Construction and marking of automotive tires. Pneumatic tire tires with metallic cord worked

Car tire - It is an elastic rubber-metal-tissue shell mounted on the rim of the wheel. The tire provides the contact of the vehicle with the road web, is intended to absorb minor oscillations caused by the imperfection of the road surface, compensating the error of the trajectories of the wheels, the implementation and perception of forces arising from the contact spot.

Winter tire - Tire for the car, designed specifically for use in the cold season at temperatures below +7 ° C.

The main differences between these tires are the specific properties of rubber and the drawing of the protector part. Rubber mixtures are designed so that at low temperatures, the tire retains its elasticity, which guarantees the best clutch and abbreviated braking path on cold, wet, snow-covered and iced road surfaces. As for the Winter Tire Tread Picture, it is characterized by a high density of cutting lamellae. All of the above features allow for better handling and efficient braking.

Tread (PR. oTECT — protection) - The element of the tire (tires) of the wheel designed to protect the inner part of the bus from punctures and damage, as well as to form an optimal spack of the tire contact.

There are several types of protector: off-road, with high pattern and powerful primers; Universal, suitable for riding in the rough terrain and by asphalt; Smooth, intended for riding mainly on the rolled tracks. Tires different season have the same and different design of the tread.

All-metal flop tires (MDK) - Car tires in which steel wire is permeated and the frame and the breaker (part of the tire located between the frame and the tread). MDK Tire is more expensive due to the fact that there is a complex technology that provides a solid connection of cord and rubber. The tire's web is a few dozen parallel steel cables - "pigs", which are compressed with rubber on both sides. High price MDC tires are offset due to a longer service life. The construction of the tire is such that the worn protector can be restored to three times. This increases the service life of the tire from 150 thousand km of mileage to 500 thousand miles.

The main materials for the production of tires are rubber, which is made of natural and synthetic rubbers and cord. Cord fabric can be made of metal filaments (metal cord), polymer and textile yarns.

The tire consists of: framework, bracker layers, tread, side and side part.

Textile and polymer cord are used in passenger and light trucks.

MetalOkord: Depending on the orientation of the Cord's threads in the frame, the tires differ:

• radial
• diagonal

In the radial tires of the Cord's threads are located along the radius of the wheel. In the diagonal tires, the Cord's threads are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel, the threads of the adjacent layers are crossed.

Radial tires are structurally more rigid, as a result of which they have a large resource, they have the stability of the shape of the contact spot, create less rolling resistance, provide smaller operation of the operation. Due to the possibility of varying the number of layers of the frame (in contrast to necessarily a number in diagonal) and the ability to reduce the layering, the total weight of the tire, the thickness of the frame is reduced. This reduces the tire warming up when rolling - the service life increases. The breaker and the protector also easily release heat - it is possible to increase the thickness of the tread and the depth of its drawing to improve the roadlessness. In this regard, at present, radial tires for passenger cars almost completely displaced diagonal.

Breaker Located between the frame and the protector. Designed to protect the frame from shocks, giving the tires in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire contact stains from the road and to protect the tire and the riding chamber from through mechanical damage. It is manufactured from a thick layer of rubber (in light tires) or crossed layers of polymer cord and (or) metal cord.

Tread We are necessary to ensure an acceptable tire clutch coefficient with expensive, as well as to protect the framework from damage. The protector has a certain pattern, which, depending on the destination of the tire varies. Tires high passability Have a deeper pattern of tread and soils on its side sides. The drawing and design of the trailer tire is determined by the requirements for water and dirt from the tread grooves and the desire to reduce noise when rolling. But, nevertheless, the main task of tire tread is to ensure reliable contact of the wheels with an expensive in adverse conditions, such as rain, dirt, snow, etc., by way of removing from a contact spot along precisely designed grooves and drawing grooves. But effectively remove water from the spot of contact protector in the forces only to a certain speed, above which the liquid does not physically be completely removed from the contact spot, and the car loses the grip with the road surface, and therefore control. This effect is called aquaplaning. There is a widespread misconception that on dry roads the protector reduces the clutch coefficient due to the smaller area of \u200b\u200bthe contact spot compared to the tire without a tread (Slick Tyre). This is incorrect, since in the absence of adhesion, the friction force does not depend in any way on the area of \u200b\u200bcontigated surfaces. In many countries there are laws that regulate the minimum height of the tread on road vehicles, and many road tires There are built-in wear indicators.

Board Allows the tire to hermetically sit on the rim of the wheel. To do this, it has on-board rings and from the inside is coated with a layer of viscous airtight (for tubeless tires) rubber.

Side part Protects the bus from lateral damage.

Spike anti-skid. In order to improve the safety of the vehicle in conditions of ice and iced snow, metal spikes of anti-slip are used. Riding on studded tires has noticeable features. On the course the car is made noticeably more noisy, its fuel efficiency deteriorates. In the snow-muddy caress or deep loyal snow, the effectiveness of spikes is small, and on a solid dry or wet asphalt, the studded tires even lose the "ordinary": due to the decline in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire contact spot, the car's braking path increases by 5-10%. Although the 70 percent reduction in the brake path on the ice is their undoubted advantage.

