As the plates are connected in the battery. What the battery consists of. What's under the top lid

The battery is the most important part of the car, so the battery maintenance will be in good condition will be the key to the efficient engine start, as well as the uninterrupted operation of onboard consumers of electricity. In order to properly exploit the AKB, you must familiarize yourself with the basic principles of the work of this device. This article will tell in detail how the car battery is arranged.

Creature

What is the battery

The car element is assembled at the factory from many elements, so to understand the principle of operation of the source of the electric current, it is necessary to know the purpose of each component. The rechargeable battery consists of the following parts.

Case. Modern battery is made of impact-resistant polypropylene. This material is well tolerated not only increased mechanical loads and vibrations, but also resistant to the effects of an acid, which in the form of a solution fills in the internal cavities of the battery. In addition, polypropylene is resistant to large temperature drops. The battery housing is divided into 6 hermetically separated sections in which, in the process of manufacturing the battery, lead electrodes and separators are installed.

Separators. Separators are installed between the electrodes and serve dielectrics that reliably protect the battery elements from short circuit. These elements are also made of acid-resistant polymer, which is not destroyed when exposed to an aggressive medium during the entire operation time of the AKB.

Electrodes. Most of the available batteries produced lead plates with different impurities, in the cells of which there is a mass consisting of lead powder and sulfuric acid. Plates of modern batteries can be made of doped with calcium doped, which allows to significantly increase the battery life.

Electrolyte. The electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid and distilled water. This fluid is necessary in order for the electric current fluently proceed from the negative electrodes to positive. In expensive batteries, instead of a liquid electrolyte, it can be sealed with gel. Thanks to these qualities, gel batteries are produced in the form of fully maintenanceable products.

Terminals. All batteries have terminals, they can be different types of standard (European), ASIA (thin cones for Asian cars) and screw (for American cars). Occasionally you can store batteries with four terminals on the housing.

Additional feature:

• In maintenance-free batteries, instead of standard six plugs on the sides, there are 2 pressure reset valves (in the case of boiling electrolyte, gas will be discharged).
• Some batteries are equipped with an "eye", with which you can easily determine the degree of charge and electrolyte level.

How the battery is arranged

The rechargeable battery is arranged in such a way as a result of filing to its terminals direct current Effective accumulation of electrical energy occurred. The automotive battery consists of 6 excommunications from each other, in which there are negative and positive plates separated by separators.

Each such bank allows you to accumulate electric current by voltage up to 2.1 V. To obtain a standard voltage of the car on-board network, the scheme applies serial connection Such electrical elements. An important feature of modern acid batteries It is a complete sealing of the body of the product. Despite the impossibility of servicing the electricity accumulation devices of this type, their functionality and safety of use is on more high level Compared with traffic jams.

Battery performance principle

Automotive lead battery is a reduced chemical battery, in which the electricity formation occurs as a result of the reaction between lead dioxide, spongy lead and sulfuric acid solution.

When the DC is supplyed on the battery terminals on the negative plates, pure lead is formed, and on positive - lead dioxide. When the battery is connected to various devices and aggregates that consumes electricity, the reverse process occurs, in which lead sulphate is formed on negative electrodes, and clean water is released from the electrolyte.

Depending on the type rechargeable battery Such a sequence can be repeated thousands of times before sulfate or the destruction of the plates occurs.

Features of structures

Rechargeable batteries can differ significantly from each other. The design features of the AKB can be attributed:

1. Battery size.
2. Composition of metallic alloy plates.
3. View of electrolyte.
4. The location of the electrical conclusions on the housing.

The size of the plates and the amount of electrolyte in each bank will depend on the capacity of the battery, so the products installed to start diesel installations trucksmay be several times to exceed the mass and volume of the battery for passenger cars.

From the type of lead alloy will depend on the internal electrical resistance of the battery and the stability of the element to the effects of the aggressive medium. Also, the composition of the metal will affect the intensity of the evaporation of moisture, therefore, for the maintenance-free models, the plates are made from doped lead calcium.

From the type of electrolyte used in the battery banks, a large number of battery parameters also depends. The liquid solution freezes at low air temperatures, and when boiling leads to evaporation of water, therefore it allows its replacement to the gel to significantly increase the product resource. Gel batteries are significantly better tolerant of a deep discharge, which allows them to be used not only as starting devices, but also for powering power electrical installations.

