Real position with diesel fuel. Sulfur in diesel fuel: problem and solution Sulfur content PPM

Diesel fuel is the old enough, but still in demand of the fuel for piston and if earlier the area of \u200b\u200bits application was limited due to low quality and toxic combustion products, now more and more cars are equipped with diesel engines, and scientists work on those To raise performance features And make diesel fuel environmentally friendly.

What is diesel fuel

Diesel fuel is severe oil fractions, the basis of which are hydrocarbons with high - 200-350 ° C - boiling point. Used as fuel in diesel engines and gas diffuses.

Why in diesel? Because in contrast to gasoline engineswhere a mixture of gasoline with air is set on fire from sparks, in a diesel piston engine, fuel is self-propagated with strong compression.

Externally, diesel fuel is transparent, with greater viscosity than gasoline, fluid, the color of which can be yellow, and brown different shades. The color affects the resins in the fuel.

When combustion, any fuel produces energy. Diesel fuel, except for this main task, performs several more important functions in the engine. It lubricates the surface of the combustion chamber walls in fuel nozzles and pumps, cools the combustion chamber walls and adjusts the exhaust parameters on the engines.

Marine and river vessels, diesel locomotive, military and trucks - Almost all heavy transport works on diesel engines.

The past decades are popular in developed countries in Europe, the passenger car becomes diesel fuel. Fuel consumption by 40% in diesel engine less, and traction force, power, permeability and safety exhaust gases More than in gasoline.

It is economical in operation and at the cost of fuel. It is used in diesel electrical generators of stationary and in the boilers of autonomous heating systems.

Solar oil, which is popularly called simply diesel fuel, is a residual diesel fuel with a high viscosity and a boiling point to 400 ° C. This type of fuel is used for low-speed engines on water and rail transport, tractors. In addition, the solarium impregnate the skin in the leather industry. The solarium oil is part of the dispensable-coolant during metal processing with cutting and hardening fluid during their heat treatment.

Main characteristics

The cetane number (the main parameter of diesel fuel) characterizes fuel flammability. It determines the period of delay in the combustion of the working mixture, that is, the time that passes between the fuel injection into the cylinder and the beginning of its combustion. The smaller this period of time, the quantane number is higher, and the engine warming is less. True, the smoke of the exhaust increases, which becomes critical at the cetane number above 55.

For the processes of injection and fuel injection, its viscosity is important, on which lubricating characteristics depend on

It depends on its efficiency and efficiency, because the higher the density, the more energy is produced during combustion.

An important characteristic is the amount of sulfur that contains diesel fuel. These are sulfur compounds that reduce corrosion resistance fuel system.

The limiting temperature of the diesel fuel is also indicated by the limiting temperature of the filterness, that is, such a temperature at which the diesel fuel is so much that it does not pass at all or very slowly through the filter with certain sizes.

It is below the turbidity temperature, that is, temperatures at which the paraffin, which is contained in the fuel, begins to crystallize.

Until 2015, diesel fuel in Russian standards was divided by types. In the State Standard introduced in January 2015, the separation coincides with the division into environmental classes in accordance with the European standard and occurs depending on the sulfur content in the fuel. The content of sulfur no more than 350, 50 and 10 mg / kg corresponds to the form I, view II and type III on outdated and environmental classes K3, K4 and K5 in a new one state Standard respectively.

It is not recommended to use fuel in which high sulfur content, since it increases harmful emissions into the atmosphere, corrosion and wear of the fuel system elements are accelerated, respectively, the cost of frequent replacement of filters and oils increases.

As a rule, the improvement of some properties leads to the deterioration of others. The decrease in the sulfur content is to reduce the lubricating properties of diesel fuel. Therefore, various additives add to the fuel to save one of the main functions.

Sort diesel fuel

Diesel fuel varieties differ in temperature below which it is impossible to use fuel. As a criterion uses the limiting temperature of the filterness. Moreover, the varieties are divided by summer and interseasonal diesel fuel with this indicator not lower than -20 ° C.