Delicious tires (Tubeless) are most common due to its reliability, less mass and convenience (for example, the puncture in the tubeless tire will not cause large inconvenience on the road to the car service).

Marking - Tire Code.

Metric system

Example: LT205 / 55R16 91V

• LT (optional, mandatory notation by DOT) - Tire function (P - a car (Passenger Car), LT - Light Truck (Light Truck), ST - Trailer (Special Trailer), T - Temporary (used only for spare tires))
• 205 - profile width, mm
• 55 - ratio of profile height to width,%. Unless specified - it is considered to be 82%.
• R - tire has a radial type frame (if there is no letters - a diagonal type bus). A common error - R - accept the letter of the radius. Possible options: B - Bias Belt (Diagonal-grooved tire. The tire frame is the same, and in the diagonal tire, but there is a breaker, like a radial bus), D or not specified - the diagonal type of frame.
• 16 - Landing diameter of the tire (corresponds to the diameter of the rim of the disk), inches
  
• 91 - load index (on some models, in addition to this, a load in kg can be indicated. Max Load.)
• V - speed index (defined on the table)

Inch system

Example: 35 × 12.50 R 15 LT 113R

• 35 - External tire diameter, in inches
• 12.50 - the width of the tire, in inches (note that this is the width of the tires, and not the protector part. For example, for a tire with a specified 10.5 inches width, the width of the protector part will be equal to 26.5, and 23 cm, and the protector part 26.5 cm will be Tires with a specified width of 12.5.). If the outer diameter is not specified, the profile is calculated as follows: if the bus width ends on zero (for example 7.00 or 10.50), then the height of the profile is considered to be 92%, if the width of the bus is not ends on zero (for example 7.05 or 10.55), then the profile height It is considered to be 82%
• R - tire has a radial type frame
• 15 - landing diameter of the tire, in inches, the same in the metric system
• LT - Tire Function (LT - Light Trucks, For Light Trucks)
• 113 - Load Index
• R - speed index

Translation from the metric system in inches and vice versa

Speed \u200b\u200bindexes

The high-speed category assigned to the tire on the results of special stand tests, implies maximum The speed withstanding the tire. When operating, the car should ride at a speed of 10-15% less than the maximum permissible.

Tire Load Indices

Additionally:

The following information must be specified on the tires:

• The maximum allowable pressure (MAX PRESSURE).

Air pressure in tires significantly affects the behavior of the car on the road, safety at high speeds, as well as on tread wear.

• Materials used in the framework of the framework and breaker (Tire Construction Materials)

Color labels. Marks in the form of "points" or "Circles":

• red - the point of the greatest power inhomogeneity (the most rigid place of the tire). It is recommended to combine with a white point on the wheel (if any);
• yellow - the easiest tire place (determined when controlling the bay imbalance).

These marks are necessary to minimize the mass of balancing loads during tire.

Outdated strip marks in the side zone (used only in the United States):

• no - good quality;
• red - cosmetic defects;
• yellow - a violation of the composition of the rubber mixture (without warranty);
• green - internal defects.

Purpose for certain operating conditions

• Winter - Winter tires.
• Aqua, Rain. etc. - are highly efficient on a wet road.
• M + S. (MUD + SNOW) - Literally - "Dirt + Snow" - suitable for moving on dirt and snow. (Increased tires)
• M / T. (MUD terrain) - Mud landscapes.
• A / T. (All Terrain) - All-season tires.
• Max Pressure. - Maximum allowable pressure in the tire, in the kPa.
• Rain, Water, Aqua (or Pictogram "Umbrella") - means that these tires are specially designed for rainy weather and have high degree protection against the effect of aquaplaning.
• Treadwear 380. - the coefficient of wear-resistance is determined with respect to the "base bus" for which it is 100. The wear indicator is a theoretical value and cannot be directly related to the practical service life of the tire, which road conditions, driving style, compliance with the recommendations on Pressure, adjusting the corners of the gathering of the car and rotation of the wheels. The wear indicator is represented as a number from 60 to 620 with an interval of 20 units. The higher its value, the longer the protector withstands when testing on the established method.
• Traction A. - the clutch coefficient, it has the meanings A, B, C. Coefficient A has the greatest clutch value in its class.
• Max Load. - Maximum load and then stand in kilograms and pounds.
• Pr. (Ply Rating) - The strength (carrier ability) of the frame is conditionally estimated by the so-called ocheliness rate. The stronger the frame, the greater the air pressure withstands the tire, and, therefore, has a greater carrying capacity. For passenger cars, tires are used with a 4PR layering rate and sometimes 6Pr, and in this case the latter have the inscription "REINFORCED", that is, "reinforced" (high load tires).
• Extra Load. (XL) - Increased load index.
• Reinforced. (REINF or RF) - Increased load index. On light trucks and minibuses are the most commonly used tires from 6PR and 8PR. On elevated poles (i.e., the tires may indicate the letter "C" (Commercial), which is raised after the landing diameter designation (for example, 185R14C)
• Twi. - The sign is located on the sidewall of the tire and shows the location of the residual height of the tread pattern in the main grooves. For the countries of the European Union and Russian Federation The residual height of the tread pattern of the worn passenger tire must be at least 1.6 mm.
• Zp. - zero pressure (Zéro Pression), commercial designation Michelin for tires with enhanced sidewalls. ZP: the ability to continue moving in the case of a puncture at a distance of up to 80 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h. ZP SR: Ability to continue moving in case of puncture at a distance of up to 30 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h.
• SST. - Self-supporting tire (Self Supporting Tyres). Such tires can carry a load and continue to move after puncture.
• Dunlop MFS. Maximum Flage Sheild) - The system of maximum protection of the rim of the side protects the expensive wheels from damage to the borders and sidewalks - the rubber profile around the circumference of the tire, located on the bottom of the wall above the flange of the rim, forms a buffer zone.
• Studless - It is not subject to mistake.
• Studdable - subject to mischief.

