One of the most relevant technological directions in the global aircraft is the introduction of "green" technologies. Even effective security systems and ultra-modern electronic assistants are fused against the background of advantages that open electrical and hybrid concepts. And it's not only in minimizing the level of environmental pollution. Refusal or at least reduction in the consumption of traditional fuel is beneficial and for motorists themselves, which can count on significant savings. True, the word "savings" is still reluctantly combined with prices for energy-saving models. Most of the proposals of this class are available to the Russian consumer for 2-3 million rubles. In this context, the choice of such a car as "Toyota-Prius-hybrid", which is presented below.

The model is offered with an initial price tag of 1.2 million rubles. Of course, this cost cannot be called an available mass car enthusiast, but the reduction in fuel consumption in long-term operation will justify the attachments. Especially since the buyer receives not just a model with an unusual power plant, but high quality japanese car With a hint of premium.

General information about the model

Fashion for hybrid models and electrocars from manufacturers originated in the early 2000s. Of course, some developments in this area existed before, but their real incarnation in concepts occurred only in the last 15 years. In turn, the Japanese manufacturer became one of the pioneers in the segment, releasing the hybrid model in 1997, however, in the world market, the car appeared only in three years. At the same time, the same device was saved - "Toyota-Prius-hybrid" 2000. Under the hood contains four components: traditional engine, an electric motor, a high-voltage battery and a motor generator. As can be seen, the model combines elements from different configurations. power plant, including the classic internal combustion engine, and the battery.

In terms of appearance, the car can be attributed to the golf class. Although major manufacturers strive to supply hybrid installations exceptionally expensive luxury versions, the Japanese preferred a class close to a wide consumer. Actually, this is due to the relatively affordable price of the Toyota-Prius-hybrid car, the reviews of the owners about which are very favorable in relation to the version for 1.2 million rubles, but they note the wealth of optional equipment in more expensive versions for 2 million rubles. .

The principle of operation of the basic version

Engineers offer two approaches to the implementation of a hybrid design. In the first version, the movement and control of the machine is provided by an electric motor, and the OBS only supplies the battery. The second option provides for the possibility of equivalent use of both generators. The first two generations showed the possibility and efficiency of combining both concepts. To understand how "Toyota-Prius-hybrid" works in classical execution, it is worth considering the Synergy Drive power plant. The complex includes 58 liter gasoline. from. And the battery running the electric motor is 68 liters. from. In the aggregate it provides maximum return. You can control such potential using four modes. At the time of launch, the installation of the engine is turned off, and the function of the main drive of the machine takes on the electric motor. As the power increases, the situation changes: the battery activity decreases, and a gasoline unit is entering into business.

The principle of the third generation

Despite the increase in power, the third generation of the model distinguished itself with a high level of fuel efficiency. The version received a 1.8-liter "four", the scheme of which is based on the Atkinson cycle. As implies the original device, Toyota-Prius-hybrid also received a battery, which is used as needed. The peculiarities of the third generation should also include the use of an electric pump for cooling and improved exhaust recirculation system. As for the ride regimens, in this case three ways are supposed. The first mode (EV) is designed to move in a low high-speed range with a battery connection. Next, an enhanced mode, which allows to increase the sensitivity of the accelerator for the sports nature of the ride. The most economical is Eco Mode, in which the most rational ratio of the energy spent and the power requests of the car is achieved during the movement.

Technical parameters of the model

With all the features of the inner filling, the platform and the main design of the car are made according to the traditional scheme. At the same time, the exterior looks rather unusual, which, in turn, attaches another highlight of the Toyota-Prius-hybrid car. The technical characteristics of the model look like this:

• Hybrid Body - 5-door hatchback.
• Length - 445 cm.
• Width - 172.5 cm.
• Height - 149 cm.
• The volume of the luggage compartment is minimum of 408 liters.
• Wheel base - 270 cm.
• Pitch rear - 148 cm.
• Front track - 150.5 cm.
• Clearance - 14.5 cm.
• Suspension - spring independent in front of the front and semi-dependent rear.
• Transmission - Direct Planetary.
• Brakes - disk.

