Hydrogen peroxide for internal combustion motor effect. Motor installations at hydrogen peroxide for small satellites. "My name is Bond. James Bond"
Torpedo engines: yesterday and today
OJSC "Research Institute of Mortage Drivers" remains the only enterprise in Russian Federationcarrying out the full development of thermal power plants
In the period from the founding of the enterprise and until the mid-1960s. The main attention was paid to the development of turbine engines for anti-worker torpedoes with a working range of turbines at depths of 5-20 m. Anti-submarine torpedoes were projected only on electric power industry. Due to the conditions for the use of anti-develop torpedoes, important requirements for powering plants were the highest possible power and visual imperceptibility. The requirement for visual imperceptibility was easily carried out due to the use of two-component fuel: kerosene and low-water solution of hydrogen peroxide (MPV) of a concentration of 84%. Products combustion contained water vapor and carbon dioxide. The exhaust of combustion products overboard was carried out at a distance of 1000-1500 mm from the torpedo control organs, while the steam condensed, and the carbon dioxide quickly dissolved in water so that gaseous combustion products not only did not reach the surface of the water, but did not affect the steering and Rowing screws torpedoes.
The maximum power of the turbine, achieved on the torpedo 53-65, was 1070 kW and ensured a speed at a speed of about 70 nodes. It was the most high-speed torpedo in the world. To reduce the temperature of fuel combustion products from 2700-2900 K to an acceptable level in the combustion products, marine water was injected. At the initial stage of work, salt from sea water was deposited in the flow part of the turbine and resulted in its destruction. This happened until the conditions for trouble-free operation were found, minimizing the influence of seawater salts on the operation of a gas turbine engine.
With all the energy advantages of hydrogen fluoride as an oxidizing agent, its increased fire supply during operation dictated the search for the use of alternative oxidizing agents. One of the variants of such technical solutions was the replacement of MPV on gas oxygen. The turbine engine, developed at our enterprise, was preserved, and Torpeda, who received the designation 53-65K, was successfully exploited and not removed from weapons the Navy so far. Refusal to use MPV in torpedo thermal power plants led to the need for numerous research and development work on the search for new fuels. In connection with the appearance in the mid-1960s. Atomic submarines having high sweating speeds, anti-submarine torpedoes with electric power industry turned out to be ineffective. Therefore, along with the search for new fuels, new types of engines and thermodynamic cycles were investigated. The greatest attention was paid to the creation of a steam turbine unit operating in a closed Renkin cycle. At the stages of pretreating both stand and sea development of such aggregates, as a turbine, steam generator, capacitor, pumps, valves and the entire system, fuel: kerosene and MPV, and in the main embodiment - solid hydro-reactive fuel, which has high energy and operational indicators .
Paroturban installation was successfully worked out, but the torpedo work was stopped.
In 1970-1980 Much attention was paid to the development of gas turbine plants of an open cycle, as well as a combined cycle using an ejector gas in the gas unit at high depths of work. As fuel, numerous formulations of liquid monotrofluid type OTTO-FUEL II, including with additives of metallic fuel, as well as using a liquid oxidizing agent based on hydroxyl ammonium perchlorate (NAR).
The practical yield was given the direction of creating a gas turbine installation of an open cycle on fuel like OTTO-FUEL II. A turbine engine with a capacity of more than 1000 kW for percussion torpedo caliber 650 mm was created.
In the mid-1980s. According to the results of research work, the leadership of our company decided to develop a new direction - development for universal torpedo caliber 533 mm axial piston engines OTTO-FUEL II fuel type. Piston engines compared to turbines have a weaker dependence of the cost-effectiveness from the depth of the torpedo.
From 1986 to 1991 A axial-piston engine (model 1) was created with a capacity of about 600 kW for a universal torpedo caliber 533 mm. He successfully passed all types of poster and marine tests. In the late 1990s, the second model of this engine was created in connection with a decrease in torpedo length by modernizing in terms of simplifying the design, increasing the reliability, excluding scarce materials and the introduction of multi-mode. This model of the engine is adopted in the serial design of the universal deep-water sponge torpedo.
