Analysis of the dynamics of the automotive spare parts market for foreign production. Analysis of brake systems of cars. Increase the share of non-original spare parts

According to statistics, about 50% of 40 million registered vehicle In Russia, they were produced before 2005. Such a state of affairs dictates a significant demand for car service and repair - after all, a technique that is more than 10 years old requires regular maintenance and replacement of spare parts. But this theory is questioned due to the current economic situation in Russia.

The result of the fact that part of consumers make a choice in favor of buying a used car, has become a sharp decline in sales in the auto parts market for new cars - more than 35 percent. In this regard, we can conclude that together with the market of secondary cars, the market of spare parts for them is growing.

According to statistics for 2014, demand for used cars has grown slightly more than 2 percent, the volume of spare parts sold amounted to 960 million units. But in the financial equivalent, the situation is the opposite: the revenue fell by 1%, which is associated with the devaluation of the ruble.

Sales reports for 2015 are not yet formed, but the increase in sales of up to 2% is predicted with a decrease in the amount of revenue by 3%. Proceeds on expert theories will be about $ 22 billion.

Spare parts for car suspension make up one tenth of the total number of parts sold - about $ 2.5 billion. Lubricants occupy the third place: their share amounted to 8% and almost $ 2 billion.

Additionally, spare parts for the brake system and gearboxes are highlighted: category data in the amount bring to one billion $.

Is it worth saving?

Because of the weakening of the ruble, the buying ability of consumers has significantly decreased. Because of this, car enthusiasts try to save on car maintenance: at best, savings are achieved due to the appeal directly to the parts suppliers bypassing the intermediary store of spare parts, and at worst - postpone the maintenance and repair of your car to the last. This option is applicable to almost half of car owners in Russia.

In addition, the cost of services engaged in official repair and service Auto, increased by 15%. Therefore, many consumers will repair their cars independently or addressing the handicraft workshops.

The demand has grown and for used parts: their cost is about two times lower than the price tag for new details. Many owners whose cars are not subject to restoration, sell cars for spare parts.

In the current economic conditions there is nothing surprising in the fact that the owners of the car are trying to save. The only thing that is important to remember is, with all the cost of service, it is not necessary to bring savings to unreasonable limits.

The origin of spare parts

China is a leader among manufacturers of non-original auto parts: they produce about a third of all goods sold in Europe. But not only the non-original spare parts are famous for China: many well-known car manufacturers moved the production of parts into the PRC territory. This is associated with cheap labor and significant savings on logistic costs.

The largest producers strive to produce details on the territory of the country where elevated demand is observed: this leads to a decrease in the cost of the delivery of spare parts and an increase in their accessibility for the consumer. Russia is also a country where a large number of plants engaged in the production of spare parts for cars of world automotive leaders are concentrated.

Nevertheless, in Russia a very high indicator of illegally imported auto parts - more than 70%. This number includes smuggling products and non-original spare parts produced without a license. Even in 2012, more than 30% of all spare parts sold were illegal. And, if we consider that the subject of fakes is often consumables that are subject to periodic replacement, regardless of their quality, should not expect to reduce this indicator. In addition, the identification and control of the turnover of counterfeit entering the territory of the Russian Federation is very difficult.

Counterfeit parts are lower than the price due to the production of unsatisfactory quality materials and the lack of costs for the acquisition of a license for the production of spare parts. This product is sold in the territory of the Russian Federation through small car services and informal shops. With all its price attractiveness, the conclusions about the quality of goods are easy to make on the basis of its original cost: the retail price of the market on the market is usually 2-3 times higher than the cost, due to the large number of intermediaries involved in the process of receipt of products on the counter.

What is the result?

Despite the fact that the total number of sales in the spare parts market is growing, the overall revenue from the sale of products steadily falls. The change in this situation is possible only in the event of the growth of the purchasing power of citizens and the strengthening of the ruble. However, these factors are strongly interconnected.

From this we can conclude that the situation is similar to the situation in the car market, except for the fact that with general growth secondary marketHis financial capacity does not rush to increase.