Battery characteristics

The manufacturer uses batteries from NiMH and Panasonic companies, which are 8 years warranty. Actually, thanks to these elements, the economy of modification of the Toyota-Prius-hybrid car is ensured. The technical characteristics of the batteries used are as follows:

• Capacity - from 6 to 21 a * h.
• Time to fulfill full charge - 90 minutes.
• Mass - from 45 to 80 kg, depending on the version.
• The number of modules in the battery is from 28 to 40.
• The number of segments in the module is 6.
• Voltage in the segment - 1.2 V.
• Total voltage - from 206 to 288 V.
• The spare energy of the battery is a maximum of 4.4 kW * h.

Technological features of operation

In the representation of most motorists, the main difference between hybrid models is their economy. Nevertheless, there are other nuances of operation that "Toyota-Prius-hybrid" possesses. The principle of operation, in particular, causes a fairly high level of management automation, which should be prepared. For example, the on-board computer independently adjusts the engine operation parameters, thus providing optimal battery charge performance. So, at the time of the car's stop, the system activates recovery braking, thanks to which the battery recharges automatically.

Other useful solutions are also offered, including a distance control sensor, automatic safety belt tension, seat tuning and the optimal fit of the pedal sensitivity in the Toyota-Prius-hybrid machine. Owners' reviews highly appreciate the work of intelligent assistants, which make it possible to easily park, use the rear view chamber.

Fuel consumption

Even against the background of other representatives of the hybrid segment, the Japanese model demonstrates good economy indicators. In the city, the car in the basic version consumes about 8 l, and in the city and less - 5.5 liters. In addition, in the indices of emissions of harmful substances used by the Japanese, the engines are significantly superior to the "Euro-4" standards. At the same time, the third generation is even less fuel consumption. "Toyota-Prius-hybrid" in this design when driving around the city demonstrates consumption at 4.9 liters, and on the highway - 4.6 liters. Such an achievement has become possible not only due to the power plant. To cover from the increased engine power, the engineers used heavy-duty aluminum alloys in the design. This made it possible to reduce the mass of the hybrid, which is 1.5 tons.

Dynamic indicators

The widespread "green" technologies in the automotive industry is hampered by two factors that deterre demand. Among them, as already noted, the price, as well as modest high-speed indicators. However, the Japanese manufacturer was able to get rid of these shortcomings, as evidenced by the dynamic characteristic: "Toyota-Prius-hybrid" is characterized by a decent maximum speed - 170 km / h and a good acceleration - up to 100 km / h "Chinese" is accelerated in 11 seconds.

Partly such high hybrid indicators are caused by a light design, but should not be excluded and the influence of the technological features of the model. For example, the traction electric motor provides a quick reaction, and the absence of traditional PPC allows you to optimize the interaction between the driver and the power plant. Also, you should not forget about electronic systems that are complemented by a parquet for cars "Toyota-Prius-hybrid". Owners talk about the practical benefits of assistants in the process of movement. They not only contribute to improving security, but also facilitate hybrid management.

Plans for the further development of a hybrid

In the development of new modifications, the company is focused on several directions. The most important at the moment is the improvement of the model. Designers who design an exterior are engaged in work on this part. In the first generations, the creators managed to achieve a significant result in the form of a decrease in the coefficient of aerodynamic resistance, which today is optimal from the Toyota-Prius-hybrid model. The principle of work on the basis of alternative power sources will also develop, including at the expense of solar cells. Engineers are actively engaged in designing ways to install them on the roof. As expected, due to this element, the car will be able to ensure the operation of the climate control system.

