What is the opposite engine in Subaru characteristic. How it works: SUBARU horizontal-opposite engines. The history of the occurrence of the oppository

The opposite engine is the engine form of the engine internal combustion A car having a special structure: its pistons are located at the unfolded angle and move the horizontal plane towards each other and in the opposite side (from each other). Another adjacent piston pair is located in the same position (for example, at the top).

The interaction of the pistons inside the engine resembles a boxing round, from here and another device name is a boxer. The design of the mechanism involves the installation of each piston on separate cervix crankshaft. The number of cylinders in the opposite engine can be from 2 to 12, but always even. The most popular devices with four and six cylinders (four- and six-cylinder boxers).

On modern automotive market Many brands of cars are represented, each of which holds its own concept of equipping cars. Two firms are now engaged in the development and use of opposite engines: Subaru and Porsche. Previously, the opposite engine was installed on cars such as Alfa Romeo, Honda, Chevrolet, Volkswagen, Ferrari and others.

The first opposite engine operating on diesel fuel, Subaru was issued in 2008. This is a four-cylinder oppositor with a capacity of 2 liters, capable of developing power up to 150 hp. When developing it uses the Common Rail system.

On some models of Porsche cars, engines with six cylinders are used (Sayman, 911). For sports class cars, eight and twelve-cylinder opposite engines of high power were developed. Many professionals say that only six-cylinder opposites, four- and two-cylinders are different from the work of ordinary engines, are almost similar.

Opposite boxer - Basic principles of work

The initial development of the horizontal opposite boxer does not belong to the company Subaru, as inclined to think many. Motors of this type have already been used earlier on passenger buses Ikarus, as well as on motorcycles (both domestic "Dnipro, MT" and foreign production "Enduro tourist BMW R1200GS and others"). In addition, similar engines have long been used in military transport, in particular, in domestic tanks.

Naturally, such a structure of the engine has its pros and cons. Consider them in the most detailed.

Benefits of the opposite boxer

Porsche Opposite Engine Photos

1. Promotes the displacement of the center of gravity. The mass is distributed near the axis, which makes it possible to significantly improve the controllability of the machine. For many, this factor is decisive when choosing a motor and a car, especially this is true for Russian roads.
2. Lack of vibration when working. Engines with a standard structure and vertically positioned cylinders during operation vibrate, transmitting the waves of the entire design, which is not very comfortable for the driver.
3. Long work. The resource of the opposite boxer installed in Subaru is so large that it allows to operate a car for a long time (it is enough for more than a million kilometers).

Disadvantages of the opposite engine

Picture Picture Opposite Engine Subaru Outback 2015

1. Requires expensive service. Often the repair of ordinary buildings is carried out independently or in car dealers for a small amount. However, in the case of the opposite boxer it is impossible. Its design is too complicated, so the installation is better to entrust professionals. Moreover, such services will have to pay a decent amount of money.
2. From the first drawback, the second flows - even if there are sufficient funds for maintaining this type of engine, difficulties may have difficulty finding a qualified specialist who can produce quality service.
3. The complexity of the boxer device contributes to the cost of its component parts, which creates additional costs during repair.
4. Increased flow car Oil. Normal Engine It consumes no more than three hundred and oil grams for the period of its functioning, and the opposite is much greater.

Subaru is not going to change the opposite engines to standard, as its representatives tend to believe that it will be a big step back. At the level of sales of cars of this brand, the maintenance of the engine maintenance does not affect no way, since the machines have proven themselves exclusively on the positive side.

Modern piston engines Internal combustion (DVS) can be classified based on criteria such as the type of fuel consumed and the location of the cylinders. If, with the separation of engines based on a variety of fuel, everything is more or less understandable even to people, very far from the technique, then everything is not so obvious with the separation of cylinders. In this material, we will look at one of the types of DVS with an unusual location of the cylinders, namely the opposite engine. Here you will learn about what is the opposite engine, how it is arranged, what its pros and cons and where it is applied.

Construction and features of the Opposite Engine

Opposition Engine Scheme

Opposites are called such internal combustion engines, the angle of collapse of the cylinders of which is 180 °. The pistons in them are moving in a horizontal plane, and the mirror of each other relative to a friend. This means that they reach their top point at the same time. By the way, it is precisely this one of the main differences between the opposite power units from more common V-shaped: in them the movement of the pistons is carried out synchronously (when one of them is at the top point, the second is located in the bottom).

Thanks to this location of cylinders, opposite engines have a low severity center. In addition, their height is substantially less than that of V-shaped, they are more "flat" and occupy less space in the workapontal space. One of the distinguishing features of opposite engines is the presence of two gas distribution mechanisms (crankshafts they have, as well as in V-shaped, most often one). As for the principle of operation of these motors, it is exactly the same as in all other DVS: the movement of the pistons leading to the knee movement is carried out due to the pressure of the gases formed during the combustion of the fuel mixture.