Currently, Russia has an active increase in the number of cars and, first of all, foreign cars. As a result, the demand for auto parts, which official dealers Car manufacturers are not able to satisfy. The retail auto parts market in Moscow is most rapidly growing, growth rates are at least 20% per year. In the capital today is realized near the fifth of the volume of sales of auto parts in Russia. It is noteworthy that the growth of the Russian auto parts market is observed against the background of a decrease in the volume of the world market of autocomponents, primarily associated with hard environmental requirements (see http://pro-consulting.com.ua/analiz/analiz_rus/avto/avtozapchasti/).

Market volume automotive materials, components and spare parts in Russia at the end of 2007 amounted to 32.7 billion US dollars (see http://www.autostat.ru/issl.asp?n\u003d8).
Market automotive spare parts It is divided into the primary, including the components used for the production of cars on the conveyor, and the secondary is spare parts for sale through service and shops. In Russia, the secondary automotive spare parts market occupies a priority position in relation to the primary market, it accounts for 76% of the total market in terms of value (or 24.8 billion US dollars), the proportion of the primary market is 24% of the total market volume ( or 7.9 billion US dollars) (see Figure 1).

Picture 1.
Primary and secondary markets on the Russian car spare parts market,% of volume in value terms

On the secondary market of auto parts, the priority share is spare parts for domestic cars - 58% of the market volume in value terms (or 14.4 billion US dollars), the share of spare parts for foreign cars accounts for 42% of the amount of the secondary market (or 10, 4 billion US dollars) (see Figure 2).

Among the various commodity segments of the auto parts market, the largest percentage is currently the tire segment - 22%. Tires are both the goods of the wholesale market for industrial products, and the consumer goods market. Next follows the battery segment - 5% (see http://www.smartec.ru/news/?id\u003d2505).
There are about two thousand players on the Russian automotive spare parts market, the leading positions among which are occupied by domestic producers. However, one of the main trends of the modern Russian market, the automotive spare parts is a change in the structure of the automotive industry, the arrival of the domestic market of foreign manufacturers and, as a result, the growth in demand for better components. Today russian manufacturers Auto parts operate in conditions of pronounced competition, domestic brands are actively crowded with better products from Europe and cheaper autocomponents from China, Turkey and India.
One of the important growth factors competition between the participants of the Russian auto parts market is the process of unification of automotive components, actively developing in modern world auto industry. To reduce the cost of the development and production of cars, companies are combined when designing new models. As a result, the same modules and systems today can be found on cars of completely different systems and stamps. The unification of the components allows manufacturers to go to the desired volume of production of individual nodes, even with sufficiently small volumes of the release of specific models. It characterizes the tendency of unification, in particular, an example of creating three minivan models in the end of the 90s on one platform: Ford Galaxy, Seat Alambra and VW Sharan. Many automakers are subject to modular strategies, among them: PSA (Peugeot, Citroen), VW, Renault, Nissan, BMW and others. In Russia, the tendency to unify autocomponents only originate. The first cameras were taken between AvtoVAZ and Izhavto thanks to the Soca group (see Marketing Report "The Car Component Market and Spare Parts in Russia", prepared by the Avtostat Analytical Agency, 2007).

With the distribution of cheap products from Asia auto parts in the Russian market, the relevance of the price dumping problem is related, which, in particular, it makes it much difficult to develop domestic manufacturers of automotive components. The problem of dumping is primarily connected with the exacerbation of price competition, the main factors of which are the presence in the market of a significant number of similar or identical goods of various manufacturers, as well as raising consumer awareness on the price situation in the market, in particular, through the dissemination of the Internet.
Dumping actions mainly manifest themselves among auto parts for a low level of quality, as evidenced, in particular, the fact that among sellers and importers of American spare parts in the Russian market, as experts noted, the problem of dumping is currently not expressed. The market of American spare parts compared to the 90s, became much more civilized. Today, in retail, the variation of prices for US spare parts is from 3 to 10%.
The most rigid competition is observed in the sector wholesale tradeFor which price reduction is more characteristic. Sellers trying to attract customers use various bonuses, deferred payment, up to lending and consignment. The most strongly confrontation between the importers of American spare parts is felt in the nonstolic regions, while the Moscow market is already divided between the main players. One of the main trends of the market is the consolidation of companies that are partners and a gradual way out of the game of small firms (see http://www.triton-import.ru/smi_2006_rz_5.html).