Positive reviews of owners

Most of the positive reviews about the model are due to the advantages that provided the power plant. Compared with traditional gasoline machines, this car is much economted in operation. And it's not just to reduce the costs of fuel for such a five-year, like "Toyota-Prius-hybrid". Ownership reviews indicate that the model does not often require the replacement of oil, and also eliminates the repair of the starter and the generator, which are simply absent under the hood. In addition, the dignity of the car in terms of equipping the latest optional devices is noted.

It is worth noting the advantages of the car in terms of exploitation in Russia. What is especially nice for the domestic car owner: even severe frosts do not affect the performance of the Toyota-Prius-hybrid crossover. The reviews of the owners in the winter confirm that the car is started without any problems and requires only heating the cabin for a comfortable trip.

Negative feedback

Sure, high price Many pushes from such a purchase. Although against the background of other hybrids, this option can be called the most affordable, yet this car is more expensive than gasoline analogues. There are criticism regarding the problems of disposal of exhaust hybrid batteries, but these problems are more worried by environmental organizations, not owners of cars.

Conclusion

There are no models in the Russian market in the "green" cars segment, which could be a full-fledged competition to Japanese development. No wonder the reviews on the "Toyota-Prius-hybrid" there are positive shades in the mass. The car is characterized by savings in operation and maintenance, but it provides almost all the functionality that have familiar gasoline models. Of course, when buying will have to prepare a large amount of money, but the hybrid with long-term operation will certainly occur. New technologies are expensive, but the benefit from the transition to more advanced means of movement is difficult to overestimate.

Toyota Pri. At the moment it is the best-selling hybrid car on the planet. Since 1997, more than 2 million hybrids were sold. The first three years the car was sold exclusively in Japan. Today Toyota Prius. You can buy in Russia. Mass hybrid survived three generations. In 2014, a regular restyling model took place.

Principle of operation of the hybrid power plant Toyota Prius Next. The gasoline engine with a working volume of 1.8 liters with a capacity of only 99 horsepower transmits torque to the generator, which in turn charges the nickel-metal hydride high-voltage battery. PRIUS battery feeds electricity electric motors, which lead to the movement of the car. The most interesting thing is that the last generation of the hybrid can also charge from the usual household outlet, which makes the car even more economical. Also, when braking kinetic energy, through the recovery system is a bit recharges the battery. That is, the Prius has two braking systems, a recuperative and ordinary friction, which begins to work with a sharp braking.

Many are primarily interested in dynamic indicators and fuel consumption of Toyota Prius. It is not a secret, the acceleration of the prior is up to hundreds take a little over 10 seconds, and the fuel consumption in the city is 3.9 liters, on the highway, this indicator is slightly less and is 3.7 liters. The gasoline of the AI-95 brand is used as fuel. The maximum speed of the hybrid car today is 180 km / h

Toyota gasoline engine prius It works autonomously, that is, the computer system itself decides when to start it, and when to drown. In urban traffic jams, the car is usually moved on the electric shirt. As such, the car does not have a car. The electric motor is quite quickly gaining any turnover. The power of the electric motor is 60 hp, plus 99 gets from petrol aggregate.

Toyota Prius exterior It is determined by the desire to save fuel, so such a streamlined silhouette of the car does not have enough. The coefficient of aerodynamic resistance is 0.25, an important indicator when overcoming air resistance. This determines the entire body shape. The last restyling led the front of the car under the overall denominator of the current corporate style. Therefore, the front is very similar to the exterior of Corolla. See photos of the European version of the prius.

Photo Toyota Prius

Salon Toyota Prius. For passengers, there is little different from the ordinary car. However, the driver lives in a different reality. Dashboard, central console, gearbox lever, or rather motion mode selector. All this at first glance is very unusual. On the monitors and the scoreboard, information on the operation of the electric motor, the hybrid power plant is constantly displayed. The materials of the interior decoration according to the manufacturer's assurances are as very environmentally friendly. Photo of the interior prius. Further.