Batteries may differ in the location of the terminals on the housing. This parameter should be taken into account when selecting a new battery, otherwise it will be necessary to lengthen the plus wire of the car connected to the power source.

Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to the battery of your car and its (car) of the electrical system. In fact, if the engine is the heart of our car, then it is his central nervous system (and maybe even the soul) - it stores and produces electricity, and also controls the power of the current power supply. The last thing you would like is to stay on a deserted track with a dead battery. The more you know about the battery and the electrical system as a whole, the less likely to get into this situation.

How does a car battery work?

The car battery provides all the electrical power supply of the machine with the necessary amount of electricity to power all electrical components in your car. And the speech here is about rather huge responsibility. Without battery, the car, as you, probably, have already understood, will not go anywhere. Let's take a look at how this powerful little box works!

Chemical reaction is the main principle of battery operation: it simply converts chemical energy into the electrical needed to power your car, providing the starter voltage and many other electrical components of the machine, as well as electrical - back to chemical. Another important battery function - it ensures the constancy of the current - it also stabilizes the voltage in order for the engine to work.

In a simple principle of the battery, it is possible to characterize this: the chemical processes in it lead in the appearance of an electric current to which the car is powered - this current is especially useful, and most of all it is consumed when you start the engine with a starter; When the car is headed, the engine twists the generator - and here we see the process of transformation of mechanical energy (the generator grinding) into electric - in turn, the generator transmits the battery current produced by them, and the electricity has already turned into a chemical - accumulates it, saves it again "feed" her starter or any other electrical systems The car, when the generator does not work or when electricity produced by the generator is not enough to provide all car systems.

The car battery has two poles: one positive and second is negative, and you probably already know it if at least once you have seen or disconnected / fixed the battery terminals. These poles are connected to the car and are responsible for the nutrition of a number of very important mechanisms of the car, including:

• Engine starting
• Reproduction of audio system
• All lighting mechanisms (headlights, rear lights, all sorts of backlight, etc.)
• Windscreen wipers
• Much more.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, the battery consists of six cells. Two electrodes are placed in each cell, which are made of eight overlapping metal plates. These eight overlapping metal plates form what is known as the "galvanic element". Thus, in total, each cell includes 2 electrodes and 16 plates. It is through these plates that the car electricity is powered. But how does it work?

In fact, everything is quite simple - let's summarize the above described:

• The battery consists of six cells
• Each cell consists of two sets of plates
• Each set of plates includes eight overlapping metal plates

And now a little chemistry ...

The first set of plates in the cell is positive, and the second is negative. A positive grid is covered with lead oxide and brings electrons into a cell. The negative set is covered directly by lead, and it, on the contrary, frees the electrons. Metal plates - Remember, eight of them in each grid, 16 in each cell - are in a mixture of water and sulfuric acid (in fact, only about 35 percent of sulfuric acid in this concentration, but this is more than enough to, for example, burn clothes And heavily burn the skin. This mixture acts as an electrolyte - a substance that does well conduct electricity.

When the battery is charged (from the generator or other methods), then a chemical lead oxidation reaction occurs on a positive charge, as a result of which the electrolyte is saturated with sulfuric acid and the proportion of electrolyte increases. When the battery, on the contrary, is discharged, feeding any car electrical system (we remember that the main consumer is a starter), then due to the recovery of lead on the other - a negative set of plates, as a result of which more water is formed, and, therefore, the specific Electrolyte weight decreases. At the same time, the chemical process in each of the plates is so negligible that very little energy is distinguished, but at the outlet of the battery a passenger carWhen all these reactions pass through all 6 cells, we already get the already intimate 12 volts.

Possible battery malfunctions

The battery over time comes into disrepair - this is its natural wear and, in addition, a different kind of harmful processes in it and the impact on it can significantly shorten the life of his life. And the first symptoms that there are problems in the battery, are the inability to make a car (especially in frosty weather).

So, what could be the problem with the battery?

• Low fluid level in the battery: Car batteries usually have a small part of the case in the form of a translucent strip - so that you can always follow the liquid level of your battery. If the fluid level is below lead plates (electricity conductor) inside the battery, then it is time to either add it or replace the battery.
• The "eatery" of the battery is when the housing of your battery looks as if he ate a lot and swept. It may indicate urgent replacement battery. You can accuse the excess amount of heat as the cause of the blink of the battery and, as a result, reducing the battery life.
• The smell of rotten eggs from the battery: you can notice the sharp smell of a rotten egg (in fact, this is the smell of sulfur) around its battery. Cause: battery leakage. This leakage, except smell, also causes corrosion around the terminals.