In 2002, OJSC "NII Morteterechniki" was charged with the creation of a powerful installation for a new mild anti-submarine torpedo of a 324 mm caliber. After analyzing all sorts of engine types, thermodynamic cycles and fuels, the choice was also made, as well as for heavy torpedoes, in favor of an axially piston engine of an open cycle in fuel type OTTO-FUEL II.
However, when designing the engine, experience was taken into account weak Parties Engine design heavy torpedoes. New engine has a fundamentally different kinematic scheme. It does not have friction elements in the fuel feeding path of the combustion chamber, which eliminated the possibility of fuel explosion during operation. Rotating parts are well balanced, and drives auxiliary aggregates Significantly simplified, which led to a decrease in vibroactivity. An electronic system of smooth control of fuel consumption and, accordingly, the engine power is introduced. There are practically no regulators and pipelines. When the engine power is 110 kW in the entire range of desired depths, at low depths it allows power to doubt the power while maintaining performance. A wide range of engine operating parameters allows it to be used in torpedoes, antistorpeted, self-apparatus mines, hydroacoustic counterattacks, as well as in autonomous underwater devices of military and civilian purposes.
All these achievements in the field of creating torpedo power plants were possible due to the presence of unique experimental complexes created as own forcesand at the expense of public funds. Complexes are located on the territory of about 100 thousand m2. They are provided with all the necessary power supply systems, including air, water, nitrogen and high pressure fuels. The test complexes include the utilization systems of solid, liquid and gaseous combustion products. The complexes have stands for testing and full-scale turbine and piston engines, as well as other types of engines. There are also stands for fuels testing, combustion chambers, various pumps and appliances. Benches are equipped electronic systems Management, measurement and registration of parameters, visual observation of subjects of objects, as well as emergency alarms and protection of equipment.
Undoubtedly, the engine is the most important part of the rocket and one of the most complex. Motor task - mix the components of the fuel, ensure their combustion and at high speed to throw out the gas obtained during the combustion process in a given direction, creating reactive craving. In this article, we will consider the chemical engines used now in rocket techniques. There are several of their species: solid fuel, liquid, hybrid and liquid one-component.
Any rocket engine consists of two main parts: a combustion chamber and nozzle. With a combustion chamber, I think everything is clear - this is a certain closed volume, in which fuel burning. A nozzle is intended for overclocking the gas in the process of combustion of gases until supersonic speed in one specified direction. The nozzle consists of a confusion, a channel of criticism and diffuser.
Confucos is a funnel that collects gases from the combustion chamber and directs them to the critic channel.
Criticism is the narrowest part of the nozzle. In it, gas accelerates to sound speed due to high pressure from the confusion.
Diffuser is an expanding part of the nozzle after criticism. It takes a drop in pressure and gas temperature, due to which the gas receives additional acceleration until supersonic speed.
And now we will walk through all major types of engines.
Let's start with a simple. The easiest of its design is RDTT - a rocket engine on solid fuel. In fact, it is a barrel loaded by a solid fuel and oxidation mixture having nozzle.
The combustion chamber in such an engine is the channel in the fuel charge, and the burning occurs throughout the surface area of \u200b\u200bthis channel. Often, to simplify the engine refueling, the charge is made of fuel checkers. Then the burning occurs also on the surface of the necks of the checkers.
To obtain different dependence of thrust from time apply different cross sections Channel:
RDTT - The most ancient view of the rocket engine. He was invented in ancient China, but to this day he finds use both in combat missiles and in space technology. Also, this engine due to its simplicity is actively used in amateur rocket lighting.
The first American spacecraft of Mercury was equipped with six RDTT:
Three small ships from the carrier rocket after separating from it, and three large - inhibit it for the removal of the orbit.