Another relevant problem modern market Automotive spare parts in Russia is the problem of fake products. Research results suggest that sales of fake spare parts in the Russian market are not inferior to the magnitude of the Pirate audio product market. The share of illegal automotive components in the spare parts market in Russia ranges from 30 to 90% depending on the name. And according to the report of the financial newspaper Izvestia, each second car spare part is fake. Damage from the sale of counterfeit products is very significant, in the monetary equivalent it is about 2 billion US dollars a year. It is noteworthy that the predominant share in the amount of sales of fake products is spare parts for cars of domestic production. Counterfeit components cause significant damage to the reputation of automakers and suppliers of original spare parts. As a rule, most often fake wireless details. Among them: pendants, steering thrust, rods, brake pads and naturally all sorts of machine oils. The scope of pirated activity, according to the original manufacturers of spare parts, is bound primarily with the absence of adequate in Russia legislative base. According to the existing Russian law, it is almost impossible to attract unscrupulous manufacturers. car details To criminal liability (see http://auto.nnov.ru/autonews/russia/?id\u003d3239).

In the context of considering the problem of fake auto parts, it should be noted that in global practice the market of spare parts consists of two segments: the market of original spare parts and the market of non-original spare parts. Original spare parts in classical understanding have a trademark of autocompany and must be sold exclusively through the company. Original spare parts are manufactured in strict accordance with the characteristics of materials under tight quality control. Unoriginal spare parts are issued by simulators without a guarantee of compliance with the technical requirements of the automotive plants.
Unoriginal parts can be manufactured with violation of safety standards, reliability and durability. Prices for non-original spare parts are significantly lower, and the quality is essentially worse than the standards of autocompany.
However, it should be noted that between the two extremes - original and non-original spare parts, there is a fairly large market for analogs spare parts, which are quite close to the "original", and at a price significantly lower. This is due to the tendency of the "silent consent" of car manufacturers companies to give up a part of the volume of trade in spare parts manufactured by independent specialized factories, these plants themselves. In addition, the transfer of the production of components to the countries of the South-Eastern region helped to significantly reduce the final price of products (see marketing report "The market of automotive components and spare parts in Russia", prepared by the Avtostat analytical agency, 2007).

Unoriginal auto parts presented in the Russian market can be divided into two groups. The first is the components of solid foreign and domestic manufacturers, not taken into account and not past customs control. Products of this kind in most cases of hazards for the health of the car do not represent. The second group is counterfeit spare parts produced in China and in other developing countries. It is this low-quality product that can become a threat to the technical condition of the car.
In the current situation, Russian law enforcement agencies are going to seriously take on car markets, which, as a rule, are points of the implementation of counterfeit products. In particular, the Business Magazine reports that following the mobile phones and household appliances, Customs intends to actively deal with the "gray" import of automotive spare parts. According to market participants, it is currently "gray" importers are currently dominated. Thus, the share of "gray" imports accounts for more than 70% of the sales volume of spare parts for foreign cars in value terms (or 1.8 billion US dollars) (see Figure 3).