Types of opposite engines

To date, there are three main varieties of opposite engines:

• Boxer;
• Opoc;
• 5 TDF.

They differ from each other mainly how the pistons are moving in them.

Boxer.In the opposite engines of this type, each piston is located in its own cylinder, and they are located at a certain distance from each other, which always remains constant. This is the main feature of such power aggregates. Since in the process of operation, the movement of their pistons resemble the movements of boxers in the ring, they received the name Boxer.

Opoc. This abbreviation is decrypted as Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder, and the design feature of the opposite engines of this type is that there are two pistons in each of the cylinders. They move towards each other. Opoc opposite engines are two-stroke, there are no cylinder block heads and valve drive mechanisms. Thanks to such a design, these power units have a small weight, and they are both gasoline and diesel.

5 TDF.This type of the opposite engine is domestic development. At one time, it was created specifically for installation on T-64 tanks, was somewhat later used in T-72. Just as in Opoc's opposite engine, there are two pistons in its cylinders, which move towards each other, but unlike him, each of them has on their own crankshaft. Combustion chambers in 5 TDF Opposite engines are located between the pistons, they work both on gasoline and diesel fuel. Now these power units are no longer produced.

Pros and cons of opposite engines

Crankshaft and pistons of the opposite engine

Like other types of internal combustion engines, opposite power units have both pros and cons. As for the pros, one of the most essential of them is a very low level of vibration during operation. These are such motors are obliged to the opposite arrangement of their pistons. The fact is that when driving, they mutually balance each other, and there is almost completely no imbalance of forces, which leads to the occurrence of vibrations.

This advantage of opposite engines entails and another significant plus: since vibrations are practically no, then the wear of moving parts occurs much slower than in, say, V-shaped engines. Accordingly, the resource of such motors is very large: the practice shows that the magnitude of their run to overhaul is about half a million kilometers. Some car owners on which opposite engines are installed, argue that this figure in practice is even more from 600,000 to 700,000 kilometers.

Another plus of power units of this type is in a low center of gravity. That is why they are often installed on sports cars. When turning turns at high speeds, opposite engines provide increased stability of machines. In addition, as mentioned above, the advantage of motors of this type is quite possible and their small height. For fairness, it should be noted that at the same time they are somewhat wider than the power units of other types (for example, the same V-shaped motors).

As for the minuses of opposite engines, the main ones are the following: high price and difficulty repair. The design of such motors implies the high accuracy of the manufacture of many of their main elements, the use of expensive high-strength materials. In addition, their assembly and commissioning are significantly more complex than similar procedures for V-shaped or row. Diagnostics and troubleshooting of opposite engines are possible only in the presence of specialized equipment and specially trained personnel. It goes without saying that even a minor repair of such motors costs the owners of the cars on which they are installed, non-sash.

Also significant disadvantage of opposite engines is considered significant oil consumption. However, according to such an indicator, as fuel consumption, they are still inferior to modern V-shaped and inline power units.

Scope of application of opposite engines

Opposite engines are not used at all as wide as V-shaped and row, but there is an automaker, which sets the motors of this type on their cars for half a century. This is the famous Japanese company Subaru. In addition, opposite aggregates can be found on some volkswagen models and Porsche, they were equipped with them soviet motorcycles "Ural" and "Dnipro", Hungarian buses "Ikarus".

It should be noted that in last years Interest in strength aggregates of this type has increased significantly. According to some data, research and development on the improvement of OPOC opposite engines conducted by a group of American engineers financed Bill Gates.

Video on the topic

According to the principle of operation, the subaru engine is similar to a standard row type. However, it is extremely characterized by a specific opposite position of cylinders, pistons. Piston Opposite Location is opposite each other.

Constructive Features of the SUBARU Power Unit

Subaru engine is set in a horizontal plane. Regardless of the model, these engines always have an even number of cylinders. Each piston pair is equipped with two camshafts. Increased 4 and 6-cylinder engines.

Visually opposite motorsSubaru seem more compact in comparison with other engines similar to volume and power. This effect is created, due to their flat form. In such a video force aggregate evenly fills the space in motor compartment. Structurally, it consists of a head and semi-blocks with cylinders.

The main advantages and disadvantages of opposite motors

The positive characteristics of the force aggregateSubaru are highlight it in the line of other internal combustion engines:

1. Due to the symmetrical distribution of the mass of the opposite motor at the axis, the low location of the center of gravity, as well as the lower probability of displacement, creates minimal loads on the rear wheels.
2. A long operational period (1000,000 kilometers) allows overhaul The engine is much later than the analogs.
3. Lack of vibrations, thanks to which Subaru's motors are very comfortable for passengers and drivers.

The owners of sports cars appreciated counterbalance and balance of pistons that attach increased stability of this engine and the car as a whole.