In addition, the tires indicate the quality standards (the letter "E" in the circle - the European standard, "Dot" - American).

Pneumatic tire - This is an elastic sheath from the chamber, tires and rims, rigidly mounted on the wheel rim and filled with compressed air, which gives it the ability to transfer the traction force of the engine on the road, soften the jacket and maintain the vehicle stability during movement (Fig. 1.1). Camera It has a view of a toroidal elastic rubber tube, equipped with a valve valve for influencing air, and is designed to ensure the tightness of the pneumatic tire. In size, the chamber is slightly less than the cavity of the tire, which facilitates its installation, and on the outer surface has a number of ring protrusions with a height of 0.4-0.8 mM. and 1-2 width mM. To remove air from the cavity of the tire when pumping the collected tire. Part of the chamber in the wheel rim is called a bandage, and adjacent to the tire in the tread zone - running. The thickness of the camera is usually the same throughout the transverse section. Wise ribbon In the form of a profiled elastic rubber ring, it is located between the wheel rim and the camera to reduce its abrasion about the rim, in passenger and tubeless tires it is not used. Rim By the method of fastening to the wheel of the wheel, there may be a disk or ill-minded, according to the design - collapsible or unseesented, on the configuration of the profile - flat, half-profile or deep, as well as with cylindrical or conical landing shelves.

Fig.1.1. The main elements of the pneumatic tire:

1-tire, 2-chamber, 3-ribbon, 4 rim.

Tire It is the general, most important and difficult to design by the element of all pneumatic tires, which ensures the preservation of the specified form in the action of internal pressure and consists of a frame, a tread with sidewalls, breaker and two sides (Fig. 2). Base of Tires - frame 1 Responsible for its strength and elasticity, therefore, it is made of several layers of rubberized textile cord or a metal coordinate in the form of a thin steel wire coated with a layer of brass or zinc to increase the strength of communication with rubber. The stress of the shift in the frame is reduced by separating rubber layers between the Cord layers, especially located closer to the protector. Breaker 2 It consists of layers of the columnated Cord and rubber interlocks between them and on the border with the frame and the protector, it serves to increase the strength of the relationship between them and the depreciation of the efforts occurring when rolling the tire as a result of shock loads. Tread 3 - Outdoor rubber part of the tire responsible for adhesion with expensive and protection against mechanical damage and penetration of moisture. The protector includes a treadmill, a slot layer, two sidewalls 4 , reinforcement zones and bending and shoulder zones (sugar).

Fig.1.2. Tire design elements: 1-frame; 2 breaker; 3 protector; 4-sided;

5-board; 6 sock board; 7-heel of board; 8-base side; 9-filling cord;

10-wing tape; 11-wrap; 12-wire side ring; 13-on-board tape;

14-soldiers of the cord frame layers. Tire sizes: N.- Highness Tire profile;

N. 1 -Exterest from the base of the side of the tire to the horizontal axial line of the profile;

N. 2 -treating from the horizontal axial line of the tire profile to the equator; IN-Chirin Tire profile; IN B. -Shirin tread tread on chord; R.-Dius of the curvature of the tread; FROM-Shirina sides of the sides; D.-Available tire diameter; d.-thenny (landing) tire diameter; h.- Stretch of the tread arc; a.-Shirina board.

Tire board 5 , each of which has a sock 6 faced inside the tires 8 And the heel 7 coming from the corporate rim, designed for its fastening on the wheel rim and consist of wings and side ribbons 13 . Wing Base - Wire Ring 12 With filling cord 9 and wrapper 11 which after fixing on it layers of frame 14 When assembling the tire wrap the wing tape tape 10 . Of overall dimensions Tires are the most important dimensions of the external transverse outlines - height profile N. and width of profile IN, as well as outside diameter D. and internal (landing) diameter d.. The latter is approximately equal to the diameter of the wheel rim.

Depending on the location of the cord threads in the frame layers, diagonal and radial (meridional) tires are distinguished (Fig, 1.3). IN diagonal tires ( but) The framework consists of a clear number of cutting cord layers, the threads are crossed, and the angle of inclination on the tire equator to the meridional plane passing through the axis of its rotation is 50-55 about and is equal to the corner of the tilt of the cord threads in the breaker (as a rule, two-layer). IN radial tires ( b.), called often type tires R (R.), Cord threads in the layers of the tire frame are located in the meridional plane, and each layer works independently. Therefore, they may have an odd and approximately twice the number of cord layers compared with diagonal tires, which increases the flexibility of the frame. The breaker consists of several layers of a metal cord, whose threads are located at an angle of 70-85 about to the meridional plane.