The variety A is characterized by a temperature not lower than 5 ° C above zero. For each next grade B, C, D, E and F, the indicator is reduced by 5 ° C.

An example is the euro diesel fuel, grade with, view II and III or in new version Environmental classes K4 and K5 with a filtral temperature of up to five degrees below zero and sulfur content no more than 50 and 10 milligram per kilogram of fuel.

Classes of diesel fuel

The division into the classes of diesel fuel for winter or cold climate occurs not only by the temperature of the filtrality, the second characteristic is the cloud temperature.

In winter and arctic diesel fuel at low temperatures, the crystallization of paraffin begins, which worsens the characteristics.

If there is not a letter in the designation of diesel fuel after the designation of DT, and the figure, it means that this fuel is winter or arctic.

The brands of diesel fuel

In physical and chemical and the conditions of use, diesel fuel is divided into four types, which are marked by capital letters of the alphabet:

Summer (L), which includes grades of fuel A, B, C, D with the limit filtral temperature from +5 to -10 ° C. This diesel fuel can be used at temperatures not lower than 0 ° C.

Intersonal (E), varieties E and F, with a temperature of up to -15 and -20 ° C, it is used in autumn, when the air temperature ranges from +5 to -5 ° C.

Winter (s), which is divided into classes C 0 3 and the temperature of the filtralability in the range from -20 to -38 ° C and is used at air temperature not lower than minus 20 ° C.

Arctic (a) class 4 fuel with a maximum filtral temperature of minus 44 ° C and ambient temperature up to minus 50 ° C (in documents, negative value is often accompanied by the word "minus", and not a badge to avoid inaccuracies).

Marking fuel

Diesel fuel brands include the name (DT), variety or class, depending on the conditions of application and the environmental class. That is, only two parameters are indicated in the brand: sulfur content and limiting filtral temperature.

Today you can meet the designations and new, and obsolete, for example, Dt winter euro 5 grade F, which is deciphered as winter diesel fuel with a sulfur content of no more than 50 mg / kg and the limit filtral temperature up to minus 20 ° C, that is, the most used in conditions Russian winters with high fuel environmental requirements.

This marking of L-0,2-62 still comes across, that is, the fuel of the summer highest grade, indicating the amount of sulfur (200 mg / kg) and flash temperatures of 62 ° C. Flash temperature The main indicator is not, but with equal other characteristics, the best for fire safety is considered to be fuel with a higher temperature.

How to store diesel fuel

For a regular consumer having personal car With a diesel engine, the question of storing diesel fuel is not worth it.

But for where the fuel is bought in bulk and is kept long enough, the storage problem is very relevant.

The storage of diesel fuel is possible at 20 ° C for a year and at temperatures above 30 0 C from six months to a year in hermetic containers protected from direct sunlight.

When stored, the fuel should not be contacted with copper, brass or zinc so that the fuel does not clog the products of chemical reactions with these metals. In addition, it should be protected from moisture and dust and should not have additives that can disintegrate during storage. For example, the types of diesel fuel with a high class of environmental friendliness add additives to increase the lubricating characteristics that decompose very quickly.

The effectiveness of this fuel is high, its scope is steadily growing. There are new grades of diesel fuel and new sources of it. Now there are already new developments, and diesel fuel is produced not only from oil. Maybe the future belongs to diesel fuel from vegetable oils.

GOST 305-2013

Interstate standard

Diesel fuel

Technical conditions

Diesel Fuel. Specifications.