In the broad sense of the word in the technique under the term "battery" means a device that allows at some conditions of operation to accumulate a certain type of energy, and with others to spend it for the needs of a person.

They are used where it is necessary to collect energy for a certain time, and then use it to make large labor-intensive processes. For example, hydraulic batteries used in the gateways allow you to raise ships to a new level of the river bed.

Electrical batteries operate with electricity along the same principle: first accumulate (accumulate) electricity from external source Charge, and then give it to connected consumers to perform work. By nature, they relate to chemical sources Current capable of performing many times periodic discharge and charge cycles.

During operation, chemical reactions occur between the components of the electrode plates with a fill substance - electrolyte.

The fundamental scheme of the battery device can be represented by a simplified species pattern when two plates are inserted into the vessel housing with outputs to provide electrical contacts. The electrolyte is flooded between the plates.

Battery operation when discharge

When the load is connected to the electrodes, for example, a light bulb, then a closed electrical circuit is created through which the discharge current flows. It is formed by the movement of electrons in metal parts and anions with cations in the electrolyte.

This process is conditionally shown in the diagram with the nickel-cadmium design of the electrodes.

Here, as a material of the positive electrode, nickel oxides with graphite additives, which increase electrical conductivity are used. Metal negative electrode runs sponge cadmium.

During the discharge, the particles of active oxygen from nickel oxides are released into the electrolyte and are sent to negative plates, where cadmiums are oxidized.

Battery operation when charging

With a disconnected load on the plates terminals, constant (in certain situations pulsating) the voltage is more than the charged battery with the same polarity when the positive and minus terminals of the source and the consumer coincide.

The charger always has a greater power, which "suppresses" the energy remaining in the battery and creates an electric current with the direction opposite to the discharge. As a result, internal chemical processes between electrodes and electrolyte are changed. For example, on a can with nickel with cadmium plates, a positive electrode is enriched with oxygen, and negative is restored to the state of pure cadmium.

When the battery is discharged and charge, the chemical composition of the material of the plates (electrodes) occurs, and the electrolyte does not change.

Methods for connecting batteries

Parallel connection

The value of the discharge current, which one bank can withstand, depends on many factors, but first of all from the design applied by materials and their dimensions. The more significant the area of \u200b\u200bthe plates in the electrodes, the greater the current they can withstand.

This principle is used for parallel connection of the same type of batteries in batteries if you need to increase the current to the load. But for the charge of such a design, you will need to raise the source power. This method is rarely used for finished designs, because now it is much easier to immediately purchase the necessary battery. But they enjoy manufacturers acid AcBconnecting various plates into single blocks.

Serial connection

Depending on the materials used, there may be a voltage of 1.2 / 1.5 or 2.0 volts common between two electrode plates of batteries. (In fact, this range is significantly wider.) For many electrical devices, it is clearly not enough. Therefore, the same type of batteries are connected in series, and this is often done in a single case.

An example of such a design is a widespread car development based on sulfuric acid and lead plates-electrodes.

Usually in the people, especially among transport drivers, it is customary to call any device, regardless of its number composite elements - cans. However, it is not entirely correct. The design collected from several consecutively connected cans is already a battery for which the abbreviated name "AKB". Her internal organization Showing in the picture.

Any of cans consists of two blocks with a set of plates for positive and negative electrodes. Blocks come into each other without a metal contact with the possibility of reliable electroplating through the electrolyte.

In this case, the contact plates have an extra lattice and are distantized by a separator plate - separator.

The connection of the plates in the blocks increases their working area, reduces the overall resistivity of the entire structure, allows you to increase the power of the connected load.

FROM outside The housing such ankb has the elements shown in the figure below.

It can be seen from it that a durable plastic case is closed hermetically lid and on top of two terminals (usually conical shape) for connecting to electrical scheme car. The marking of polarity is knocked out on their conclusions: "+" and "-". As a rule, to block errors when the diameter of the positive terminal is connected, a little more than the negative.

At the serviced battery packs on top of each bank, a filler neck is placed to control the level of electrolyte or the attachment of distilled water during operation. It is screwed into it, which protects the internal cavities of the can from contamination and at the same time does not allow the electrolyte at the inclination of the battery.