Subaru engines repair is extremely rare. This is due to the high quality of these motors and the lack of vibrations (especially in six-cylinder models).

Disadvantages:

• high cost of service activities;
• the price of spare parts;
• the need to look for highly professional masters specializing in engines of this species;
• increased consumption of lubricants.

It is categorically not recommended to repair Opposite Motors to Subaru.

Here it is necessary to use specialized tools and equipment. Many parts located horizontally and non-standard, have no free access without a qualified approach.

When conducting repair work It is necessary to use only original spare parts. The quality, professionally renovated, the SUBARU engine with branded details and nodes must correspond to a new power unit.

Which oil is better to use for Subaru

Many car owners are interested in the question of which oil pouring into the subaru car car. In the manufacture of cars, specific recommendations are given on the selection of lubricating products to each machine. When deviating from the requirements of automakers, malfunctions appear in the operation of power units.

The service car contains detailed information on the recommended brand. motor oil. For the Subaru motor - it is 5W-30.

If the owner will pour this oil In the engine of its car, problems with the stability of work and with the launch (at ambient temperature from minus 30 ° C to plus 30 ° C) will not. These results are obtained during oil testing.

SUBARU5W-30 engine oil refers to the class of all-season synthetic materials. Experienced motorists have long been familiar with this product and its characteristics. Especially good results gives its use at the stage of the primary running in the machine. With sufficiently low viscosity oil engine develops maximum speed And minimally consume fuel.

A distinctive feature of energy efficient lubricant Subaru 5W-30 is its ability to significantly cool the engine items when the car is running in extreme conditions. In the presence of a turbocharger in Subaru Motors, this grease It is most preferred.

Main advantages lubricant Subaru 5W-30:

1. Ensuring maximum engine protection from wear and oxidation.
2. Subaru oil contributes to the increasing power of the motor.
3. Preservation useful properties With temperature drops.
4. Good cleaning effect.
5. Confronting the formation of harmful deposits.

I continue to tell about the internal combustion engines. And I love to tell about not clear engines for a simple alignment, for example, from Volkswagen. Today, no less interesting engine, which is also installed on a narrow circle of cars. It will be about the opposite engine. Mostly now such aggregates use Subaru, as well as Volkswagen Group Corporation, in its cars. So what kind of engine is this? Read on ...

- an internal combustion engine in which the pistons are horizontally (or at an angle of 180 degrees), unlike online engine Internal combustion, whose pistons are vertically. That is, simple words - you can call a horizontal engine. Pistons of such an aggregate are located - two on the right and two left. During operation, the pistons converge and diverge in the horizontal plane. Since the pistons are divided, each group of pistons has (two on the right and two left), two distributive shaft. That is, on the right two camshafts - 8 valves and the same on the left. Gas distribution mechanisms in the opposite engine (distribution shafts and valves) are vertically, unlike the row classical engine, where they are horizontally. Here is a small scheme.

The first opposite engines appeared in 1938, they were installed on volkswagen cars Käfer (in the package of Volkswagen Beetle). It is the company Volkswagen for the first time developed a horizontal opposite engine. Some modern carsIncluded in Volkswagen Group are now completed with such engines (for example, Porsche 997, Porsche Boxster, etc.). Also in the 40s of the past, Subaru has led its independent development of its engine. To this day, Subaru completes its cars with horizontally - opposite engines.

What was the opposite engine for?

It was created to reduce the center of gravity of the car. Probably everyone knows that the lower the center of gravity, the better the driving characteristics of the car, on the corners of the car rolls will be less.

Pluses of the opposite engine

1) As I wrote above, it was created to reduce the center of gravity of the car, which is very well affected by the running characteristics.

2) Another plus is the location of the cylinders. When moving to each other in the horizontal plane, extraneous vibrations are much stronger. Therefore, this engine is considered much quieter of its row or V - shaped fellow.

3) Also from the pros, I want to note a large resource of this type of engine. For example, Subaru engines have a resource of about 1,000,000 kilometers, with proper use and timely replacement consumables.

Cons of the opposite engine

1) The first and most significant minus is the complex repair of such an engine.

2) a complex structure, and therefore, the expensive price of this engine.

3) Complex maintenance.

This unit is durable, but complex in structure. Its dynamic characteristics are similar to a row gasoline engine. Power and consumption. And now a small video.

Supposition engine Subaru video

On this, let me finish, I think it has become a little clear what it is and how it works.

Supposition-horizontal engine Subaru

The pistons are at an angle of 180 ° and move horizontally to each other. At the same time, two adjacent pistons are always in the same position, for example in the upper dead point.

Recently, Subaru's engine was called the "boxer." The movement of the pistons very much resembles a boxer duel in the ring. The special design of the engine is that each piston (together with the connecting rod) is separately installed on the crankshaft rod crankshaft. The engine always has an even number of cylinders. That is, two, four, six and so on. The most popular aggregates are engines with four and six cylinders.