ISS 75.160.20

Date of introduction 2015-01-01

Preface

Objectives, basic principles and procedure for conducting work on interstate standardization Installed GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Standards interstate, rules and recommendations on interstate standardization. Development, adoption rules , updates and cancellation "

Information about standard

1 Developed by an open joint-stock company "All-Russian Research Institute for Oil Processing" (JSC "VNII NP"), Technical Committee on Standardization of TC 31 "Oil Fuel and Lubricants"

2 introduced by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

3 Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol of November 14, 2013 N 44)

For the adoption voted:

4 by the order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of November 22, 2013 N 1871-ST Interstate Standard GOST 305-2013 was introduced as the National Standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2015

5 instead of GOST 305-82


Information on the changes to this standard is published by the E-annual information indicator "National Standards", and the text of the amendments and amendments - in the monthly information indicator "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or the cancellation of this Standard, the appropriate notification will be published in the National Standards Monthly Information Index. Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

1 area of \u200b\u200buse

1 area of \u200b\u200buse

This standard applies to diesel fuel (hereinafter referred to as fuel) for high-speed diesel and gas turbine engines ground and ship vehicles, obtained in the processing of oil and gas condensates, as well as for export.

Fuel with a sulfur content of 2000 mg / kg is supplied according to the state defense order and export.

This fuel is not allowed to be implemented through general gas station stations.

Classification of product groups on the territory of the Russian Federation on the All-Russian Product Classifier (OKP), designed to ensure reliability, comparability and automated processing of product information, is provided in Appendix A.

2 Regulatory references

This standard uses regulatory references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 12.1.005-88 Labor safety standards system. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area

GOST 12.1.007-76 Labor safety standards. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements

GOST 12.1.018-93 Labor safety standards. Fire-safety static electricity. General requirements

GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) System of labor safety standards. Firelessness of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their definition

GOST 12.4.010-75 Labor safety standards. Individual protection means. Special mittens. Technical conditions

GOST 12.4.011-89 Labor safety standards. Means of protecting working. General requirements and classification

GOST 12.4.020-82 Labor safety standards system. Individual hand protection. Nomenclature of quality indicators

GOST 12.4.021-75 Labor safety standards system. Ventilation systems. General requirements

GOST 12.4.034-2001 (EN 133-90) System of labor safety standards. Personal respiratory protection. Classification and marking

GOST 12.4.068-79 Labor safety standards. Individual protection means dermatological. Classification and general requirements

GOST 12.4.103-83 Labor safety standards system. Special protective clothing, personal protective equipment and hand. Classification

GOST 12.4.111-82 Labor safety standards system. Men's suits for protection against oil and petroleum products. Technical conditions

GOST 12.4.112-82 Labor safety standards system. Women's costumes for protection against oil and petroleum products. Technical conditions

GOST 17.2.3.02-78 Nature Protection. Atmosphere. Rules for establishing permissible emissions of harmful substances by industrial enterprises

GOST 33-2000 (ISO 3104-94) petroleum products. Transparent and opaque liquids. Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity

GOST EN 116-2013 Fuel diesel and furnace household. Method for determining the limiting temperature of the filterness

GOST 1461-75 Oil and petroleum products. The method of determining ashness

GOST 1510-84 Oil and petroleum products. Marking, Packaging, Transportation and Storage

GOST 2070-82 Light oil products. Methods for determining iodine numbers and content of unsaturated hydrocarbons

GOST ISO 2160-2013

GOST 2177-99 (ISO 3405-88) petroleum products. Methods for determining the fractional composition

GOST 2517-2012 Oil and petroleum products. Sampling methods

GOST ISO 2719-2013 petroleum products. Methods for determining the flash temperature in the closed penalty of Pensky Martens

GOST 3122-67 fuel diesel. Method for determining the cetane number

GOST ISO 3405-2013 petroleum products. Method for determining the fractional composition at atmospheric pressure

GOST 5985-79 Petroleum products. The method of determining acidity and acid number

GOST 6307-75 petroleum products. Method for determining the presence of water-soluble acids and alkalis

GOST 6321-92 (ISO 2160-85) fuel for engines. Test method on a copper plate

GOST 6356-75 petroleum products. Method for determining the flash temperature in a closed crucible

GOST 17323-71 Engine fuel. Method for determining mercaptan and hydrogen sulfur with potentiometric titration