Figure 1.3. Diagonal tire structure ( but) and radial ( b.) Tires:

1-treadmill tread; 2-sided; 3-layers of the frame; 4-breaker; 5 sock board; 6-heel of board; 7-board; 8-on-board tape; 9-wing tape; 10-sided ring; 11-complementary metal riveted wing; 12-tape for an onboard ring wrap; 13- filling cord.

Metal coordinate breaker, Like a short-sized tough belt, can perceive the bulk of the efforts arising in the radial tire under the action of internal pressure and external loads. Due to the combination of a flexible frame and a hard breaker belt, radial tires are superior to the diagonal wear resistance and durability and at the same time provide lower rosings on rolling and less heat generation. Radial tires with metal cord in frame and breaker are called alloyometalocord (MDK) and are characterized by elevated speed \u200b\u200bcharacteristics, safety and reliability of motion, less fuel consumption and better maintainability. They are suitable for 4-5 to a multiple recovery, which is 1.7-2 times higher than that of the tires of the combined design. The use of metal drowkind in the framework of cargo MDK-tires allowed to stabilize their dimensions; Reduce heat generation during operation by 15-20 aboutC, increase the load of 10% and the full life resource taking into account the multiple restoration of the tread - by 70-100%. High wear resistance, repeated repair and low fuel consumption increase environmental safety MDC-tire operations. However, their design, requirements for materials and technology of their production require special approaches.

Treadmill - This is the most massive part of the tread with a pattern, on which the ease of controlling the car, adhesion with the road and resistance to tire rolling, wear resistance and other operating characteristics of the tires are dependent. Figure tread comprises protrusions in the form of separate checkers or soils and reversion , including grooves and sliding slots up to 1.5 width mM. In the array of protrusions. Under saturation of the tread pattern Understand the proportion of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe treadmill coming to the protrusions. The following types of drawings distinguish (Fig.1.4):

· Road pattern formed by narrow longitudinal grooves - for roads with an improved coating, such as asphalt concrete;

· Universal drawing with narrow grooves in the middle and wide grooves around the edges of the treadmill - for mixed road Conditions;

· Figure of increased patency, formed by massive primers with wide grooves between them, more often in the form of "oblique tree", which goes to the edge of the treadmill - for soft soils and off-road;

· Career - drawing with a slight number of narrow grooves and massive low-shred protrusions - for rocky and stony soils;

· "Winter" drawing with narrow and deep, transverse and diagonal sliding grooves - for roads covered with a layer of dirt, snow or ice. Each type of treadmill drawing has many varieties. Road drawing increases wear resistance and loading capacity of tires, speed up to 80¸100 kM / C. for trucks and up to 120¸170 kM / C. - For passenger, and a universal drawing, which has become the greatest distribution, is a clutch with an expensive. The use of tires of increased passability is limited due to high wear (low wear resistance) of the tread. After selecting the figure, calculate the main sizes of the tread: the width and curvature of the treadmill, the depth of the pattern and the width of the slotted layer.

Figure 1.4. Types of tread tread tread tread patterns:

but-road, b.-universal, in-Ivyshevy g.- Executive.

Tires rsk are a type of radial tires in which the role of a rigid breaker belt is performed removable protector rings reinforced with metal cord with perpendicular arrangement of threads in relation to the meridional section (Fig.1.5). The pattern of the rings can be a road or universal type or increased patency, and when the pattern wear, they are replaced with new tires without restorative repair. There are tire structures with one and three protector rings, which are installed between the rubber guides on the outer surface of the non-tailed frame-enclosure. Design work on increasing the durability of radial tires continues in the direction of using additional reinforcing layers along the internal profile and between the layers of tires and the use of new materials with gradual characteristics varying by profile.

Fig.1.5. RS tires with three ( but) and one ( b.) Protectory ring:

Tire sealing method - An important constructive feature in which they are divided into chamber and tubeless tires (Fig.1.6). Besleless tire - This is a tire, differing from the chamber tire tires by the presence of a sealing layer 2-2.5 thick mM. From gas-controlled rubber and sealing ribbons, as well as sides design. The air, pumped directly into the cavity of the tire, is held in it due to the landing of the tires on the hermetic rim under the tension. A variety of tubeless tires - two-moving Tires separated inside with an elastic diaphragm. In the flow of such tires, the air is released only by their one cavity, and the diaphragm is stretched, makes it easiest the inner surface of the tire. The tubeless tires are superior to chamber speeds due to a small leakage of air when punctured, on ease of maintenance and repair, as well as by weight, as the sealing layer is lighter than the camera. However, for the hermetic landing of the tubeless tire on the rim requires a special mounting equipment and increased accuracy of the manufacture of rims from high-strength materials. Depending on the relationship N./IN Tires are divided into wide-profile, ordinary profile and low-profile. With one outer diameter, the profile width IN Conventional tires are 1.5-1.9 times less than wide-profile. Low profile tires with the same profile width IN have a smaller outer diameter. An increase in the profile width and a decrease in its height was one of the main directions for improving the structures of pneumatic tires from the moment they appear.