Stock Foto Salon Toyota Prius

Trunk Toyota Prius. just as little different from luggage compartment Conventional hatchback, and the ability to fold the rear row of seats makes the car very practical in everyday life. The volume of the luggage compartment is 445 liters, agree a good indicator, if you consider that under the floor of the trunk is a high-voltage battery. Photo trunk prius We look below.

Photo trunk Toyota Prius

Technical characteristics of Toyota Prius

Characteristics of Toyota Prius. Very interesting. The hybrid is less than 4.5 meters long, while the wheelbase is 2.7 meters, which make the car's interior is very spacious. The mass of the car is almost 1.5 tons. The ground clearance of the prioce is not large, only 140 mm. Although why the large clearance car, which was created as an exclusively urban car, under the wheels of which should always be smooth asphalt.

4-cylinder gasoline engine Prius, it is 16 valve DOHC with a voltage distribution unit of VVT-I phases, a working volume of 1.8 liters. With power in 99 hp Torque is 142 nm. We add to this an electromotor outstanding 60 hp At 207 nm of torque and get a rather dynamic car.

Transmission Toyota Prius It is exclusive front-wheel drive. In addition to the gasoline unit and an electric motor, a hybrid stepless gearbox is also located under the hood of the car. Therefore B. motor compartmentAs they say, "Apple has nowhere to fall." Further detailed dimensions Prius.

Mass, volume, clearance, Toyota sizes Prius

• Length - 4480 mm
• Width - 1745 mm
• Height - 1490 mm
• Wheel base - 2700 mm
• Pitch front and rear wheels - 1525/1520 mm
• Front Svet / Rear - 925/855 mm
• Salon Length - 1905 mm
• Salon width - 1470 mm
• Salon height - 1225 mm
• Toyota trunk volume Prius - 445 liters
• Volume of fuel tank - 45 liters
• Tire size - 195/65 R15
• Road clearance or clearance Toyota Prius - 140 mm

Configuration and price Toyota Prius

Price Toyota Prius. in the basic version today is 1 245 000 rubles. For this money you get a well-packed 5-door hatchback. The initial set of "Elegance" includes a fairly large set of options, among which -

• 15-inch alloy wheels
• The foldable side mirrors of the rear view with the electric drive, heated and rotation repeaters
• LED daytime running lights
• Fog lights
• Rear View Camera
• 6.1 Inch Color LCD Display on the Central Console
• Climate control
• Adjustment of the steering column by tilt and departure
• Touch management system on-board computer On the steering wheel (Touch Tracer)
• Frontal airbags
• Curtain in the luggage
• Intelligent Access System Smart Entry (driver door)
• Polyurethane multifunctional steering wheels
• Running the engine "Push Start" (Running from the button)
• Display Eco Driving Eco Drive Support Monitor
• Projection Display (Head Up Display)
• Audio system with support CD / MP3 / WMA 6 speakers
• Side airbags
• Safety curtains for all rows of seats
• Driver's knee airbag
• Amplifier of emergency braking (BAS)
• Anti-lock brake system (ABS) with electronic brake force distribution system (EBD)
• Rear LED (LED) Lights
• Antiscolic system (TRC)

But this is not the limit there are two more configurations, it is "prestige" for 1,451,000 rubles and "luxury" for 1,595,000 rubles. A feature of the prestige configuration is the presence of LED headlights, rain and light sensors, cruise control, advanced audio system and leather interior.

The Suite version will please the presence of a hatch in the roof and solar panel on the same roof. The energy of the solar battery in this configuration goes to the operation of the automatic air conditioning system in the cabin. That is, you can leave the car in the parking lot under the hot sun, and the system itself will cool the salon.

The price of a hybrid Toyota Prius is certainly higher than that of a regular car. However, according to the manufacturer, for several years of active operation, it will be possible to save quite a lot of money on fuel. This is especially essential in countries where gasoline is quite expensive.

Video Toyota Prius

Video review and test drive Prius, look at a rather interesting video.