GOST 19121-73 petroleum products. Method for determining the sulfur content in the lamp

GOST 19433-88 Loads dangerous. Classification and marking

GOST 19932-99 (ISO 6615-93) petroleum products. Determination of the cumacity by Conradson

GOST ISO 20846-2012 Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content by ultraviolet fluorescence

GOST 22254-92 Diesel fuel. Method for determining the limiting temperature of the filterness on the cold filter

GOST 32139-2013 Oil and petroleum products. Determination of the sulfur content by the method of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectrometry

GOST 32329-2013 Petroleum products. Determination of corrosion impact on the copper plate

GOST 32392-2013 Petroleum products. Determination of coke residue by micrometeode

GOST 32508-2013 Diesel fuel. Definition of a cetane number

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the action of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or on the National Standards Annual Information Signal, which is published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information pointer "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard should be guided by replacing (modified) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, the position in which the reference is given to it is applied in a portion that does not affect this link.

3 Classification

3.1 Depending on the conditions of application, fuel is divided into brands:

- L - summer, recommended for operation at ambient temperature minus 5 ° C and higher;

- E - the off-season, recommended for operation at ambient temperature minus 15 ° C and higher:

- W - winter, recommended for operation at ambient temperature up to minus 25 ° C (the limiting temperature of the filtrality - no higher than minus 25 ° C) and up to minus 35 ° C (the limiting temperature of the filterness is not higher than minus 35 ° C);

- A - Arctic, recommended for operation at ambient temperature minus 45 ° C and higher.

4 Legend

4.1 In the conventional fuel designation indicate:

- for the brand L - the outbreak temperature and ecological fuel class.

An example of the conditional designation of diesel fuel brand L, with an outbreak temperature of 40 ° C, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-L-40-K2 byGOST 305-2013 ;

For the brand E is the limit temperature of the filterness and the ecological class of fuel.

An example of the conditional designation of diesel fuel Mark E, with a filtral temperature of minus 15, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-E-minus 15-K2GOST 305-2013 ;

For the brand З - the limit temperature of the filterness and the ecological class of fuel.

An example of the conventional designation of diesel fuel of the brand Z, with a filtral temperature of minus 25, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

Dt-z-minus 25-k2 byGOST 305-2013 ;

For the brand A - the ecological class of fuel.

An example of the conditional designation of diesel fuel of the brand A, the environmental class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:

DT-A-K2 byGOST 305-2013 .

5 Technical requirements

5.1 Fuel must comply with the requirements of this standard and manufactured according to the approved technology. Fuel should be made using technology and with additives, which were used in the manufacture of pilot-industrial designs and passed tests with positive results.

5.2 In physical and chemical and operational indicators, fuel must comply with the requirements specified in Table 1.


Table 1 - Fuel Requirements

5.3 The fuel may contain dyes (except green and blue colors) and tag substances.

5.4 The fuel may contain additives that do not harm the life and health of citizens, the environment, the property of individuals and legal entities, the life and health of animals and plants.

The fuel should not contain metal-containing additives, with the exception of antistatic additives.

6 Precision Test Methods

6.1 Precision is established in standards for test methods to which references are given in this standard. In case of disagreement in assessing test results, you should use standards and.

7 Safety Requirements

7.1 The fuel is a low-hazard fluid and according to the degree of impact on the human body refers to the 4th class of danger in accordance with GOST 12.1.007.

7.2 The fuel is irritating the mucous membrane and human skin, causing its defeat and the occurrence of skin diseases. Permanent contact with fuel can cause sharp inflammation and chronic eczema.

7.3 The maximum permissible concentration of vapor aliphatic hydrocarbons in the air of the working area is 300 mg / m in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005.

Requirements for extremely permissible concentrations (MPC) of fuel in the atmospheric air of populated places, in water of water bodies of economic and drinking and consumer water use, in the soil and control of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area in accordance with the approved regulatory documents.