Automotive parts market experts believe that if Russian customs officers seriously take over the problem of "gray" imports, the share of official importers should grow to 80-85%. The achievement of these indicators is minimal so that legal importers can compete with "gray" and "black" import. Strengthening customs control can help increase prices for spare parts for foreign cars. However, experts believe that large official importers of spare parts are likely to be ready to reduce prices if the sales will be able to increase (see http://www.logistprog.ru/news/602; http://www.avtomarket.ru/scripts / NEWS /? ID \u003d 14828).
Along with the intentions of customs services to combat "gray" imports of automotive spare parts, control in the market of spare parts strengthen Russian automakers. So, from 2007, AvtoVAZ has planned to significantly increase the volume of centralized supply of spare parts produced by manufacturers of components, through its own service and sales network. The appropriate changes were made to the terms of contracts with factories-suppliers of components. It is expected that the implementation of external production spare parts through the VAZ trading network will minimize the risk of receiving counterfeit dealers and avoid the use of fake components during warranty and post-warranty service car Lada (See http://subscribe.ru/archive/Tech.Ato.lada/200703/21163305.html).
Describing the current situation in the sphere of consumption of automotive spare parts in the Russian market, it should be noted that today the two main segments of the spare parts market are segments of spare parts for domestic cars and foreign cars - develop with varying degrees of intensity. The market of domestic auto parts is characterized by stability and balance of demand and suggestions, there are practically no shortage of automotive spare parts. In the auto parts segment for foreign cars, there is an exception in demand over the proposal and a shortage of goods.
It is noteworthy that the main part of counterfeit and low-quality products is presented in the segment of spare parts for domestic cars, among the spare parts for foreign cars, the proportion of such products is significantly lower. However, in the segment of foreign auto parts, there are many spare parts used, they create a competition with original car spare parts, because they are much cheaper, and quality can practically not give up the originals. In relation to spare parts for foreign cars, it should be noted that the demand for used parts is also associated with the fact that the delivery of original spare parts can occupy quite considerable time - from a week to 2-3 weeks, depending on the supply region. To carry out efficient activities to companies implementing spare parts for foreign car brands, it is necessary to establish an effective supply chain, ensuring the efficiency of auto parts delivery to the order.
In the segment of spare parts for foreign cars the most popular on the Russian market are spare parts for Japanese cars. This fact is related to the popularity of inexpensive and high-quality brands of Japanese cars. The most popular brands are Honda, Mazda, Nissan and some others.
Retail sales of automotive spare parts in Russia are currently carrying out more than 7 thousand service centers for maintenance Car, while a significant part of retail turnover continues to hold markets and small stores. Some service centers implement auto parts for domestic cars, others for foreign cars. In the Russian market are represented and specialized Serviceswho are engaged in the replacement of auto parts in trucks, deliver only auto parts on japanese cars, on American or German brands of cars, as well as companies that are implemented simultaneously auto parts wholesale and retail, or separately (see http://www.spsompany.ru/rynok_zapchasti/).

In general, trade in auto parts and equipment of the car service required auto parts, accessories and auto chemicals. Currently in Russia is a profitable business. According to research results, more than 90% of companies operating in this sector consider their own profitability higher than when investing similar amounts to other markets (see http://pro-consulting.com.ua/analiz/analiz_rus/avto/avtozapchasti/ ).
However, at present, the auto parts market has been observed a process of specialization and consolidation of companies, a tendency to absorb large players smaller competitors. This process is associated with the fact that not many companies can afford to keep unnecessary working funds "frozen" in warehouses in the required assortment of spare parts and autotes. It is probably that these trends will largely characterize the dynamics of the Russian automotive spare parts market in the near future, and they must be taken into account both by the current market players and investors in this automotive industry sector.

The main conclusions on the results of the review:
The automotive spare parts market in Russia is actively developing. The capacity of the Russian automotive materials market, components and spare parts at the end of 2007 amounted to 32.7 billion US dollars.
Two main sectors are highlighted in the automotive spare parts market: the primary market, including the components used for the production of cars on the conveyor, and the secondary market, which are represented by spare parts for sale through service and shops. In Russia, the secondary automotive spare parts market accounts for 76% of the total market volume in value terms ($ 24.8 billion), the proportion of the primary market is 24% of the total market volume (US $ 7.9 billion).
About two thousand players operate in the automotive spare parts market in Russia, the leading positions occupy domestic manufacturers. However, today, Russian manufacturers of auto parts operate under expressed competition - domestic brands are actively displaced by better products from Europe and cheaper autocomponents from China, Turkey and India.
One of the most pressing problems of the modern automotive spare parts market in Russia is the problem of fake products. The share of illegal automotive components in the spare parts market in Russia is from 30 to 90%, depending on the name. Damage from the sale of counterfeit products is very significant, in the monetary equivalent it is about 2 billion US dollars a year.
Russian law enforcement agencies intend to seriously deal with the "gray" import of automotive spare parts, in particular, to strengthen the control of automotive markets, which, as a rule, are points for the implementation of counterfeit products. To create conditions that allow legal importers to compete with "gray" and "black" imports of auto parts, the share of official importers should increase at least 80-85%.
In the consumer market of auto parts, segments of spare parts for domestic cars and foreign cars are developing with varying degrees of intensity. If the market of domestic auto parts is generally characterized by stability and balance of demand and suggestions, then in the auto parts segment for foreign cars there is an active growth in demand and a significant exceeding demand over the proposal, the deficit of the goods.
In general, trade in auto parts and equipment of the car service required auto parts in Russia is a profitable business. One of the main trends characterizing the auto parts market in the near future will be trends to specialization and consolidation of companies, absorbing large players of smaller competitors.