The most powerful RDTT (and generally the most powerful rocket engine in history) is the side accelerator of the Space Shuttle system, which has developed the maximum thrust of 1400 tons. It is two of these accelerators that gave such a spectacular post of fire at the start of the shuttles. This is clearly visible, for example, on the start of the start of Shuttok Atlantis on May 11, 2009 (Mission STS-125):
The same accelerators will be used in the new SLS rocket, which will bring the new American ship Orion to orbit. Now you can see entries from ground-based accelerator tests:
The RDTT is also installed in emergency rescue systems intended for a spacecraft by a rocket in the event of an accident. Here, for example, the tests of the CAC of the Mercury ship on May 9, 1960:
On space ships, the union besides the SAS are installed soft landing engines. This is also a RDTT, which work the splits of a second, giving out a powerful impulse, quenching the speed of the ship's reduction almost to zero before the touch of the surface of the Earth. The operation of these engines is visible on the entry of the landing of the ship Union TMA-11M on May 14, 2014:
The main disadvantage of RDTT is the impossibility of controlling the burden and the impossibility of re-starting the engine after it is stop. Yes, and the stop of the engine in the case of the RDTT on the fact of the stop is not: the engine either stops working due to the end of the fuel or, if necessary, stop it earlier, the cut-off of the thrust is made: a special sickness is shooting top cover The engine and gases begin to go out from both of its ends, zeroing the craving.
We will consider the following hybrid engine . Its feature is that the fuel components used are in different aggregate states. Most often used solid fuel and liquid or gas oxidizer.
Here, what does the bench test of such an engine look like:
It is this type of engine that is applied on the first private space shuttle Spaceshipone.
In contrast to RDTT GD, you can restart and adjust it. However, it was not without flaws. Because of the large combustion chamber, the PD is unprofitable to put on large rockets. Also, the UHD is inclined to "hard start" when a lot of oxidizer has accumulated in the combustion chamber, and when Ignoring the engine gives a large pulse of thrust in a short time.
Well, now consider the widest type used in the cosmonautics. rocket engines. it EDR - Liquid rocket engines.
In the combustion chamber, the EDD mixed and burn two liquids: fuel and oxidizing agent. Three fuel and oxidative couples are used in the space rockets: liquid oxygen + kerosene (Soyuz rocket), liquid hydrogen + liquid oxygen (second and third stage of the Saturn-5 missile, the second stage of Changzhin-2, Space Shuttle) and asymmetrical dimethylhydrazine + nitroxide nitroxide (nitrogen Rockets Proton and the first stage Changzhin-2). There are also tests of a new type of fuel - liquid methane.
The benefits of the EDD are low weight, the ability to regulate thrust over a wide range (throttling), the possibility of multiple launches and a greater specific impulse compared to the engines of other types.
The main disadvantage of such engines is the breathtaking complexity of the design. This is in my scheme everything just looks, and in fact, when designing the EDD, it is necessary to deal with a number of problems: the need for good mixing of fuel components, the complexity of maintaining high pressure in the combustion chamber, uneven fuel combustion, strong heating of the combustion chamber and nozzle walls, complexity With ignition, corrosion exposure to the oxidant on the walls of the combustion chamber.
To solve all these problems, many complex and not very engineering solutionsWhy does the Easphere look like a nightmare of a drunken plumbing, for example, this RD-108:
Combustion and nozzle cameras are clearly visible, but pay attention to how many tubes, aggregates and wires! And all this is necessary for stable and reliable engine operation. There is a turbochargeable unit for supplying fuel and oxidizing agent in combustion chambers, a gas generator for a turbochargeable unit, combustion and nozzle cooling shirts, ring tubes on nozzles for creating a cooling curtain from fuel, nozzle for resetting generator gas and drainage tubes.
We will look at the work in more detail in one of the following articles, but still go to the latest type of engines: one-component.
The operation of such an engine is based on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Surely many of you remember school experience:
The school uses pharmacy three percent peroxide, but the reaction using 37% peroxide:
It can be seen how the steam jet (in a mixture with oxygen, of course), is seen from the neck of the flask. Than not jet engine?
