consider the simplest design of such a device.

Take the pipe made of heat-resistant material (for example, made of steel). We pump out air from it and we insert a certain amount of fluid - coolant (Fig. 4.1).

Fig. 4.1.

Place the pipe so that its lower end is in the heating zone, and the top in the heat removal zone. Heating fluid turns it into steam. Couple instantly fill the entire volume and starts condensed in a cold end. It will be given the heat equal to the heat of the vaporization. (After all, it is known that the heat of the vaporization is equal to the warmth, given during steam condensation) drops, condensed on the upper surface of the coolant, will fall down and get warm again. Such a "cycle of water in nature" can carry really very high power.

As can be seen from this description of the heat transfer process, the thermal stream is really propagated by the volume of the heat pipe.

Consider now a new situation with the device invented by us. In the previous case, we had a heating zone at the bottom, and the removal of heat is at the top. Let us ask for a question: what happens if the heating zone turns out to be at the top, and the heat is removed from below (Fig. 4.2)? Obviously, the device will stop working. In order for it to work, it is necessary that the liquid be up before heating up.

Task 4.1.: How to provide a fitting coolant to the top end of the pipe?

Fig. 4.2.

The first impulse is to raise the liquid up using a special device - for example, the pump. But build caviar. We can apply this operator to the pipe, to the liquid, to the thermal field, to the cooling agent. It is important that the wording is really built to the end and completely uttered or recorded. For example:

IKR: The pipe itself raises the liquid up, in the heating zone, without interfering with the free propagation of steam;

(Embodiment: Special channels can be performed in the body of the pipe, for which liquid will be raised);

IKR: The fluid itself rises into the heating zone, without interfering with the free propagation of steam;

ICR: The thermal field itself raises the liquid into the heating zone without stopping the heating;

(implementation option: the thermal field spread from above can perform useful work on the lifting of the fluid into the heating zone).

Once again, we emphasize that the execution of the ICR, that is, the work is optional for the element, should not interfere with its useful functions, and of course it should not interfere with the main useful function of the entire system. The selection of this auxiliary requirement depends on which function the selected item performs.

In addition, you can talk about the zone inside the pipe from which the air has been soldered. For her, we can also formulate the ICR, which sounds very similar to the already built. "Zone inside the pipe itself ..." There is another object - this is the same pump, without which we want to do. In order to ensure the execution of the main function system, it may be useful to first introduce into the system. new element, just to get rid of it right away, leaving all his advantages. In this case, we can try to imagine a system with a pump and according to ICRs to leave the system only the working pump of the pump - for example, its impeller. And after that, to demand from the impeller so that it itself, without the help of the engine and other elements, lifted the liquid - the coolant into the heating zone.

Of course, if we choose a pump that works on a different principle, for example, peristaltic, then the requirement will be submitted to another worker. "The pipe itself pulsates and raises fluid to the top."

The whole set of constructed ICR options may not be determined as part of a real solution to the problem. But from the constructions made, the general principle is visible - ICR provides the concentration of intellectual efforts on the selected element, causes a person who decishes the task, to look for hidden opportunities in it.

An effective solution to the problem of self-lifting of the coolant into the heating zone at low tube lengths is the use of capillaries. By the way, the capillaries are also the most effective tool Delivery of the coolant into the heating zone when using the heat pipe in weightlessness. The side surface of the tube is lined with a layer of capillary and porous substance. For pipes with high working temperature The capillary uses a notch on the inner surface of the pipe.

It is known that on the surface of the heat pipe in the operating mode is installed (herself!) Double temperature. It is very convenient for thermostatting, because the technique often needs to ensure the constancy of the temperature field, for example, when drying, when testing a series of instruments ... With the help of a heat pipe, it is quite simple. You can have a heater at the inlet with any temperature exceeding the heat of the coolant evaporation, and the heat pipe will "cut" anything too much. The surface temperature of the pipe will depend only on the ratio of the intensities of the supply and heat removal and heat exchange area. If the processes of supply and removal of heat settled and equal to the area of \u200b\u200bthe surfaces of the evaporator and the condenser, the pipe temperature is equal to half the amount of heating and condensation temperatures.

Task 4.2.: Consider a working heat pipe. It does not differ outwardly from the pipe is not working. A task has arisen on the test stand: how to determine that the heat pipe has entered the operating mode. We will put this task through the formulation of the ICR, through the definition of the desired result. Of course, it is necessary to understand what is happening with the pipe when it goes to the operating mode. It can be reported by its elements that are in the changed state: in a state due to the fact that the heat pipe is steadily operating.

What happens to the elements when the heat pipe works? The entire surface of the body has a constant temperature. The capillaries are filled with liquid rising up. There is a pressure drop between the ends of the pipe. In the heating zone, the pressure of the coolant vapor is maximally, in the condensation zone it is practically absent. The heated heat carrier, which has become ferry, is transferred from a hot end to the condensation zone.

All these phenomena that we can call the features of a particular situation can tell us about the emergence of the regime we need. Each of them you can formulate the ICR and build options for possible solutions based on these ICRs.