General characteristics of the market, trends and prospects

Production passenger cars In the Russian Federation
Import of passenger cars in the Russian Federation
Market of passenger cars in the Russian Federation
Age structure of passenger cars in the Russian Federation
Variable Structure Park Park in the Russian Federation
Regional structure of passenger cars in the Russian Federation
Stages of the formation of the car component market in the Russian Federation
Trends and prospects of the car component market in the Russian Federation

Estimation of the capacity of the car components and spare parts market

Characteristic and assessment of the capacity of the secondary market
Regional Capacity of the secondary market
Capacity of the secondary market for brands
Method of calculation and basic parameters
Car tires
Car batteries
Facial body parts. Exterior details
Automotive oils and lubricants
Car filters
Details of the brake system
Suspension knots and details
Steering knots and parts
Clutch nodes and details
Transmission nodes and details
The nodes and parts of the fuel system
Nodes and details of the release system
Ignition Systems and Details
Cooling Systems and Details
Esud nodes and details
Knots and parts of electrical equipment
Details for motor overhaul
Drive belts

Sellers spare parts

Characteristics of spare parts sellers

In June of this year, the experts of the Avtostat Analytical Agency prepared a report "Calculation of the capacity of the car components and spare parts market for passenger cars in Russia," which is dedicated to the results of 2014.

This report consists of three sections. In the first of these, the overall characteristics of the Russian car market is given, where data on their production, import and sales are given. Along with this presented the park passenger cars In the Russian Federation, namely its age, march and regional structure. As separate pages, the stages of the formation of the Russian car market of autocomponents are considered, as well as the trends and development prospects on it. The second section, which is the main one, contains information on the capacity of the secondary market of spare parts, its regional and vintage structure. We particularly note that each group of components is very detailed here, with the relevant parameters and calculations. The third section provides information on large companies that implement a wide range of spare parts for passenger cars in Russia.

Please note that the calculations were carried out only in the secondary market of components and spare parts, but exclusively for passenger cars. It should be noted that our technique is based on the number and structure of the park of passenger cars. The calculation figures reflect the real need for the market in spare parts to maintain cars in a technically good condition under normal economic conditions without taking into account temporary and seasonal demand shifts. The report did not take into account, for example, the circumstances, when, in order to save car owners, move the timing of oil change or repair of a faulty part, in conditions warm winter Exploited a car on "semi-" batteries or drive on worn tires.

By building a forecast of the Park, which will be in Russia at the end of this year, we also rated the market capacity in 2015. The calculation of the capacity was made in all the main segments of the secondary market after evaluating the resource of spare parts. Tens of positions of components were calculated in total, which were divided into 18 product groups. The final calculations are presented in the report in physical terms (in pieces or sets) and monetary (in dollars) for each position, in groups of spare parts and in the market as a whole for several years, including the forecast for this year.

Marketing report "Calculation of the capacity of the car market of autocomponents and spare parts for cars in Russia" is prepared by the Cabinet Research method. The main sources of information are their own databases and information obtained directly in market participating companies. The structure of information feed and settlement techniques are developed by specialists of the Avtostat Analytical Agency. Nevertheless, they are all based on the fundamental principles of calculating the capacity of the market accepted in United States. The data presented in the report are structured and collected in the table, if necessary, illustrates graphs and diagrams.

Analysis of car brake systems

To the brake control of the car, which serves to slow down the movement, up to a complete stop and holding it in place in the parking lot, there are increased requirements, as the braking control is the most important means of ensuring the active safety of the car. Requirements for brake systems are regulated by GOST 22895-95 and international rules of the road.

Requirements for brake systems are as follows:

The maximum brake path is the maximum setting slowdown in accordance with the requirements of GOST 22895-95, for passenger cars and trucks Depending on the type of test.

Preservation of braking stability (sustainability criteria: linear deviation, angular deviation, angle of folding of the road train.)

Stability of brake properties with repeated braking.

The minimum response time of the brake drive.

The power tracking action of the brake drive, that is, the proportionality between the pedal force and the drive moment.

Small brake management management work - effort on brake pedals, depending on the purpose of the vehicle, should be within 500 ....7OO n, the course of the brake pedal is 80 ... 180mm.