Market prospects for sales of hybrid cars in our country are not so rainbowed as in Japan, Europe or the United States. But the hybrid technology does not stand still and continues to develop. Recall that when that and mobile phones were not available to wide masses, as it was worth a lot of money, but the situation quickly corrected. We will believe that hybrid cars will also quickly become more affordable.

The car with a hybrid engine is not a new invention. The first step towards creating hybrid vehicles was made in 1665, when Ferdinand Verbest, Jesuit priest, began working on plans for the construction of simple four wheeled vehicles that could work on a pair or equestrian. The first cars with a hybrid engine appeared at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Moreover, some developers managed to proceed from projects to small-sector production. Starting from 1897 and for the 10 following years, French Compagnie Parisienne des Voitures Electriques has released a batch of electric vehicles and machines with hybrid engines. In 1900, General Electric constructed a hybrid car with a 4-cylinder gasoline engine. And from the Walker Vehicle Company of Chicago conveyor, "hybrid" trucks have come down until 1940.
Of course, all these were only prototypes and small-sector cars. However, now the acute lack of oil and the economic crisis sprinkled the development of hybrid engines. And now let's figure it out in detail what is a hybrid engine and what kind of sense? The hybrid engine is a system of two -electric and gasoline engines. Depending on the modes of operation, gasoline and electrical can be included at the same time or separately. This process is controlled by a powerful computer, which makes the decision that right now should work. So when moving along the tracks, a gasoline engine is turned on, since the battery on the track is not enough for a long time. If the car moves in urban mode, then an electric motor is already used, both are working both during acceleration or laload. While the gasoline engine is running the battery charging. Such an engine is even taking into account the fact that a gasoline engine is used in the system, reduces harmful emissions In the atmosphere by 90% and at the same time the consumption of gasoline in the city is significantly reduced (only a gasoline engine works on the track, so there is no economy there).

Let's start with the car rows. At the beginning of the movement and at low speeds, only the battery and electric motors are involved. The energy stored in the battery enters the energy center, which, in turn, sends it to electric motors forcing the car smoothly and silently to touch. After a set of speed, the internal combustion engine is connected, and the moment on the drive wheels comes simultaneously from the electric motors and the engine. At the same time, part of the energy of the internal combustion engine comes to the generator, and now it feeds the electric motors, and excess its energy gives the battery, which has lost part of the energy reserve at the beginning of the movement. When moving in normal mode, only front-wheel drive is automatically used, in all others - full. In the acceleration mode, the wheel on the wheels is made mainly from the gasoline engine, and the electromotors are supplemented with an increase in the dynamics. One of the most interesting moments - braking. Electronic "brains" of the car themselves decide when it is necessary to use hydraulic brake systemAnd when recuperative braking, giving preference the latter. That is, at the time of pressing the brake pedal, they translate electric motors to "generator" mode of operation, and they create a braking torque on wheels, producing electricity and fueling through the energy center battery. This is the highlight of the "hybrid".

In classic cars, braking energy is lost completely, leaving how heat through brake discs And other details. The use of braking energy is particularly effective in urban environments when you have to slow down on traffic lights. The integrated car dynamics management system (VDIM) combines and manages the operation of all active safety systems.
One of the first successful cars equipped with a hybrid engine, which went to the mass became developed by Toyota "Toyota Prius", which consume 3.2 liters of gasoline per 100 km (in the city). Also, Toyota has released an SUV with a hybrid engine Lexus RX400H. The cost of such a car, depending on the configuration ranges from 68 to 77 thousand dollars. It should be noted the fact that the first versions of Toyota Prius were inferior to cars of the same class and in speed and in power, but Lexus RX400H is no longer inferior to his classmates in no power.