7.4 In accordance with GOST 12.1.044, the fuel is a flammable liquid.

Explosive concentration of fuel vapor in the mixture with air - 2% vol. - 3% about.

The temperature of self-ignition fuel grades L, E - 300 ° C, the brand s - 310 ° C, the brand A - 330 ° C; Temperature limits of ignition:

- L, E - lower 69 ° C, upper 119 ° C.

- z - lower 62 ° C, upper 105 ° C;

- A - lower 57 ° C, upper 100 ° C.

7.5 When fueling, the following fire extinguishing agents are used: sprayed water, foam; With volumetric heating - carbon dioxide, compounds of the SZB and "3.5", superheated steam.

7.6 In the storage premises and the use of fuel is prohibited to use open fire; Electrical networks and artificial lighting should be explosion-proof.

When working with fuel, it is not allowed to use tools giving the spark when hitting.

7.7 Capacities and pipelines intended for storage and transportation of fuel must be protected from static electricity in accordance with GOST 12.1.018.

7.8 When fueling the fuel, it is necessary to assemble it into a separate container, and the spill place to wipe with a dry cloth; When spilling on an open site, the spill place must be inserted with sand with its subsequent removal and disposal in accordance with the sanitary standards approved in the prescribed manner.

7.9 Fuel Work Premises must be equipped with generally sub-exhaust ventilation with mechanical motivation that meets the requirements of GOST 12.4.021. Places of intensive selection of fuel vapor must be equipped with local suction.

In addition to fuel storage, acids, oxygen cylinders and other oxidizers are not allowed.

7.10 When working with fuel, individual means of protection according to GOST 12.4.011, GOST 12.4.103, GOST 12.4.111, GOST 12.4.112 and typical sectoral standards approved in the prescribed manner.

In places with a fuel vapor concentration, it is necessary to use the filter gas masks of the PFMG brand with the BKF box and the PSH-1 hose gas mask or the same specified in GOST 12.4.034.

7.11 When working with fuel, it is necessary to follow personal hygiene rules.

7.12 If fuel comes to open parts of the body, it is necessary to remove it and rinse the skin with warm soap water; If you get an eye on the mucous membrane, it is necessary to rush the eyes with warm water.

Special protective mittens are used to protect the skin of hands 12.4.010, ointments and pastes according to GOST 12.4.068, as well as the means of individual protection of hands in GOST 12.4.020.

7.13 All fuel runs should be in the prescribed manner to pass the preliminary (when receiving work) and periodic medical examinations in accordance with the established requirements.

8 Environmental Protection Requirements

8.1 In order to protect atmospheric air from pollution emissions of harmful substances, control over the content of extremely permissible emissions in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.02 should be organized.

8.2 The main means of protecting the environment from harmful effects of fuel are the use of hermetic equipment in technological processes and operations related to the production, transportation, use and storage of fuel, as well as strict adherence to the technological regime.

8.3 In the production, storage and use of fuel, measures should be provided that exclude its hit in the system of household and storm sewers, as well as in open reservoirs and the soil.

9 Rules acceptance

9.1 Fuel take parties. The party is considered to be any amount of product manufactured during the continuous technological process, on the same technological documentation, uniform according to the component composition and quality indicators, accompanied by one quality document (product passport) issued at acceptance on the basis of the test of the unified sample. The mass of the combined sample is 2 DM fuel.

9.2 Product Passport issued by the manufacturer must contain:

- Product name and brand;

- the name of the manufacturer (authorized by the manufacturer of the person) or the importer, or the seller, their location (indicating the country);

- the designation of this Standard;

- regulatory values \u200b\u200band actual test results confirming the compliance of fuel with the requirements of this Standard and technical Regulations *;
_______________



- date of issue and passport number;

- signature of the person who has aroused the passport;

- information about the conformity declaration (if available);

- Information about the presence of additives in fuel.

9.3 Accompanying documentation for a batch of fuel produced into appeal is carried out in Russian and in the state language of the State Member of the CU, in whose territory this party will be in circulation.