Since with a powerful charge, it is possible to rapid gas separation from electrolyte (and this process is possible with intensive driving), then holes are made in traffic jams to prevent increase pressure within the can. Oxygen and hydrogen are overlooked through them, as well as pairs of electrolyte. Similar situations associated with excessive charge currents should be avoided.

The same figure shows the connection of elements between the banks and the location of the plates-electrodes.

Starter automotive batteries (lead-acid) work on the principle of double sulfation. At them, during the discharge / charge, an electrochemical process occurs, accompanied by a change in the chemical composition of the active mass of the electrodes with the release / absorption in the electrolyte (sulfuric acid) of water.

This explains the increase in the specific density of the electrolyte when charging and the decline in the battery discharge. In other words, the density value allows to evaluate the electrical state of the battery. For her measurement, a special device is used - a car areometer.

Included in the electrolyte acid batteries, distilled water under negative temperature passes into solid state - ice. Therefore, the automotive batteries do not freeze in cold times, it is necessary to apply special measures provided for by the rules of operation.

What are the types of batteries

Modern production for various purposes produces more than three dozen different types of electrodes and electrolyte products. Only on the basis of lithium there are 12 well-known models.

As a metal of electrodes can meet:

lead;

iron;

lithium;

titanium;

cobalt;

cadmium;

nickel;

zinc;

silver;

vanadium;

aluminum

some other elements.

They affect electrical output characteristics, and, consequently, on the scope.

The ability to withstand briefly large loads arising when promoting crankshafts engines internal combustion Electric motors starters are characteristic of lead-acid acb. They are widely used in transport, uninterruptible power supplies and emergency power supply systems.

Standard (simple batteries) usually replace nickel with cadmium, nickel-zinc and nickel-metal hydride batteries.

But lithium-ion or lithium-polymeric structures are reliably working in mobile and computer devices, a building tool and even electric vehicles.

According to the applied electrolyte, the batteries are:

acidic;

alkaline.

There is a classification of batteries for its intended purpose. For example, in modern conditions, devices used to transmit energy - recharged other sources. So-called external battery Recalls owners of many mobile devices in the absence of a variable electrical network. It is able to repeatedly charge the tablet, smartphone, mobile phone.

All these batteries have a similar principle of operation and a similar device. For example, the finger lithium-ion model presented in the figure below repeats the construction of previously discussed acid batteries in many respects.

Here we see the same electrodes-contacts, plates, separator and housing. Only they are satisfied with other working conditions.

Basic electrical batteries

The parameters affect the operation of the device:

capacity;

energy density;

self-discharge;

temperature mode.

Capacity is called the maximum charge at the battery, which it is able to give during the discharge to the smallest voltage. It is expressed in the coulutes (system SI) and ampere hours (out of system).

As a type of capacity, there is an "energy container", which determines the energy given by discharge to the minimum allowable voltage. It is measured by Joules (SI) and Watt-hours (non-system).

Energy density It is expressed by the ratio of the amount of energy to the weight or volume of the battery.

Self discontinuity consider loss of capacity after charge in the absence of a load on terminals. It depends on the design and is enhanced with insulation disorders between the electrodes by numerous reasons.

Temperature operation It affects electrical properties and with serious deviations from the specified manufacturer of the norm can output the battery. Heat and cold are unacceptable, they affect the flow of chemical reactions and the pressure of the medium within the bank.

Akb surrounds people in their daily life literally everywhere - in small and large home appliances, communications, beloved car. Despite this, many do not know what the principle of operation of the battery, and therefore they do not know how to contact him. In fact, there is one general principle to which the work of batteries of all species is subordinated. These are reversible chemical reactions occurring cyclically. During the discharge of the battery, the energy of the chemical energy in electrical is transformed, which ensures the operation of the technical device to which the AKB is connected. When the reserve of this energy is exhausted on a certain percentage, charging the battery. During it, chemical transformations also go, but already with the opposite effect. That is, the flow of electric current causes the accumulation of chemical energy reserves.

Different different batteries There are two aspects among themselves - the type of electrolyte and the material from which the electrodes are made. The basis for electrolyte is acids or alkalis, which, after dilution with water or other additives, acquire the type of the finished homogeneous mixture of various consistency (liquid or gel). The substance protruding the electrode is capable of changing the properties of the finished product. The most common are lithium, lead and nickel-cadmium batteries.