Leading automotive concerns The world, also turned their attention to hybrid engines, as to solve the problem of fuel economy and environmental pollution. So, Volvo Group announced the creation of a hybrid engine for trucks, tractors, semi-trailers and buses. The company's developers are counting on the fact that their brainchild will make it possible to get 35% fuel economy.
With all this, it should be said that hybrid cars "with a bang", so far, went only in North America (Canada and the USA). And in America, the demand is increasingly growing on them, since there before recent years Cars that consumed a lot of fuel consumed, and since the fuel sharply and cool began to rise the Americans sharply thought about its economies and how the solutions began to use precisely cars with hybrid engines. In Europe, the appearance of hybrid engines was calm, since they have a sauna and more environmentally friendly taxis than a gasoline engine, an old good diesel engine. Unlike the United States, more than 50% of cars in Europe are equipped with diesel engines. In addition diesel cars Cheaper hybrid, easier and more reliable. After all, everyone knows that the system is harder, the time it is less reliable! And that's precisely because of its complexity and capriciousness, hybrid cars are practically no in the post-Soviet space. The official dealers will not be taken here. And any owner of such a car in will inevitably collide with the problem of one hundred. We have a hundred that would be engaged in hybrid cars. And you do not redeeper such a typewriter!

Prius - Going ahead!

11.08.2009

Hello, dear priusk! If you hold this book in your hands, you can call you so much with great confidence. This book will help you not only competently serve and repair your car, but also understand the principle of operation of the hybrid system and all the main components: high-voltage battery, inverter, motor generators etc. Many owners of the ties will seem complex, but we will not forget that part of people not only goes to Prius, but also wants to know how this miracle-car is arranged in general.

Let's start with why and why did you buy this car. On the Internet on forums dedicated to hybrid cars, a survey was repeatedly conducted on this topic. The main driving force that prompted the owners to buy Prius, it turned out (and it is not surprising) the desire to save on gasoline. Under the current crisis, this incentive moment becomes even more relevant. But the other surprised: the following argument for the acquisition this car It was not a desire to save on transport tax and insurance (although the savings, compared to the "simple" car, really very significant), and "the desire to be on the tip of technical progress and manage the car of the future"!

To understand this car of the future and fully felt all the familiar Slogan Toyota "Drive the Dream", and this book will come in handy.

All types of hybrids can be divided into three groups:

1. Consecutive hybrids

2. Parallel hybrids

3. Serious-parallel hybrids.

Sequential hybrids. Principle of operation: The wheels are rotated from the electric motor that feeds on the generator driven by the MOWER. Those. Simplified: ICE leads a generator that produces electricity for traction electric motor. With this scheme, a small volume and low power and powerful generators are used. Explicit disadvantage - charging batteries and the movement of the machine occurs only with permanently on.

The principle of a consistent hybrid cannot be caused by either a single-produced passenger car. He has drawn ups much more than advantages.

Parallel hybrids. Here the wheels can rotate, both from the drive of the FRO, and from the battery. But for this, the engine is already needed by the gearbox and the main disadvantage of this system: the engine cannot simultaneously turn the wheels and at the same time charge the battery. A good example of a parallel hybrid: Honda Insight. It has an electric motor that can drive the car along with the engine. This allows you to use a minor power of the economy, because the electric motor will help when high power is required.

All these disadvantages are excluded insequential-parallel hybrid. In it, depending on the conditions of movement, the electric motor is used separately, the gasoline engine craving with the possibility of simultaneously charging the battery. In addition, an option is possible when a joint effort and gasoline, and an electric motor is used. Only in this way can be achieved maximum efficiency of the power plant.

This scheme of a sequential-parallel hybrid and is applied in your Toyota Prius car. With the Latin "Prius" translates as "advanced", or "Going ahead."

I will say right away, today there is a Toyota Prius in four bodies: 10, 11, 20 and 30. Their comparative data will give the table "Comparative data of the Prius cars of various years of release."

When I tell about Prius, I will keep in mind the 20th body, as the most common, and all the differences from it of the 10th and 11th bodies will be negotiated specifically.

In addition to the Prius hybrid system, Toyota applies to following models: Alphard, Harrier, Highlander, Coaster, Crown, Camry and FCHV. The Lexus Toyotovskiy hybrid system is used in models: RX400H (and its young brother RX450N), GS450H and LS600H.