Fig.1.6. Chain section ( but), beless ( b.) and two-viable beless ( in) Tires:

1-tire; 2-chamber; 3-sealing layer; 4-elastic diaphragm; 5-ribbon; 6 rim; 7-valve; 8-needle valve; N.-Ell profile; IN- Sharina profile.

Shin designation systems diverse. In the designation of the tire of the ordinary profile with two numbers, the first and second number indicate the profile width and the landing diameter in mM. (for example, 240-508, 170-380) or in inches (for example, 6.70-15). When designating on another system, the first number shows the rounded outer diameter of the tire, and the second - rounded width of the profile in mM. (for example, 1140 ´ 700). In some cases, the designation consists of three numbers: the first is the outer diameter, the second - the profile width, and the third - the landing diameter of the rim in mM. (for example, 1200 ´ 500-508). The first number of the notation of passenger tires often indicate the width of the profile in mM., the second is the height of the profile as a percentage of its width, the third - the diameter of the rim in inches, and the radial - the letter R after the second number (for example, 175/70R13). The tire has a sequence number that is applied on the sidewall, the manufacturer and date of release indicate it. Cameras and rim ribbons are more often indicated as well as the tires for which they are intended.

Requirements that must match the Cord are reduced to the following:

· High strength in multiple loads;
· Heat resistance and thermal conductivity;
· Excellent elasticity;
· big density;
· Uniformity in physical and mechanical properties;
· High efficiency.

The use of fiberglass is justified by resistance to stretching and rotting. Consequently, having fiberglass cords are characterized by higher operational characteristics. Cord from cotton fibers is currently not popular, as it was replaced by cords from polyamide fibers, viscose, as well as metalocord.

The cord fabric is approximately 28-30% of the total tire mass, but it experiences the maximum load during the operation of the tire and gives the last wear resistance, strength and elasticity. The cord thread in the tire works in conditions of stretching, compression and multiple bends in a wide range of temperature changes (from -50 to + 110 ° C).

Metallokord

Currently, tires with metal cord are gained great popularity, which are available in the following types:

· Tires with metal worker in breaker and frame;
· Tires with metal custody layer metal and nylon cord in the frame;
· Tires with metal cord in breaker and nylon or steel cord having a meridional arrangement of threads in the frame.

The difference between tires with a metal coordinate from other samples is wider. Plus to this in the zone (with inner The frame) tires with a metal coordinate have a lucked rubber layer. This allows on the one hand to achieve an even distribution of voltage in the tread zone, and on the other - to protect the chamber from mechanical damage, in particular, from punctures.

Benefits of tires with metal cord

Tires with metalocrodies are distinguished by a number of advantages over other sentences, including:

· High strength, which makes it possible to produce tires for trucks that have in the frame of 2 to 4 cord layers instead of traditional 8-14;
· Increase the thickness of the tread, which causes a long service life, on average, such tires serve twice the traditional longer;
· Reducing swing;
· High rates for heat resistance and thermal conductivity reduce the voltage, and also contribute to the uniform temperature distribution.

But with all its advantages, the metalocord is distinguished by low fatigue strength in multiple significant deformation.

Viscose cords

Cords from viscose tissue belong to textile materials, since artificial fibers are used for their manufacture, the material for which cellulose is used. In physical and chemical characteristics, viscose cord exceeds cotton and characterized:

· Greater thread homogeneity;
· Improved deformation resistance;
· Higher strength with increasing temperature;
· Reduced heat generation when operating the tire.

The tires from the viscose cord have large mileage: On average up to 70% compared with samples of cotton Cord. With all its advantages, the viscose cord has the disadvantages to which the susceptibility to humidity can be attributed and the low clutch coefficient with rubber.

Polyamide cords

Polyamide fibers and, in particular, nylon are the most suitable material for the manufacture of cord. It is distinguished by the following advantages:

· High elasticity;
· Greater strength;
· Easy framework;
· nearly full recovery after stretching loads \\ compression;
· Low water absorption.

The strength of the nylon cord exceeds the cotton and viscose analogues, plus it is not inferior to the strength of the metal coordinate, but exceeds it in fatigue strength.

Construction of automotive tires

The tire consists of: frame, bracket layers, tread, sideboard and side part.

Tire design: 1 - protector; 2 - shoulder part; 3 - frame; 4 - side part; 5 - breaker; 6 - Additional insertion in the shoulder zone (Zelen.tsv.); 7 - onboard ring; 8 - onboard part

Frame - The main power element of the tire, consists of rubberized threads of Cord. Cord is textile, metallic or fiberglass. Textiles and glass are used in passenger tires. Metalocord - in cargo. Fiberglass features absolute resistance to rotting and stretching. Tires using fiberglass are less diverted and less affected by high humidity and temperature (tropics).