Motors at hydrogen peroxide are used in the orientation systems of spacecraft, when the large value of the thrust is not necessary, and the simplicity of the engine design and its small mass is very important. Of course, the hydrogen peroxide concentration used is far from 3% and not even 30%. 100% concentrated peroxide gives a mixture of oxygen with water vapor during the reaction, heated to one and a half thousand degrees, which creates high pressure In the combustion chamber and high rate of gas expiration from the nozzle.
The simplicity of the single-component engine design could not not attract the attention of amateurs rocket users. Here is an example of an amateur single-component engine.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H 2 O 2 - the simplest representation of the peroxide; High-boiling oxidizing agent or single-component rocket fuel, as well as a source of vapor to drive TNA. Used in the form of aqueous solution high (up to 99%) concentration. Transparent liquid without color and smell with "metal" flavor. The density is 1448 kg / m 3 (at 20 ° C), T pl ~ 0 ° C, Ting of ~ 150 ° C. Weakly toxic, when burning, causes burns, with some organic substances forms explosive mixtures. Pure solutions are quite stable (the decomposition rate usually does not exceed 0.6% per year); In the presence of traces of a number of heavy metals (for example, copper, iron, manganese, silver) and other impurities, decomposition accelerates and can move into an explosion; To increase stability during long-term storage in hydrogen peroxide Stabilizers (phosphorus and tin compounds) are introduced. Under the influence of catalysts (for example, iron corrosion products) decomposition hydrogen peroxide Oxygen and water goes with the release of energy, while the temperature of the reaction products (vapor) depends on the concentration hydrogen peroxide: 560 ° C at 80% concentration and 1000 ° C at 99%. It is best compatible with stainless steel and pure aluminum. In the industry is obtained by hydrolysis of the supporting acid H 2 S 2 O 8, which is formed during the electrolysis of sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide Found widespread use in rocket technology. Hydrogen peroxide It is a source of parogase for the TNA drive to a row (FAU-2, "Redstone", "Viking", "East", etc.), a rocket fuel oxidizer in rockets (Black Arrow, etc.) and aircraft ( 163, X-1, X-15, etc.), one-component fuel in spacecraft engines (Soyuz, Union T, etc.). It is promising its use in a pair with hydrocarbons, pentaboran and beryllium hydride.
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Low alcohol frost temperature allows you to use it in a wide range of ambient temperatures.
Alcohol is produced in very large quantities and is not a deficient flammable. Alcohol has an aggressive impact on structural materials. This allows you to apply relatively cheap materials for alcohol tanks and highways.
Methyl alcohol can serve as a substitute for ethyl alcohol, which gives a somewhat worse quality with oxygen. Methyl alcohol is mixed with ethyl in any proportions, which makes it possible to use it with a lack of ethyl alcohol and add to a slide in a fuel. Fuel based on liquid oxygen is used almost exclusively in long-range missiles, allowing and even, due to greater weight, requiring rocket refueling with components at the start site.
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide (i.e., 100% concentration) in the technique does not apply, since it is an extremely unstable product capable of spontaneous decomposition, easily turning into an explosion under the influence of any, seemingly minor external influences: impact , lighting, the slightest pollution by organic substances and impurities of some metals.
In rocket technology, "applied more resistant high-end-trained (most often 80"% concentrations) solutions of hydrogen pumping in water. To increase resistance to hydrogen peroxide, small amounts of substances prevent its spontaneous decomposition (for example, phosphoric acid) are added. The use of 80 "% hydrogen peroxide requires currently taking only conventional precautionary measures necessary when handling strong oxidizing agents. Hydrogen peroxide such a concentration is transparent, slightly bluish liquid with a freezing temperature -25 ° C.
Hydrogen peroxide when it is decomposed on oxygen and water pairs highlights heat. This heat release is explained by the fact that the heat of the formation of peroxide is 45.20 kcal / g-mol,
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GL IV. Fuel rocket engines
the time as the heat of water formation is equal to 68.35 kcal / g-mole. Thus, with the decomposition of the peroxide according to the formula H2O2 \u003d --H2O + V2O0, chemical energy is highlighted, equal difference 68.35-45,20 \u003d 23.15 kcal / g-mol, or 680 kcal / kg.