In this paper, many excerpts were used from the website of the American engineer, a specialist in the field of microprocessor equipment, Graham Davis.

The translation carried out a member of the Avtodatov forum Oleg Alfredovich Maleev (Burrdozel), for which he is so much thanks. I will try to explain the work of all hybrid components with practical advice on the repair and maintenance of these components.

Internal combustion engine

Prius has an unusually small for the car weighing 1300 kg internal combustion engine (DVS), with a volume of 1497 cm3. This became possible due to the presence of electrical motors and batteries that help the engine, when a high power is needed. On the usual car, the engine is designed for high acceleration and movement on a steep rise, so it almost always works with low efficiency (KPD). On the 30th body, another engine, 2ZR-FXE, with a volume of 1.8 liters, is used. Since the car cannot be connected to the urban power supply network (which is planned to be carried out by Japanese engineers in the near future), there is no other long-term energy source and this engine must supply energy to charge the battery, as well as to move the vehicle and the supply of additional consumers such like air conditioner, electric heater, audio, etc.

Toyota designation for Prius - 1NZ-FX engine.

Prototype this engine It is the engine 1NZ-FE, which was installed on cars Yaris, BB, Fun Cargo, Platz. The design of many parts of 1NZ-FE and 1NZ-FXE engine is the same. For example, cylinder blocks at BB, FUN CARGO, Platz and Prius 11 are identical. However, the 1NZ-FX engine uses another mixing formation scheme, and constructive differences are associated with it.

The 1NZ-FX engine implements the ATKINSON cycle, while the 1NZ-FE engine uses a regular OTTO cycle. In the engine cycle engine, in the inlet process, the air mixture enters the cylinder. However, the pressure in the intake manifold is lower than in the cylinder (since the consumption is adjustable throttle valve), And therefore the piston makes additional work on the absorption of the fuel-air mixture, working as a compressor. In the bottom of the dead point closes the intake valve. The mixture is compressed in the cylinder and sets out at the time of the spark. Unlike this, the ATKINSON cycle does not cover the intake valve at the bottom of the dead point, and leaves it open, while the piston begins to rise. The part of the fuel and air mixture is supplanted in the intake manifold, and is used in another cylinder. Thus, the pumping losses decrease, compared with the OTTO cycle. Since the volume of the mixture that shrinks and burns is reduced, then the pressure in the compression process with such a scheme of mixing is also decreased, which makes it possible to increase the degree of compression to 13, without the risk of detonation. An increase in the degree of compression contributes to an increase in the thermal efficiency. All these activities contribute to improving the fuel economy and engine environmental friendliness. Claim is a reduction in engine power. So the 1NZ-FE engine has a power of 109 hp, and the engine 1NZ-FXE - 77 hp

Motor / generators

Prius has two electrical engine / generator. They are very similar in design, but differ in size. Both - three-phase synchronous engines with permanent magnets. The name is more difficult than the design itself. The rotor (part that rotates) is a large, powerful magnet and has no electrical connections. The stator (the fixed part attached to the car body) contains three sets of windings. When the current passes in some direction through one set of windings, the rotor (magnet) interacts with the magnetic winding field and is installed in a certain position. The flow of current sequentially through each set of windings is first in one direction, and then in the other, you can move the rotor from one position to the following and so make it rotate.

Of course, this is a simplified explanation, but shows the essence of this type of engine.

If the rotor rotates the external force, the electric current flows in each set of windings in turn and can be used to charge the battery or to power the other engine. Thus, one device can be an engine or generator, depending on whether the current in the windings is skipped to attract the rotor magnets, or the current comes out when some external force rotates the rotor. It is even more simplified, but will serve the depth of explanation.