Breaker Located between the frame and the tread (pillow). Designed to protect the frame from shocks, giving rigging the tire at the point of contact with the road surface and to protect the camera from punctures. It is made of a thick layer of rubber (in light tires) or crossed metal coordinated layers.

Tread The outer rubber part of the tire tire. Provides a tire clutch with an expensive, and also protects the frame from damage. The protector has a certain pattern, which, depending on the purpose of the tire differs.

Board Allows the tire to hermetically sit on the rim of the wheel. To do this, it has on-board rings and from the inside is coated with a layer of viscous airtight (for tubeless tires) rubber.

Side part Protects the bus from lateral damage.

Spike anti-skid. In order to improve the safety of the vehicle in the conditions of ice and iced snow, metal spikes of anti-slip are used.

Distinctive features of tires

Pneumatic tires of cars differ in the method of sealing the internal volume, the location of the cord threads in the tire frame, the height and width of the profile, the type of tread, for seasonal destination.

According to the method of sealing the tires are chamber and belessaless. Currently, the tubeless tires displace chamber.

Chamber Tires (Tube Type)

Chamber tires Consist of a tire, cameras with a valve and rim dressed on the rim of the disk.

Wheel design with chamber bus: 1 - Disk Rim; 2 - camera; 3 - tire (tire); 4 - valve

The valve is a check valve that allows you to pump air into the bus and prevents it outwards.

Camera valve: 1 - stem of the spool; 2 - threaded head; 3 - sleeve; 4 - seal; 5 - upper cup; 6 - sealing ring of the spool; 7 - Lower Cup; 8 - valve body; 9 - springs of the spool; 10 - guide cup; 11 - rubberized casing.

The rim tape protects the chamber from damage and friction about the disk and rim of the tire.

Tubeless Tires

Tubeless Tires They are distinguished by the presence of an airtight layer imposed on the first layer of the frame (instead of the chamber)

Wheel design with a tubeless tire: 1 - protector; 2 - a sealing airtight rubber layer; 3 - frame; 4 - wheel valve; 5 - rim.

The tubeless tires have a number of advantages over chamber bands expressing in the following:

• reduced mass and low inertia;
• improved balancing;
• increased safety and reliability due to the impossibility of fast depressurization;
• the minimum downtime, which decreased by an average of 60%, due to the possibility to repair the small tire punctures with special paste (for this it is not required to remove the tire from the wheel);
• increased mileage - on average by 11%. This is achieved due to the lack of friction between the chamber and the tire, stable internal pressure and the optimal temperature, which is withstanding due to the increased transfer of heat from the tire to the rim.

Chamber and tubeless tires by the location of the cord threads in the frame can be like diagonal so I. radial Designs.

Design of diagonal (a) and radial (b) tires: 1 - board; 2 - onboard wire; 3 - frame; 4 - breaker; 5 - sidewall; 6 - Protector.

In the radial tires, the Cord's yarn are located along the radius of the wheel, and in diagonal - at an angle to the radius of the wheel, and the threads of the adjacent layers crosses. Radial tires are tight, they have a greater resource, the best stability of the shape of the contact spot, less rolling resistance.

Depending on the purpose and operating conditions, the tires are divided into:

Road (in use called summer), designed for use at positive temperatures on highway roads. Tires of this type provide the best adhesion with dry and wet roads, have maximum wear resistance and best fit for high-speed driving. For movement on dirt roads (especially wet) and in the winter they are unsuitable.

WinterUsed on icing and snow-covered roads, the coupling qualities of the coverage of which may vary depending on the situation, from the minimum (smooth ice or porridge from snow and water) to small (rolled snow in the frost). They have good road properties, somewhat inferior to summer "rubber". Many winter tires allow you to install spikes of anti-skid or are already observed at the factory.

All-season They are a compromise option between summer and winter tires, therefore inferior to ensuring clutch and first and second in the respective season. They allow us to year-round to operate the car on one set of tires.

Universal have properties that allow them to exploit them both on the highway and on soil roads. It is advisable to apply for oscoretumors who make approximately equal runs on the highway and roads. The clear boundary between them and all-season tires is quite difficult to spend.

Increased passibility Designed for off-road and soft soils. Use such tires is preferably only with a rare highway movement. Otherwise they will be faster and create high level noise.

Also tires can be classified on the form of a profile
Ordinary profile(82-70% of the width of the tire, for example, 165 / 70 R13)
Low profile (65-50% of the width of the tire, for example, 225 / 60 R17)
Ultra low-powered (<50 % от ширины шины, например, 255/40 R18)
Wide-profile - Apply on heavy cargo vehicles, all-wheel drive cars and trailers. Their use allows you to increase the passability of the car (on certain soils), reduce the consumption of materials, as they are used often on the same bus, instead of dual
Arched - They are installed on the back axis of trucks on one bus, instead of two ordinary profiles. The arched tire protector has rarely located primrates. The use of these tires sharply increases the passability of cars on mild soils, sand, snowy virgin, wetlands. The use of them on the roads with solid coating is limited.