Many people think that this is a V-shaped motor with an angle of collapse of 180 degrees. Yes, externally there is similarity: the neighboring pistons with rods are located on one connecting head. And if one piston is in the upper dead point, then, accordingly, the other is in the bottom.

The beginning of the opposite engines

In the last century (1938) developed the first opposite engines. At first, they were installed only on auto Volkswagen. Käfer or Volkswagen Beetle. VOLKSWAGEN experts invented the horizontal motor. Some of the Volkswagen Group machines and in our time have such motors. In 1940, Subaru mechanics began working on a new engine. Even now, Subaru has installed opposite engines into its cars.

Pluses of the engine Subaru.

Here are some features of the opposite engine:

Low center of gravity. The feature has a positive effect on the running characteristics.

Cylinder location. Thanks to successful placement, the engine works much quieter. Cylinders are moving towards each other in the horizontal plane, and there are almost no vibration. It is easy to quit.

Big resource. The motor can operate throughout driving 1 million kilometers. Of course, it is permissible if the engine is correctly used and consumables change timely.

Minuses of the engine Subaru.

Opposite motors are very hardy to use. But still, there are cons. Namely:

Repairing such a motor is very difficult.

The price of a motor high. In most price depends on the complex structure;

Technically serve such a motor is not easy.

Although we discussed the pros and cons of the opposite motor, it is very powerful. Dynamic characteristics very similar to the characteristics gasoline engine. Similarity lies in the strength and consumption of fuel.

Reliable SUBARU engines

There are 3 low-volume engines: EJ15, EJ16, EJ18.

Although they are not "million miners," yet they are durable. Suitable for cars C-class. Motor is not large, just 1.5 liters. There is no difficulty in the structure. But owns all the necessary details. There are 2 head heads.

One of best engines - two-liter SOHC: EJ20E, EJ20J, EJ201, EJ202.

Although such motors are hard to maintain, it is compensated by the strength that is in the normalized balance sheet of the Motion. Owners of such engines can boast of their safety. It is no worse than the inline four cylinder engines from Toyota with the same volume. This unit works on 92th gasoline. Fuel consumption is small. After the mileage of two hundred and two hundred fifty thousand kilometers, you need to replace the rings.

Mid-level motors include DOHC atmospheric (two liter): EJ20D; EJ204. These aggregates are considered reliable. They have a fairly high motor.

Specificity maintenance Engine:

Hard to replace the candles;

Replacing the belt of the gas distribution mechanism passes without errors;

Mechanical work - after removing the motor;

The engine runs on a 95th gasoline.

Engines Subaru Impreza. wRX STI and Forester with turbines

Although fuel consumption is not high, the power devices with a turbine operate 100%. But there is one disadvantage: with such work, the motor is rapidly exhausted. Some of the vehicles with such an engine suits the mode: racing, repair, racing again ... But if, a person wants to use the car more often than repairing it, then this is impossible with such an engine.

For example, EJ20G and EJ205 engines are made with turbocharging. Their motor was limited to one hundred fifty thousand kilometers. After that, it is not enough to make the standard repair of the motor. Most often, the engines are ejected. After such a run, the rod is broken, the pistons are destroyed and this indicates emergency wear.

But other turbo motors: 1) EJ20K; 2) EJ206; 3) EJ207; 4) EJ208.

Even 100,000 kilometers for such a motor is very good result. Often, cars with such an engine only one owner. They are not purchased for them to resist in the garage. The owner of the car has time to "kill" him in a short time.

SUBARU engine updates

FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD workers made changes to the engine:

Dynamic characteristics have improved;

Gas exhaust has become cleaner.

To achieve this, they increased compression ratio in the middle of the cylinders. Also had to increase the stroke of the piston and reduce its volume. In turn, the volume of the combustion chamber also decreased.

A system of gas distribution was improved. Due to this, gas exchange improved in the middle of the cylinders. Valves began to work at the right moment. Strength has become much higher, and the fuel consumption has significantly decreased. Which is no less important, carbon dioxide in exhaust pipe noticeably decreased.

Working on the modernization of the apparatus, the experts brought the mass of the main moving elements to a minimum, thereby not sacrificed with quality and durability. How did you manage to achieve this result? They put items that are much easier than analogues. Of course, the cost of the motor did not decrease, but reliability has grown. The engine has invested a new oil pump. It lubricates all workers and elements of the engine very well. Such significant changes led to the fact that the engine's motor was increased by 30%!

Recycling the cooling system, developers managed to achieve even greater efficiency. Due to the fact that the engine has a system from separate cooling modules for the GBC and a block with cylinders, the device warms up much faster. Such a system protects the motor from overheating.