Lack of organoft phenomena (auditory).

Reliability of all elements brake systems, the main elements (brake pedal, main brake cylinder, brake valve, etc.) must have guaranteed strength, should not fail through the guaranteed resource, an alarm that notifies the driver about the brake system malfunction should also be provided.

In accordance with GOST 22895-95, the braking control should include the following brake systems:

Workers

spare

parking

Auxiliary (retarder brake), mandatory for buses with a complete mass of over 5 tons and trucks weighing over 12 tons, intended for braking on long-term descents and supporting the speed of 30km / h on the descent with a slope of 7% 6km.

Forced slowdown can be carried out in various ways: mechanical, hydraulic, electric, extracillage.

The most widely used friction brake mechanisms. On the Light Class cars, disc brake mechanisms are often used on the front wheels and drumboards on the rear wheels.

On cargo vehicles, regardless of their carrying capacity, drum shods are installed brake mechanisms. Only in recent years there has been a tendency to use disk mechanisms for trucks.

Drum ribbon brake mechanisms as wheeled currently do not apply at all. In rare cases, they are used as transmission for parking braking system (MAZ, BelAZ-540).

Hydraulic and electric brake mechanisms are used as a brake-retarder. On a number of cars, the retarder brake is the engine, the intake manifold overlaps with a steel flap.

A mechanical drive consisting of thrust and levers is used mainly in the brake systems with manual control (auxiliary brake system - "parking - brake").

In this drive, the muscular energy of the driver is used to turn on the brake mechanism. Simplicity of design and the stiffness of the mechanical drive unchanged in time make it the most used for the parking brake system.

The hydraulic drive is used in the working brake system of passenger cars and cargo small and medium loading capacity. In this drive, the force of the pedal axis to the brake mechanisms is transmitted by liquid. To turn on the brakes, the muscular energy of the driver is used. To ensure the driver's work on the inclusion of brakes, hydraulic drive with vacuum (GAZ-66) or pneumatic amplifier (URAL-4320) is often used.

Currently, the hydraulic drive with the pump is beginning to be obtained. In this case, to include brake mechanisms and the creation required for the quick braking of the braking moments on wheels, the engine is used by the engine drivening hydraulic pump directly, or through any automobile power unit.

Pneumatic drive is widely used in the brake system of tractors, trucks of medium and large lifting capacity and buses. In the brake system with a pneumatic drive, the brake mechanisms are included through the use of compressed air energy.

A combined hydropneumatic drive is often used on long-base cars and tractors of heavy road trains. In this drive, the energy of compressed air is used to increase the brake force, and the transmission to the braking mechanism is carried out by liquid.

Electrical drive is needed on road trains, since the easiest way to transmit energy over long distances is achieved with a very small time on the brake system triggered.

The following criteria are used to assess the design schemes of brake mechanisms:

1)Efficiency

To assess the efficiency of the braking mechanism, its efficiency is served, which is the ratio of the braking moment. M.the torus created by the mechanism, by the time of the primary force:

TOe. = M.tor / ( Rp.S. r.p),

where M.torus -turn moment; P.pS - Total Drive Power brake shoes; r.p is the radius of the resulting friction force ( r.n \u003d r.b - the radius of the brake brake drum in the drum mechanism; r.n \u003d r.cP - average lining radius in disk mechanism).

The efficacy of brake mechanisms must be assessed when the car is moving both forward and forth.

In the drum brake mechanism, the efficiency coefficient is calculated not only for the mechanism as a whole, but also separately for each brake pad:

where M.tor1 I. M.tor2 - brake moments created by pads; P.1 I. R2 - Drive Power Pads.

2) Stability

Stability is the maintenance of the efficiency of the brake mechanism while reducing the friction coefficient. Stability is the dependence of the efficiency coefficient of friction coefficient and can be expressed by a graph of the static characteristics of the braking mechanism. Best stability have brake mechanisms with a linear static characteristic.

From stability, the achievement of equal brake forces depends not only on the wheels of one bridge, but also on the right and left wheels of the car, which determines the safety when braking.

3) equilibrium

The brake mechanism is balanced, in which when braking the friction force does not create an additional load on wheel bearings and other parts. The braking mechanism, whose work leads to the loading of the car bearings is considered unbalanced.