Hydrogen peroxide 80E / oo concentration has the ability to decompose in the presence of catalysts with heat release in the amount of 540 kcal / kg and with the release of free oxygen, which can be used for oxidation of fuel. The hydrogen peroxide has a significant specific weight (1.36 kg / l for 80% concentrations). It is impossible to use hydrogen peroxide as a cooler, because when heated it does not boil, but immediately decomposes.
Stainless steel and very clean (with an impurity content of up to 0.51%) aluminum can serve as materials for tanks and pipelines of engines operating on peroxide. Completely unacceptable use of copper and other heavy metals. Copper is a strong catalyst that contributes to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxy. Some types of plastics can be applied for gaskets and seals. The ingress of concentrated hydrogen peroxide on the skin causes heavy burns. Organic substances when the hydrogen peroxide falls on them light up.
Fuel based on hydrogen peroxide
Based on hydrogen peroxide, two types of fuels were created.
The fuel of the first type is the fuel of a separate feed, in which oxygen released when decomposing hydrogen peroxide is used to burn fuel. An example is the fuel used in the engine of the interceptor aircraft described above (p. 95). It consisted of a hydrogen peroxide of 80% concentration and a mixture of hydrazine hydrate (N2H4 H2O) with methyl alcohol. When the special catalyst is added, this fuel becomes self-igniting. A relatively low calorific value (1020 kcal / kg), as well as the small molecular weight of combustion products, determine the low combustion temperature, which facilitates the operation of the engine. However, due to low calorific value, the engine has a low specific craving (190 kgc / kg).
With water and alcohol, hydrogen peroxide can form relatively explosion-proof triple mixtures, which are an example of one-component fuel. The calorific value of such explosion-proof mixtures is relatively small: 800-900 kcal / kg. Therefore, as the main fuel for the EDD, they will hardly be applied. Such mixtures can be used in steamer-outer.
2. Modern fuel Rocket engines
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The reaction of the decomposition of concentrated peroxide, as already mentioned, is widely used in rocket technology to obtain a vapor, which is a working fluoride of the turbine when pumping.
Known engines in which the heat of the peroxide decomposition served to create a force of traction. Specific traction of such engines is low (90-100 kgc / kg).
For decomposition of peroxide, two types of catalysts are used: liquid (potassium permanganate solution KMNO4) or solid. The application of the latter is more preferable, since it makes an excessive liquid catalyst system to the reactor.
IN 1818 French Chemist L. J. Tenar opened the "oxidized water". Later this substance got a name hydrogen peroxide. Its density is 1464.9 kg / cubic meter. So, the resulting substance has a formula H 2 O 2, endothermally, rolls off oxygen in active form with high heat release: H 2 O 2\u003e H 2 O + 0.5 o 2 + 23,45 kcal.
Chemists also knew about property hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing: solutions H 2 O 2 (hereinafter referred to peroxide") ignited flammable substances, so so that they did not always succeed. Therefore, apply peroxide in real life as an energy substance, and not yet requiring an additional oxidant, an engineer came to mind Helmut Walter. from the city Keel. And specifically on submarines, where every gram of oxygen must be taken into account, especially since she went 1933And the fascist elbow took all measures to prepare for war. Immediately work with peroxide were classified. H 2 O 2 - The product is unstable. Walter found products (catalysts) that contributed even more rapid decomposition Peroxy. Oxygen cleavage reaction ( H 2 O 2 = H 2 O. + O 2.) I got instantly to the end. However, there was a need to "get rid" from oxygen. Why? The fact is that peroxide The richest connection to O 2. His almost 95% From the weight of the substance. And since atomic oxygen is initially distinguished, then not to use it as an active oxidant was simply inconvenient.
Then in the turbine, where it was applied peroxide, organic fuel, as well as water, as heat has highlighted quite enough. This contributed to the growth of engine power.