About car batteries

The principle of work standard car battery It relies on its design and does not depend on the acid or alkaline electrolyte in it.

Inside the dielectric and insoluble sulfurized case, six cans of batteries are placed consistently attached to each other. In each of these cans, there are several electrodes with charges of "plus" and "minus", which look like a lattice lattice, lubricated with a special chemically active mass.

So that the lattices with different signs accidentally do not touch and do not robbed, each of them is immersed in polyethylene separator. The electrodes themselves are usually made of lead with a variety of impurities.

To be accurate, then such lead lattices are three types:

• Malosurian . And the anodes, and cathodes are made of lead alloy + antimony and require little service procedures.
• Calcium. Here is an admixture, respectively, calcium. Such electrodes do not need to be serviced at all.
• Hybrid. One electrode, with a minus, is made of calcium alloy, and the positive contains antimony.

It is safe to argue that lead-acid is the most popular and common for the car. The principle of operation of the lead accumulator is based on the active interaction of sulfuric acid with lead dioxide.

When the battery is operated, then there is an electrical energy, a lead in the cathode is oxidized, and its dioxide on the anode, on the contrary, is involved in the rehabilitation reaction. When charging, as it is easy to guess, the interactions go in the opposite direction.

It all happens at the expense of acid in the electrolyte, part of it disintegrates, respectively, the concentration drops. This is precisely the need to periodically update fluid in the battery.

With gel batteries, this does not happen. The state of the electrolyte in them does not allow it to evaporate, unless, of course, do not overlay the battery during recharging.

It is due to the absence of the need to periodically replenish the reserves of the active substance of the battery with a jelly-like electrolyte to the category. Another advantage of the gel is not disconnected from electrical contacts, which means that sudden failures and closures are impossible.

How is the lithium-ion battery?

Its design does not differ in difficulty: an anode from a porous carbon, a lithium cathode, a separator plate between them and a current conductor - a substance-electrolyte. During the discharge, the ions are separated from the anode and move to lithium electrolyte, bypassing the separator. During the battery power, everything happens up to the opposite - lithium gives ions, carbon takes. This is how the process of ionic cycle between the diffused electrodes of the lithium-ion battery occurs.

The accurate composition of the cathode may differ in a particular model or at a certain manufacturer of AKB. The fact is that many firms are testing a variety different types Lithium connections to change devices at their discretion.

However, it is obvious - improving some characteristics, inevitably you have to sacrifice others. Most often with increased capacity, concern for its exploiting people and natural environment, are overly costly or require too much attention.

But what does not take away from the batteries with Lithuania, which constitutes their fundamental difference with other types of batteries, is the low level of self-discharge.

Li-POL battery batteries

Lithium-polymer is the next stage of the development of lithium-ion acb. The principal difference is clear from the name - a polymer connection begins as an electrolyte. Due to the strength of the chemical bonds existing in it, such a battery becomes the most secure as possible, improper operation can break it itself, but not harm the owner, as it happened with lithium battery with liquid filler. The polymer is expelled to overheat or pierce the sharp object, while the liquid element would have exploded long ago.

Another huge plus Li-Pol batteries are their huge conductivity. Due to the fact that in the process of reactions on the anodes and cathodes, the battery acquires the properties of a good semiconductor, it is capable of transmitting current, at times exceeding its own electrical capacity.

Alkaline batteries

The method of functioning of an alkali battery is based on chemical transformations in an alkaline environment. That is why the electrodes of such batteries use compounds of metals that actively interact with alkalis.

Nickel hydroxide on the electrode with a positive charge turns into a hydrate of its skins due to a series of reactions with free ions in the electrolyte. At the cathode at the same time, similar interactions are followed, but only with the formation of iron oxide hydrate. There is a difference in potentials between the newly created substances, at the expense of which electricity is distinguished. In the process of recharging the reaction the same, only in reverse order, Substances are restored to the source.

Ni-CD battery

Usually used for solid techniques, for example, for a screwdriver. The principle of their device and work is similar to akb., Only in a much smaller scale - the same consistently connected several small batteries, together generating the necessary electrical indicators, and inside them are already familiar anodes, cathodes, separators plates and liquid electrolyte.

Specific characteristics inherent in this type of batteries provide precisely chemical properties of nickel and cadmium. They impose and the obligation to be careful, especially at. This is caused by the fact that cadmium is a rather toxic element.