Basic tire marking parameters

Manufacturers automotive tires Mark your products according to general requirements, so all the main characteristics can be viewed on the sidewall of the tires.
Marking can be in the metric, in an inch or indicated in the mixed system. We have tires are marked mainly in the metric system.
An example of marking in the metric system:

225/75R16 104R

The first parameter can go tire type
Type of tire - SERVICE TYPE) P. Lt. St. - (Special Trailer) Trailer, T.

225/75R16 104R
Tire width - (Section Width) Tire profile width in millimeters from one sidewall to another.

225/75 R16 104r.
Profile width ratio to height - (Aspect Ratio) The percentage of the width of the tire profile to its width, in this example 75 indicates that the "tire width" / "tire height" \u003d 75%. If this designation is absent, it is considered to be 82%.

225/75R 16 104R
Tire design [R] – INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION) Designation that displays the features of the construction of the Cord Tires. Possible values: R. - (Radial) Radial Type bus frame (common error, when the letter R is taken for the designation of the radius). In the tires of the radial type, the cord frame of the tires stretch from the side to the board and rubberized threads do not overturn, and lie parallel to each other throughout the circumference of the tire and thereby form a layer of frame. D. - (Diagonal) Diagonal frame type. The feature of the construction of diagonal tires is that the cord threads are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel. In one layer, the threads go in one direction, in another layer - the opposite. As a result, the threads of the neighboring layers are crossed. B - (Bias Belt) Diagonal-groaning tire. The carcass of the tire of such a design is similar to the diagonal tires, but there is still a breaker in such a tire, as in radial tires. If this designation is absent, this means that the tire has a diagonal type of frame.

225/75R16 104R
Tire diameter - Rim Diameter) Planting tire diameter or mounting tire diameter. The distance in inches from one inner edge of the tire to another is also equal to the diameter of the disk rim.

225/75R16 104 R
Load Index - Load Index Shows the maximum allowable load on one bus at optimum tire pressure, with the maximum permissible speed. In addition to this, the load may be indicated on the tire - Max Load (in kg). Translation table of load index in kilograms.

Duplication of the maximum load index (1984lbs or 900kg.)

225/75R16 104R
Speed \u200b\u200bindex [R] – (Speed \u200b\u200bSymbol) Shows the maximum permissible speed of the car on tires at full load. Operating tires at maximum permissible speeds and load significantly reduces their resource. It is not recommended to use tires per 100% possible load and 100% permissible speed - this may result in their destruction. Speed \u200b\u200bIndex Translation Table in numerical values.

IN inch system Dimensions, respectively, inch.
For example, tire parameters 35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R decipher:

35 x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
External diameter Tires in inches

35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
Bus width – (Section Width) Bus width in inches. (Please note that this is the width of the tires, and not the protector part. For example, for a tire with a specified 10.5 inches width of the protector part will be equal to 26.5, and 23 cm, and the protector part 26.5 cm will be at the tire with the specified width 12.5.) If the outer diameter is not specified, the profile is calculated as follows: if the bus width ends on zero (for example 7.00 or 10.50), then the height of the profile is considered to be 92%, if the width of the bus is not ends on zero (for example 7.05 or 10.55), then the profile height It is considered to be 82%

35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
Tire design [R] – INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION) The designation says that the radial tire frame.

35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
Tire diameter - Rim Diameter) Planting tire diameter or mounting tire diameter.

35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
Type of tire - SERVICE TYPE) Optional designation (required by DOT for North America) shows the tire assignment. Possible values: P. - (PASSENGER CAR Designation) passenger car, Lt. - (Light Truck) Light truck, St. - (Special Trailer) Trailer, T. - (Temporary) temporary, used only for spare tires.

35x12.50 R 15 LT 113 R
Load Index - Load Index Shows the maximum allowable load on one bus at optimum tire pressure, with the maximum permissible speed.

35x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
Speed \u200b\u200bindex [R] – (Speed \u200b\u200bSymbol) Shows the maximum permissible speed of the car on tires at full load.

For diagonal Tires was taken marked in a mixed system.
for example 8,40-15/215-15

Here
8,40 - Tire width in inches
15 - disk diameter in inches
After the fraction there is a tire width designation in millimeters and disk diameter in inches

Advanced labeling parameters tires

Tire operating conditions

Winter - Winter tires.
Snowflake pictogram - Tires are marked for operation in harsh winter conditions.

Aqua, Rain, Water, Aquatred, AquacontAct, etc. (or umbrella pictogram)- indicates that the tires are effective on the wet road.

AS, all season or agg.t. (All Grip Traction) - Designation of all-season tires

AW or ANY WEATHER - All Construction

M + S (MUD + SNOW) or M & S - Dirt and snow, winter or all-season tires are specially designed to improve the car charter when moving on dirt or snow. At the end of the labeling can stand " E." - studded tires.

If the above-described tires are missing on the sidewall, then this tire is intended for use only in summer conditions.

All-Terrain. - Designation for all-terrestrial tires with universal properties intended for SUVs.

Max Pressure.- The maximum allowable pressure is measured in the kPa.

Max Load. - The maximum allowable load on the tire is measured in kg (or English pounds).

Rotation with guide arrow - Applied to tires with a directional pattern of the tread, indicates the direction of rotation of the tire.