9.4 When selling fuel, the Seller is obliged to provide information on the name and fuel brand, its compliance with the requirements of the Technical Regulation *.
_______________
* Operates in the territory of the countries of the Customs Union.


With the retail sale of fuel, it is necessary to provide information on the name, fuel brand, including the environmental class, which should be placed in places available to consumers, on fuel disadvantaged equipment, and also reflected in cash checks.

At the request of the consumer, the Seller is obliged to present a copy of the document on the quality (product passport) on fuel.

9.5 When obtaining unsatisfactory results of acceptance tests, at least one of the indicators shown in Table 1, conduct repeated tests on the sample again selected from the same batch. Results of repeated tests are final and distributed to the entire batch.

9.6 Indicators 9-13 Tables 1 are guaranteed by production technology and are determined 1 time per quarter.

Upon receipt of unsatisfactory results of periodic tests, at least one of the indicated test indicators is translated into the category of acceptance and conduct tests for this indicator before receiving positive results at least two parties in a row.

10 Test Methods

10.1 Sampling - according to GOST 2517 or according to standards.

10.2 In case of disagreements in assessing fuel quality, use the test method given in Table 1 first.

11 Marking, Transportation and Storage

11.1 Marking, transportation and storage of fuel - according to GOST 1510.

11.2 The shipper is applied to labeling, characterizing the transport hazard of fuels, according to the rules - and GOST 19433: Class - 3; subclass - 3.3; danger sign - 3; Classification cipher - 3313; UN number - 1202, emergency card - 315.

11.3 Transportation is carried out by rail and automotive tanks or motorcycle powers.

11.4 Fuel Storage - according to GOST 1510.

12 Manufacturer's guarantees

12.1 Manufacturer guarantees fuel compliance with the requirements of this standard, subject to the terms of transportation and storage.

12.2 Warranty shelf life of diesel fuel - 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Appendix A (Reference). Classification of product groups on the territory of the Russian Federation on the All-Russian Product Classifier (OKP)

Appendix A.
(Reference)

Table A.1.

Bibliography

UDC 665.753.4: 006.354 μs 75.160.20

Keywords: diesel fuel, technical conditions
____________________________________________________________________________________

Electronic document text
prepared Codex JSC and drilled by:
official edition
M.: Standinform, 2014

Sulfur in Diztopliva is considered to be one of the most important elements and occupies producers more than other elements. This component has a beneficial lubricant effect on the entire fuel system, but destructively affects the environment. Most countries have already switched exclusively at Euro-5, because this brand is beneficial among the analogues in its environmental indicators, and does not harm the fuel system.

Lubricity

• Euro 5 - 10 mg \\ kg;
• Euro-4 - 50 mg \\ kg;
• GOST 305-82 (ship fuel) - 5000 mg \\ kg;
• Euro-3 - 150 mg \\ kg;
• EN-590 - 10-50 mg \\ kg.

You can continue long enough, and periodically these standards are recognized as irrelevant and new ones are being replaced.

Do not forget about the main purpose of sulfur, because of which it is not yet possible to completely remove from the composition - lubrication of the fuel system and ensuring its work. Even the very modern additiveswhich are used by manufacturers are not able to completely replace this element.

Sulfuric acid

Many beginner chemists are worried about sulfur in diesel fuel precisely because of the formation of sulfuric acid when oxidizing in the engine, because There is a direct reaction with air. This reaction really occurs, but the only suffering elements is the upper compression rings, because the oil film is washed off from the sleeve. Next, this substance burns out to exhaust pipe Does not reach.

Environmental component

Before acquiring fuel, you should always specify how much sulfur diesel fuel. This step guarantees complete compliance with the existing environmental norms and will avoid even the slightest probability of fines due to non-compliance with environmental norms. In most cases, it makes sense to use only Euro-4 and 5 standards, because Only they guarantee exceptional environmental results.