With the neat operation of the screwdrivers with such battery, the instruments will be guaranteed to work for a long time on high power, in all weather and temperature conditions. In addition, they can be established very quickly.

Ni-MH battery

According to its device and the mechanism of operation, nickel-metal-hydride batteries are very similar to cadmium and were invented almost immediately after them. The main difference is the material from which a negative electrode is made.

In type batteries, it consists of a special right of metals that absorb hydrogen. Some of them react with electrolyte ions with heat excretion, the other part - with its absorption, as a result of which it is possible to safely and environmentally harmlessly using such a device.

How does the charger work for the battery?

The memory for the battery usually consists of a rectifier and a transformer and creates a constant voltage current of about 14 volts. Also, good appliances contain elements that are monitored by the battery voltage and turn off the charge at the desired moment.

In the course of the work process charger For a car battery or for any other, the current supplied to them itself drops. It is caused by the fact that in the charging AKB increases the resistance, and it no longer skips the current with a large voltage. If there is a meter in charging, then it records the moment when the battery has been reached in 12V, after which it can be disconnected from the network.

Akb - a thing is not so complicated as it may seem. Its device is easy to understand, besides, the principle of work is the same for different species. To know his battery owner at least in the car, even in the wall clock, it is very useful - this will help come correctly at all stages - the choice, maintenance and disposal of the battery.

Autonomous sources of electricity are among the most useful inventions of humanity. What is a telephone or radio in which the device of many devices is not installed, as well as the conditions for their use, do not always provide for the presence of a permanent network power supply, so such electricity sources make it possible to carry out their activities almost anywhere in the world. After a small preface, let's start the article.

What is a battery?

In a broad sense, this concept implies a device that at some conditions of use can accumulate any kind of energy, and with others to spend to satisfy the needs of a person.

Batteries accumulate electricity from an external power source, and then give it to connected to consumers so that they can do their work. So, when the devices work, the chemical reactions between the electrolyte and electrode plates are constantly proceeding. By the way, a similar design is placed in banks, from which batteries are formed. The design of these structures provides for the creation of voltage, as a rule, 1.2-2V, which is quite small. Therefore, to increase power sources and use different types of compounds.

How to work as

The power supply device provides a plus connection and minus. They function as follows: when the load is connected to the electrodes (the light bulb can be considered as an example), then a closed electrical circuit occurs. There is a discharge current on it. It is formed due to the movement of electrons, anions and cations. More detailed information on what and how proceeds can only be told on a specific example.

Suppose that we have a battery where a positive electrode is nickel oxide, which has been added graphite to increase conduction. For a negative plate used sponge cadmium. So, when the discharge comes, then the particles of active oxygen are released and fall into the electrolyte. At the same time, parts of them are separated, which go like electricity (the same electrons). Then the particles of active oxygen are directed towards the negative plates, where they oxidize cadmium.

Functioning battery when charging

It is necessary to turn off the load on the terminals of the plates. They are also served, as a rule, constant pressure (But it may be a pulsating depends on the case), which is greater than the battery value, which is charging. Moreover, polarity should be the same. That is, the minus and positive terminals of the consumer and the source are obliged to coincide. Note that it must necessarily have more power than in the battery to suppress the remnants of the energy in it and create an electric current, the direction of which will be the opposite of the discharge. As a result, the chemical processes that flow in the battery are changing.

Let's consider an example from the previous subparagraph article. Here the positive electrode will be enriched with oxygen, and clean cadmium will be restored on the negative. Summing up, it can be said that only the chemical composition of the electrodes changes during the charge and discharge. This does not apply to electrolyte. But he can evaporate that it will negatively affect the battery life.

So, we reviewed the principle of operation of any battery. Now let's find out how during operation you can improve their characteristics.

Parallel connection

The value of the current depends on the significant number of factors. First of all, this understands the design used materials and their dimensions. The larger area there are electrodes, the greater the current indicators they can withstand. This principle is used for a parallel connection of the same type of cans in batteries. This is done if you need to increase the current value that goes to the load. But with this you have to raise the power of the source of energy.

Serial connection

If we consider banks from which batteries consist of rechargeable batteries, it must be said that they are usually in one case. This type of connection is used to obtain large voltage indicators with smaller losses.