Dot. - Compliance with US standards. The US Department of Transport, requires tire manufacturers to assess the quality of tires [Classification of tires in quality], except winter tires. This code determines the company and factory, soil, batch, and production date (2 figures for the week of the year plus 2 digits for the year; or 2 numbers for the week of the year plus 1 digit for the year for tires made up to 2000)

E in circle - Tires are marked with ECE (ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE). The number indicates the country of approval.

Reinforced. (or letters Rf at the end of the size) - indicate that the tire is amplified, used for cars with increased lifting capacityand has 6 layers. Letter C. In the sizer, indicates a cargo tire having 8 layers.

XL (Extra Load) - reinforced tire.

Radial - Radial construction tire. The same thing as the letter R in the sizes.

Steel BELTED - So in the construction of the tire, there is a metallic cord.

Outside, Side Facing Out – outer side Tires with asymmetric pattern of tread. When installing, the inscription outside must be from the outside of the machine.

Inside, Side Facing Inwards - The inner side of the tire with asymmetric pattern of the tread. When installing, Inside must be on the inside of the machine.

Retread. - restored;

Plies. - Tire design features - Tread Area: - composition of the tread layer; Sidewall: - composition of the sidewall layer.

Tubeless or TL. - Marking of tubeless tires. The lack of this label indicates that the use of this tire is possible only with the camera.

TUBE TYPE, TT or MIT Schlauch - The tire must only be operated with the camera.

Parameters reflecting the quality of tires, according to the American quality classification system of automotive tires UTOG:
TRACTION A, B or C - Coupling coefficient with road surface or tire's ability to brake.
Takes values \u200b\u200bA, B, C. Coefficient A means the largest clutch value in its class.
Temperature A, B or C- An indicator characterizing the heat resistance of the tire. Possible values \u200b\u200bA, B and C. Indicator A is the best
Treadwear 200. - The wear resistance coefficient is determined relative to the base bus (it is 100) of a particular manufacturer. It turns out as a result of standard tests in the United States.

TWI (Tread Wear Index) or Twid - Indicates the location of the projector wear indicators, protrusions at the bottom of the tread grooves. When the protector is erased to the level of these indicators, the operation of the tire is considered unsafe and it is time to replace it.

Tire manufacturing date (four digits, enclosed in oval or rectangle with rounded corners) - The first two digits indicate the sequence number of the week a year, the next two years of manufacture.

DA (stamp) - indicate minor production defects that do not prevent normal operation.

The bus is also indicated:
Trademark, manufacturer name
Brand (tire model).
Made in ... - The name of the country of the tire manufacturer.

FB - (Flat Base) - Tire marking without protecting the rim disk.

FR - (Flage Protector) - Tire marking with the protection of the rim disk.

Green X, Reduces CO2 - Tire designations with low rolling resistance, indicate fuel savings due to the use of such tires.

Runflat, Runonflat, HP, SSR, SST - Designations indicating that these emergency tires provide the ability to continue moving even when the wheel is lowered.

RPB (RIM Protection Bar) or MFS - (Maximum Flange Sheild) - protection of the rim of the disk from damage to borders and sidewalks.

Colored tags used for tire marking:

Yellow marking on the tire (Round or triangular label) on the sidewall means the easiest place on the bus. When installing new tire On the disk, yellow label must be combined with the hardest disk space. This is usually the place where nipple is mounted. This allows you to improve the wheel balancing and put the weights of smaller weight.
On tires with mileage, this yellow marking - the label is not as relevant, because, as a rule, with the wear of the tires, its balance is shifted.

Red marking (red dot on tire) - means the place of maximum power inhomogeneity, the manifestation of which is usually associated with various compounds of different tire layers during its manufacture. These inhomogeneities are an absolutely normal phenomenon, and they have all tires. But usually marked with red dots only those tires that go to the primary package of cars, i.e. When the car leaves the factory.
This red mark is combined with white labels on the disks (white marking marking on disks are also installed mainly for the primary configuration of the car), which indicate the closest place to the wheel center. This is done so that the maximum inhomogeneity in the bus has minimally affected when driving, providing a more balanced power characteristic wheels. With the usual tire terminal, it is not recommended to pay attention to the labeling of the tire with a red mark, and to be guided by a yellow label that combines it with the nipple.

Marking - White stamp with digit Means the inspector number, which performed the final inspection of the tire at the factory

Colored stripes On the tire protector are made to make it more convenient to "identify" a tire in stock. All models of tires and various sizes are different, these labeling. Therefore, when the tires stand in stacks in warehouses, it is immediately clear that this stack of tires has the same size and model. No other semantic load of these colored stripes on the tire do not have.

Often manufacturers indicate tire pictograms:

Graphic symbol depicting snowflake on mountain background Tires are labeled for operation in the harsh winter conditions. This symbol is enacted by American and Canadian manufacturers. It is known under the acronym 3pmsf (Three Peak Mountain Snow Flake)

Pictograms on a universal (all-season) tire.
From left to right, this means: summer, rain, snow, fuel saving, confident passage of turns. Others, if you introduce similar badges, try to keep them on the company's website, because this information is needed only when you choose tires.