If the work is carried out with an outdated agricultural machinery, here the number of sulfur can be neglected to significantly reduce the workflow. The diesel fuel is traditionally purchased for such works.

To make a choice of diesel fuel, call and order it in our company. Experienced managers will certainly help to consider all the nuances and make the right choice personally for your needs.

Constant improvement of technology and tightening environmental standards leads to an increase in requirements for quality of fuel . Much attention is paid to sulfur content in petroleum products and oil. This parameter is necessarily reflected in the quality passport.

Sulfur impurities are present in any oil grade and in all petroleum products by making up 0,05 before 6% from the total mass. Survy compounds are unevenly distributed over all fractions, even in deep peeled distillates. The high content of sulfur in fuel is undesirable for many reasons:

• sulfur toxic and causes unpleasant odor petroleum products
• reduces the resistance of gasoline to detonation,
• provocates increased integrated in cracking,
• increases corrosion activity,
• couples of sulfur compounds annoy the respiratory pathways of a person and worsen the state of the plants.

However, it is impossible to completely exclude sulfur from the fuel. For example, if the sulfur content in diesel fuel is below 0.035%, then its lubricants will significantly deteriorate, which leads to accelerating the wear of the elements of the car's fuel system. To prevent this, additives that improve lubricating properties are added to the diesel fuel. But they are still not allowed, as serial production has not yet been established. The only output is to reduce the amount of sulfur in petroleum products by establishing strict standards.

Sulfur classification of oil

GOST R 51858-2002 Defines the classes of oil in the content of sulfur:

• Class 1 - alone - sulfur in total weight of 0.6%.
• Class 2 - sulfur - sulfur in total weight to 1.8%.
• Class 3 - high-sulfur - sulfurs in total weight up to 3.5%.
• Class 4 - highly high-sulfur - sulfurs in a total weight above 3.5%.

Oil typically contains clean sulfur (her little) and its derivatives. IN quality passport It is indicated by the share of common sulfur (pure sulfur + sulfur-containing impurities). The higher the sulfur content in oil, the lower its value.

The main share of sulfur compounds (50-80%) in petroleum products are almost neutral sulphides and disulfides. The most "unpleasant" sulfur derivatives are mercaptans. It is they who cause a sharp smell and more others provoke corrosion and the formation of resins. The content of mercaptans is limited to several hundredths percent depending on the type of fuel and is indicated in the quality data sheet separately.

Calm rates for different types of fuel

Serious content standards are installed for all types of fuel. The most stringent requirements are presented to car gasolines and jet fuel. The permissible sulfur content in them from 0.02 to 0.1%. The same requirements are presented to solvent gasoline.

Diesel fuel in terms of sulfice is divided into ecological classes. Today in Russia, the issue and use of only DT Class Euro-5 With sulfur content less than 10 mg / kg.

How to reduce sulfur content

The removal of sulfur from fuel is carried out on oil refineries in two ways:

Pre-oil is passed through filters to release from mechanical impurities. And then it is processed by catalytic hydrogenation by high temperatures. The cost of the desolated oil is roughly half the value of primary raw materials, but in this way it is possible to obtain oil with a sulfur content of up to 1%.

The second method involves the removal of sulfur from a part of heavy oil fractions using vacuum distillation. These fractions are then hydrogenated with hydrogen. The resulting non-helen raw material is mixed with the bulk, and the total sulfur content is reduced by 80-95%.

One day, representatives of foreign automobiles expressed their assessment to Russian diesel fuel. They counted that it is hardly working on it the car engine is able to step up 600,000 km of run. Practice showed the opposite, and large mileage withstand. After applying for an explanation to such specialists of the "VNII NP", as Kraynikov V. D. and Bakalenik A. M., became clearly understood by the general picture.

Where sulfur in fuel

The presence of sulfur and its compounds in crude oil does not surprise anyone, it is simply contained in the elementary state. A elementary sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are rather aggressively cause metal corrosion, if you allow it to be in a diesel fuel or gasoline. In refineries, they derive them from the final product, the mercaptans are strictly limited. The limit on other compounds of sulfur is set up, above which it is impossible to move, and it is called a "mass fraction of sulfur".