You can see the use of this design, disunity car batterywhich are lead acid. It is worth saying that this type is applied not only in the device of the car battery, it is just the most likely way to disassemble how this type of connection works. In this case, it is necessary to take care that there is no metallic contact, and there was a reliable electroplating through the electrolyte. But it just needs to be understood in relation this type. In other cases, a different connection task will be implemented.

Types of batteries

They differ because of their purpose, opportunities, sales and material. At the moment, the production of more than three tens of types has been mastered modern production, which differ from their composition of electrodes, as well as an electrolyte used. For example, Li-Ion batteries boast a family of 12 known models. Conditionally, the following types can be distinguished:

1. Child-acid.
2. Lithium.
3. Nickel cadmium.

These are the most popular representatives. But for understanding the possibilities, we suggest familiar with the list of materials that can act as electrodes:

• iron;
• lead;
• titanium;
• lithium;
• cadmium;
• cobalt;
• nickel;
• zinc;
• vanadium;
• silver;
• aluminum;
• a number of other elements that, however, are very rare.

The use of different materials affects the output characteristics and, therefore, the scope of application. So, for example, Li-Ion batteries are used in computer and mobile devices. Whereas nickel-cadmium are used as a substitute for standard galvanic elements. Theoretically, all types of batteries can work with any load. The only question is how justified is such an application.

Main characteristics

We have already considered that such batteries are, the device of these structures, from which they do. Now let's focus on what affects their operation. Important characteristics for us are:

1. The density is called the characteristic of the ratio of the amount of energy to the volume or weight of the battery.
2. The capacity is called the value of the maximum charge of the battery, which it can give during the discharge process until the smallest voltage is reached. This indicator is expressed in amps clocks or coulons. Energy container can also be indicated. It is measured in watt clocks or joules. The task of such a capacity is to report the amount of energy, which is given during the discharge until the minimum allowable voltage is reached.
3. The temperature regime affects the electrical properties of the battery. When there are serious deviations from the operating range recommended by the manufacturer, then there is a high probability of output source. This is explained by the fact that the cold and heat affect the intensity of the flow of chemical reactions, as well as the internal pressure.
4. Self refers to the loss of the container, which occur after the battery charge when there is no load on the terminals. In many respects, this indicator depends on the constructive execution and may increase if insulation was impaired.

These are the characteristics of batteries and provide us with greatest interest. Of course, if you have to do something new and exclusive, previously unprecedented, it may be necessary and something else. But this is quite unlikely.

Device electrodes

As an example, we will take lead plates. Although they were previously. Modern plates are made of lead-calcium alloy. Due to this, a low level of self-discharge of the battery is achieved (50% of the container is lost in 18 months). It also allows economically to spend water (only 1 grams per amper-hour).

You can meet a hybrid design, where, besides lead, antimony is added to the positive electrode, and in negative - calcium. True, in such cases there is increased flow water. To increase the resistance to corrosive processes, tin or silver is added.

Electrodes are manufactured with a lattice structure, they are coated with a layer of active mass. The principle of operation of the battery is largely depends on which material is used for plates. We consider lead, which are simple to explore, but they always do not recommend navigating.

Electrolyte

We consider all the same child-acid batteries. As an electrolyte, in which they are placed, the most often served sulfuric acid. It has a certain density that may vary depending on in this case the principle is true: the more, the higher. Over time, the electrolyte is destroyed, and the battery capacity drops. On the service life affects the features of operation (compliance with safety). In batteries, the electrolyte can be of two types:

• liquid;
• in the form of impregnated special material.

At the moment, the first type is most common.

Operation of batteries

The use of batteries can be observed almost everywhere. Remember your mobile phones or sources for computers. As an example, an ordinary flashlight can be brought (modern samples are increasingly manufactured with a built-in battery and are not designed for electroplating elements). And cars? STOP-START systems and recuperative braking are operated from batteries, and they nominate high requirements for starting current, deep discharge and durability. As you can see, without these power sources it is difficult to do in modern life to any person.

Rechargeable Battery Construction Scheme

We reviewed the basic information about these devices. Let's still pay attention to such a concept as a battery scheme. After all, within the framework of the article, only Casual passed on it. The battery of the modern scheme, according to the story, was first created by the French physicist Gastron Plan. The area of \u200b\u200bhis creation exceeded 10 square meters! Modern batteries, in fact, are simply significantly reduced and slightly modified copies of its battery. Visible to a person an element is only a housing. It provides the commonality and integrity of the design.