One of the options implemented in the laboratory in order to verify the health of the heat pipe, was that an ordinary whistle was placed inside the pipe (or a elastic plate, which fluctuated in the pair stream and forced the pipe to sound). Of course, this solution is in something "perfect", and in something not. Indeed, in a real installation, this method is most likely not applicable due to an additional sound background. But this "quickly implemented" solution provided to obtain the desired knowledge with the help of remedies. It also gave another task: how to make a whistle sound only at the required moment. And here the response can be prompted by the ICR operator. It can be formulated as follows.

"The whistle itself sounds only at the moment when it is necessary to the operator."

We will construct an even more accurate wording Requirements:

"The whistle tongue itself fluctuates only at the moment when it is necessary to the operator."

Such selective behavior can be implemented with the help of external force, for example, screwed into the side surface of the pipe of the stopper, healing the whistle tongue.

Consider situations in which the ideality of the ICR operator will be used to search for ways.

Task 4.3.: Metal made small metal hollow balls. It is required that the walls of the balls are equal to the thickness. To ensure such selection, you can create a complex device of contactless control, and you can try to build a CFR and look for a solution based on the formulation.

But first, it is advisable to determine which balls the requirement is presented. For example, the ball in which the inner cavity is not centrally located. If so, then after this clarification requirement to determine much easier.

"Bad" ball itself is separated from good balls.

More precisely, that is, after considering the nature of the phenomenon at the physical level:

The "displaced center of gravity" the ball itself separates it from "good".

Possible principle of solutions: balls alternately must roll along a narrow line, installed obliquely. Those of which the masses are not located in the center, will deviate from the straight trajectory and fall with a narrow path. The separation of qualitatively manufactured and defective balls occurs at the same time. "

Task 4.4.: Consider the real situation described in the book M. Vertheimer "Productive Thinking".

"Two boys played in the garden in Badminton. I could see and listen to them out of the window, although they did not see me. One boy was 12 years old, another - 10. They played several sets. The younger was much weaker; He lost all the parties.

I partially heard their conversation. Losing, let's call him "in", became more and more sad. He had no chance. "A" often filed so skillfully that "in" could not even repel the WALAN. The situation has increasingly worsened. Finally, "in" I threw the racket, I sat down on a fallen tree and said: "I will not play any more." "A" tried to convince him to continue the game. "In" did not answer. "And" sat down next to him. Both looked upset.

Here I interrupt the story to ask the reader the question: "What would you suggest? What would you do on the site of the older boy? Can you suggest something reasonable? ""

Let's try to solve this non-technical task (how to make it so that both players want to play and it was interesting to play) using the ICR operator. It also requires a clear goal. What would we like ultimately? Obviously, both players should be interesting to play, even despite the difference in the classroom.

CFR may sound here as follows:

"The player" A "himself helps the player" in "to beat the ball, not worsening his indicators and without making the game more boring for himself."

This can be achieved if both players play on the same result.

The purpose of the game could also be:

The desire as long as possible to keep the waist in the air;

The need for a strong player to get to the target by Volan, who will send him a weak player.

Or ... A strong player could play with his left hand, etc.

Already, the purpose of the goal in this case opens the possibilities for achieving it.

Task 4.5.: In winter, the drainage pipes are filled with ice. In the spring, the ice begins to draw out, and there are situations when an ice cork, making outside And losing the adhesion with the pipe, flies down. The blow of such a traffic jam on the protruding parts of the pipe often leads to its rupture. If the ice cork falls on the sidewalk, then it can cause injuries near people. Outlet of ice - expensive and ineffective event. How to ensure that the plugs do not fall down?

ICR can be addressed to all the items given in this task. We can assume that there are only two of them: ice and tube. An important issue is to form a requirement for these elements.

"The ice itself is held in the pipe until the moment of complete melting."

"The pipe itself holds the ice until the moment of its complete melting."

As you can see, in a real situation, the pipe and ice do not hold down each other until the moment of complete melting (after all, we have to "ask for" about it).

"The ice itself holds for the pipe that its part that melts last."

The solution is described in one of the Russian inventions:

"The drain pipe, which includes a waterfront attached near the roof rod, the knee of the cornice and plum, characterized in that, in order to create protection against damage to the ice dropping inside the pipe, the pipe is equipped with a segment of an arbitrarily curved wire located on the side of the funnel inside the pipe and attached Upper end to the roof slope "(Fig. 4.3).

Fig. 4.3.

In this decision, it can be seen that the performed change - the wire-missed wire allows to approach the implementation of the ICR determined for ice: the ice itself is held inside the pipe until the moment of complete melting.

The objects of technology have a huge number of properties and characteristics, of which in specific circumstances a person almost always uses an extremely minor part. This property reserve allows us to require something new system from the elements and find new possibilities for their use.

It can be stated that ideality is a universal tool of mental activity.

The difference between the ideal technical system from the idealizations used in science is that in science the model is close to the real world, and in the technique the real world is based on the model basis. And if in science to absolute truth you can only strive, never reaching it, then in the technique you can immediately understand this absolute truth for yourself, that is, the final limit, the outcome state of the object, but also strive for this state, it is infinite to this truth. Striving figuratively, the technique gives us the opportunity to live in the world of dreams, making them a reality. And the mechanism of working with perfect models, with ICRs is a practical tool for implementing these possibilities.