IN 1937 The year has passed successful stand tests of the steamer-turbine installations, and in 1942 The first submarine was built F-80.which developed under water speed 28.1 nodes (52.04 km / hour). German command decided to build 24 submarine who had to have two power plants Power each 5000 hp. They consumed 80% solution Peroxy. In Germany, preparing capacity for release 90,000 tons of peroxide in year. However, an inglorious end came for the "Millennial Reich" ...
It should be noted that in Germany peroxide began to apply in various modifications of aircraft, as well as on rockets Fow-1 and Fow-2.. We know that all these works could not change the course of events ...
In the Soviet Union work with peroxide We also conducted in the interests of the underwater fleet. IN 1947 year a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences B. S. Stechkinwho advised specialists in liquid-reactive engines, which then called the Zhdists, at the Institute of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, gave the task of the future academician (and then an engineer) Warsaw I. L. Make the engine on Peroxyproposed by academician E. A. Chudakov. To do this, serial diesel engines Submarines like " Pike"And practically" blessing "on work gave himself Stalin. This made it possible to force the development and get an additional volume on board the boat, where you could place torpedoes and other weapons.
Works S. peroxide Academicians were performed Stacky, Chudakov And Warsaw in a very short time. Before 1953 years, according to the available information, was equipped 11 submarine. Unlike works with peroxideWhat was conducted by the USA and England, our submarines did not leave any trace behind them, while gas turbine (USA and England) had a demasking bubble loop. But the point in domestic introduction peroxy and its use for submarine put Khrushchev: The country has moved to work with nuclear submarines. And powerful nearest H 2- Cut on scrap metal.
However, what we have in the "dry residue" with peroxide? It turns out that it needs to be consistent somewhere, and then refueling tanks (tanks) of cars. It is not always convenient. Therefore, it would be better to get it directly on board the car, and even better before injection into the cylinder or before serving on the turbine. In this case, it would be guaranteed full security All works. But what kind of source fluids is needed to get it? If you take some acid and peroxide, let's say barium ( VA O 2.) This process becomes very uncomfortable for use directly on board the same "Mercedes"! Therefore, pay attention to the simple water - H 2 O.! It turns out, it is for obtaining Peroxy You can safely use it safely! And you just need to fill the tanks with ordinary well water and you can go on the road.
The only reservation is: at this process, atomic oxygen is formed again (remember the reaction with which it collided Walter), But here it is reasonable to him with him, as it turned out. To proper use, a water-fuel emulsion is needed, as part of which it is enough to have at least 5-10% Some hydrocarbon fuel. The same fuel oil may well approach, but even when it is used, the hydrocarbon fractions will provide phlegmatization of oxygen, that is, they will enter the reaction with him and will give an additional impulse, excluding the possibility of an uncontrolled explosion.
For all calculations, cavitation comes into its own right, the formation of active bubbles that can destroy the structure of the water molecule, to highlight the hydroxyl group IS HE and make it connect to the same group to get the desired molecule Peroxy H 2 O 2.
This approach is very beneficial with any point of view, for it allows to exclude the manufacturing process. Peroxy Outside the object of use (i.e. makes it possible to create it directly in the engine internal combustion). It is very profitable, because eliminates the stages of individual refueling and storage H 2 O 2. It turns out that only at the time of injection is the formation of the compound we need and, bypassing the storage process, peroxide Enters work. And in the pots of the same car there may be a water-fuel emulsion with a meager percentage of hydrocarbon fuel! Here the beauty would be! And it would be absolutely not scary if one liter of fuel had a price even in 5 US dollars. In the future, you can go to solid fuel type of stone coal, and gasoline is calmly synthesized. Coal is still enough for several hundred years! Only Yakutia on shallow depth Stores billions of tons of this fossil. This is a huge region limited to the bottom of the Bam's thread, the northern border of which goes far above the Aldan Rivers and May ...
but Peroxy According to the described scheme, it can be prepared from any hydrocarbons. I think that the main word in this matter remains for our scientists and engineers.