Since this rate is becoming increasingly tough, oil processors are all more funds We spend on cleaning and production of diesel fuel, and it also grows in price. The sulfur is not completely removed, a small amount (within the normal range) still takes place in any "commercial" fuel.

A bit of history and chemistry

According to this standard, the fuel can be "small-sized" and "sulfur". These words were understood as ambiguously. When there was no or almost no restrictions on the number harmful emissionsThe rate on the sulfur maintenance was needed only so that it does not harm the engine. This approach in the production of fuel was not so expensive as now, and falls from 1950 to 1970.

At that time, the "sulfur" was considered fuel having 1% sulfur, "small-sized" was limited to 0.2%. In addition to wear of nodes and parts of the diesel engine, the problem has not seen. It was also disturbed by deposits on metal formed during the combustion of SO3 and SO2 sulfur compounds.

Basically, these compounds are ejected from the engine along with spent gases. Another part of these sulfur products enters into interaction with water vapor, and forms sulfur and sulfuric acids.

The result of their engine impact is as follows:

• increase corrosion on the details piston group;
• education reduces heat transfer from the piston;
• nagar limits the mobility of the rings, and the compression is reduced.

Effect of alkaline oil for wear of the piston rings of diesel

It was necessary to solve this problem using the chemical composition of the oil. The additives in it should have neutralized the acids at the expense of their alkaline and detergents. If changing the oil in a timely manner, corrosion and education of Nagara completely prevents.

Fuel with a large percentage of sulfur requires more frequent oil replacement, the mileage of such engines is less.

Now the situation is somewhat different. The limits have changed at times:

• sulbly fuel contains 0.2% sulfur;
• low-hearted - 0.035%.

The whole reason is that they began to fight for the state of the environment. Machine Park has grown multiple times and to save nature, tightened the norms of emissions into the atmosphere of everything that the car pollutes it. Accordingly, manufacturers of equipment, equipping the engines with ships, catalysts and filters. Changes were made to the process of preparation of fuel combustion.

Surnevy compounds in the composition of fuel during combustion increase the level of toxicity of exhaust gases. Therefore, not only the technique is upgraded to new standards, but also implemented the requirements to reduce the percentage of sulfur in automotive fuel.

Gosta and that on diesel fuel produced in Russia regulate its quality not only for road vehicles, but also for ships, diesel locomotives, agricultural machines, road repair and construction park. GOST 305-82 is distributed to 85% of the produced diesel fuel. The percentage of sulfur 0.2% is taken as a basis. The second type fuel allows an increase in the percentage of sulfur to 0.5%. But now the standards provide for the content of sulfur to 0.05%.

Stages of tightening standards for sulfur content in car fuel

Special technical conditions have been developed for the quality of diesel fuel, which will be used in complex environmental districts and major cities of the country. The sulfur content in the fuel must be a maximum of 0.05%.

From 01.11.2011, TU 38,401-58-296-2001 was introduced, limiting the percentage of sulfur in fuel to 0.035%.

Several later, the industry focuses on the release of gasoline and diesel fuel, taking into account the requirements of Euro-3 and the content of sulfur not more than 0.015% in gasoline. This is the process of not one day and stretched for 5 years. So, the previous technical conditions also acted.

When the percentage of sulfur was less than 0.035%, the lubricating properties worsened in diesel fuel. This accelerates the wear of fuel pumps and other elements of the fuel system. There was a need for additives in order to improve lubricating characteristics. And they are mainly imported origin.

Yes, and on domestic gas stations there are no separate columns on various brands diesel fuel. Mixing different varieties in one container, the seller (owner of the gas station) worsens the environmental properties of fuel. And then it is necessary to solve the issue of infrastructure to make a diesel fuel from the manufacturer without losing quality. And this is a matter of not one day.