4) Reversion

Reversible is called equal efficacy of the brake mechanism when moving the car back and forth. The reversibility of the brake mechanism determines the independence of the magnitude of the braking torque created by them from the direction of the vehicle movement.

So far, the drum braking mechanisms are most satisfying the safety requirements of the movement, but due to the increased velocity speeds of the car, the safety safety requirements are also increasing, in many ways of the car braking quality.

Comparative stand tests of various options for the designs of closed disk and drum brake mechanisms for cars revealed that the best indicators for the stability of the output parameters, heat-stability and mass has a disc brake with two surfaces of friction, pneumatic drive and amplifier.

According to constructive execution, disc brake mechanisms are divided into open and closed, one-piece and multi-disc.

Depending on the design of the disk, brake mechanisms with solid and ventilated, metal and bimetallic discs are distinguished.

The solid disk is the simplest - applied in cases if there is an active cooling of the disk brake. The ventilated disc is made in the form of a turbine impeller. In cars, it is mainly one-piece brake mechanisms with a ventilation disk and an internal diameter fastening.

Depending on the method of fastening the brake, discovered disc brake mechanisms with a fixed and floating brake. The brake mechanism with a floating joke has only one wheeled cylinder. His block is heated less than in the mechanism with a fixed bracket, but has a significant drawback - during deformation, corrosion of the guides arises unilateral wear of the lining and the disk. The braking efficiency is reduced, the vibration of the brake and brake pad appears. A fixed screw brake is provided with a large driving force and increased rigidity of the mechanism.

Brake discs are made of cast iron. In one-piece mechanisms, solid discs have a thickness of 8 ... 13 mm, ventilated 16 ... 25 mm. Bimetallic brake disc can be performed with aluminum or copper base. The friction layer is made of gray cast iron.

Disc brake mechanisms have the following advantages compared to drum brakes:

Smaller gaps between discs and pads in the uneasured state (0.005 ... 0.1 mm) and the stroke of the pads, which makes it possible to increase the speed and gear ratio of the brake drive;

Lower weight and dimensions:

More uniform wear of friction materials, as it is distributed uniformly pressure on the surface of the friction pair disk - the shoe:

Larger braking moment, developed by balancing forces acting on the side of the pads on the disk;

The possibility of ensuring an effective heat sink from rubbing elements;

Greater stability of the developed brake moment;

Larger brake efficiency coefficient;

The disadvantages of disk brake mechanisms include:

The difficulty of ensuring sealing (unprotected disk can be subjected to abrasive effects, oxidation and corrosion, promoting rapid wear of the brake linings);

Increased intensity of wear of friction linings;

Insufficient protectedness from dirt;

Conducted road-laboratory tests of drum and disc brakes Kharkov Adi have shown that in the case of heating the brake parts up to 300 ° C and V \u003d 40 km / h, the braking path increases during braking by disk brakes by 7%, and drums by 25%. If the normal speed is the same, but the volumetric temperature will reach 500c, the braking path will increase by 21% and 55%, respectively.

In quantitative terms, the capacity segment of the brake pads market is more than 12 million units, the container of the brake disc segment is more than 10 million units. in year. The volumes of segments and components such as wear wear sensors, brake cylinders, brake hoses and others are large.
Quantitative to the market of braking systems in Russia from year to year only grows, although not as fast as before the crisis. The fleet in the country is giant, pads and other components are required to replace regularly - this ensures the permanent growth of the market under any conditions. The service life of cars is increasing, roads and weather do not become better, as well as the economy, car owners seek to save, leave official hundred in independent services - and all this, and much more, leads to a stable growth of braking systems in the secondary market.
The basis of the braking system market is the brake pad segment. It is characterized by a large number of brands, among which conditionally prevail, in particular, in the market brake pads of domestic cars - Brands Brembo and Lucas / TRW, Ferodo, Lynx, Icer, original pads lada image, Trialli, Marcon, Ween, Marco. In turn, TM Brembo and Autoal, TM Valeo, Bosch, Alied Nippon, Trialli and others are presented in the brake disc segment.
In the brake pads segment for European cars, Bosch, Brembo, LPR, Ford, Trialli, Quinton Hazell, Borg & Beck, TSN citron are conditionally dominated; Among the brands of disks - TM TRW and BOSCH. In the Asian segment, the Hyundai and Valeo brand pads are occupied, in the segment of disks - TM Zimmermann Sport, Brembo Max, Ate Power Disc.
Brake pads for trucks in Russia are represented by brands Meritor, Beral, Fomar, Textar, Knorr Bremse, Jurid, Trw, Lumag, Ferodo, Pagid and others. The total number of companies that offer components of braking systems for all cars are unknown, but some market participants are already talking about hundreds of firms, in the overwhelming majority on the secondary market.
In total brands in the market of components of braking systems from 80 to more than a hundred, mostly, as can be seen, these are foreign products, the share of imports in this market was estimated in 2015-16, according to various data, up to 80%, and more than 60% of brands - For passenger cars. It is still unknown how much influenced
The crisis for the share of imports in this market. The distribution of brands on the market is relatively conditional, as the difference in the price between the products is small, the pads of different TM can be used on different vehicles.

Components russian production Also occupy a certain market share, and, moreover, now have additional opportunities to increase their presence. There is a full-fledged project on import substitution - in February of this year, it became known that LLC Avtokomponenti Gas Group nominated by Wabco Europe to supply the body of a wedge expansion mechanism of brake systems.
An experienced component party should be delivered in April 2017, the start of serial supplies is scheduled for the fourth quarter of this year. Within the framework of the project, the products for the products will be made by metallurgical gas production, the mechanization of the product will perform a Kanhana car unit "GAZ Group". Brake systems will be installed on the Ural Next and Ural-M cars. This is a great achievement, but mass replacement domestic products Imported components on the market under consideration are still difficult to submit, especially on passenger cars.
Basically, the components of the brake system are represented by the lower and middle pricing segments. Consumers of the products of the lower price category, domestic and from Asian countries - owners russian cars And foreign cars from 10 years. In the mid-year segment, which was the most capacious until recently, components are presented with sufficiently high consumer properties. Major consumers here - car owners of foreign cars from 5 years and newest domestic cars.
It is not known exactly how many counterfeit components of brake systems on the market. At the same time, car owners most often are interested in how to distinguish a fake from high-quality spare parts, that is, perhaps a lot of counterfeit on the market. Apparently, forge the components of any brand. From China and other Asian countries, both counterfeit products are received and the little-known components of acceptable quality - frankly bad parts consumers did not buy.
The importance of braking components for security is aware of all. And although this is not the most expensive parts, but no one will spend the extra ruble now, especially since for several years of crisis, spare parts went up. His role in price increases played fluctuations in the ruble rate, complication of legal imports and other factors. Therefore, the car owners were looking for acceptable autocomponents at the price, not
better quality, but with acceptable parameters. Thus, in 2015-2016, consumers actively mastered the segment relative to high-quality non-library, non-original components.

But in 2017 a number of market participants talk about the deterioration of the situation. Consumers have little time spend on the choice, buy what is cheaper. The quality of the autocomponent market continues to deteriorate further, the car market also degrades. What, however, does not affect the prospects for the components of the brake systems - they are in any case positive, the market for used cars will grow, besides the beginning of 2017 and for the market of new cars was successful. But before fulfilling restoration, the car market is still far away, therefore, in the nearest, perhaps, in the medium term, some significant changes in the structure and dynamics of the market are not expected. You will choose a buyer, the market will adapt to his requirements - and this is not good news, since the consumer continues to poor and buy the worst.
The good news is that since the beginning of the year there is a tendency to reduce the cost of original spare parts, by 7-30% for different types of components of different brands. This is due to the fact that, firstly, manufacturers do not want to lose customers, and so that the ruble is still relatively stable, and sometimes even strengthened, - and this allows suppliers to sometimes reduce prices for spare parts, including Brake system components.
It is not known how much it will last, no one does long forecasts. If the crisis is still over, the greater influence on the market will be technically progress. Basically, he is now moving towards creating new friction mixtures for pads. Now copper is the main component of the friction material, it is from 5 to 20% in friction mixtures - in accordance with the standards. But US and European manufacturers switch to the use of brake pads to organic non-metallic materials in friction mixtures. These are more eco-friendly, complex materials, which in their properties should not be worse than copper. Obviously, in Russia advanced technology will fall with premium cars, but someday it will be relevant for the mass sector.