Motor / Generator 1 (Mg1) is associated with the solar gear of the power distribution device (PSD). It is smaller of two and has a maximum power of about 18 kW. Usually it runs the DVS and regulates the turnover of DVS by changing the amount of electricity produced. Motor / generator 2 (Mg2) is associated with the crown gear of the planetary mechanism (power distribution device) and then through the gearbox on the wheels. Therefore, he directly leads to a car movement. It is a larger of two generator engines and has a maximum power of 33 kW (50 kW for Prius NHW-20). Mg2 is sometimes called the "traction motor", and its usual role is to bring a car in motion as a motor or return braking energy as a generator. Both motor / generator are cooled by antifreeze.

Since the motors / generators work from the variable three-phase current, and the battery, like all batteries, produces d.C., a certain device is necessary to convert one type of current to another. Each MG has an "inverter" that performs this feature. The inverter recognizes the position of the rotor from the sensor on the MG shaft and controls the current in the windings of the motor so as to maintain the rotation of the motor at the required speed and with the necessary torque. The inverter changes the current in the winding when the magnetic pole of the rotor passes by this winding and moves to the next one. In addition, the inverter connects the battery voltage to the winding and then turns it again very quickly (with high frequency) to change the average current value and, therefore, torque. Using the "self-inductivity" of motor windings (the property of electrical coils, which resist changing the current), the inverter actually skip the larger current through the winding than comes from the battery. It works only when the voltage on the windings is less than the battery voltage, therefore, the energy is preserved. However, since the value of the current through the winding determines the torque, this current allows you to achieve a very large torque on small revolutions. Approximately 11 km / h, Mg2 is able to create a torque of 350 nm (400 nm for Prius NHW-20) on the gearbox. That is why the car can start moving with an acceptable acceleration without using the gearbox, which usually increases the torque of the DVS. With a short closure or overheating, the inverter disables high voltage part cars.

In one block with an inverter, there is a converter that is designed to convert alternating voltage to constant - 13.8 volts.

To move a little from the theory, a little practice: the inverter, like motor generators, is cooled from an independent cooling system. This cooling system is powered by an electric pump.

If this pump is included in the 10th body when the temperature is reached in the hybrid cooling circuit of about 48 ° C, then on 11 and 20 bodies used another algorithm for this pump: be "overboard" at least -40 degrees, pump will still begin its work at Inclusion ignition. Accordingly, the resource of these pumps is very, very limited. What happens when the pump is jammed or combustion: antifreeze according to the laws of physics under heating from Mg (especially MG2) rises up into the inverter. And in the inverter, it must cool the power transistors, which under load are significantly heated. The result is their failure, i.e. The most common bug on the 11th body: P3125 - the inverter fault due to the burnt pump. If in this case, power transistors withstand such a test, the MG2 winding burns. This is another widespread bug on 11 body: P3109. On the 20th body, Japanese engineers have improved the pump: now the rotor (impeller) is rotated not in the horizontal plane, where the entire load goes to one reference bearing, and in the vertical, where the load is distributed evenly into 2 bearing. Unfortunately, the reliability from this was added little. Only for April-May 2009, we in the workshop replaced 6 pumps at 20 bodies. Practical advice For owners 11 and 20 Prius: Take a rule at least 2-3 days to open the hood by 15-20 seconds with the ignition on or the engineered machine. You will immediately see the antifreeze movement in the expansion tank of the hybrid system. After that, you can go calmly. If there is no antifreeze movement there - it is impossible to go by car!

The high-voltage battery (abbreviated VBB) Prius in 10 body consists of 240 elements with a rating voltage of 1.2 V, very similar to a battery for a lantern D, combined 6 pieces, in the so-called "bamboo" (externally there is a slight similarity). "Bamboo" are installed on 20 pieces in 2 housings. The total nominal voltage of WBB is 288. The operating voltage varies in mode idle move From 320 to 340 V. When the voltage drops to 288 in VBB, the launch of the OBS becomes impossible. At the same time, the battery symbol with the "288" icon inside will be burned on the display screen. To launch the engine, the Japanese in the 10th body applied a regular charger, access to which is made from the trunk. Often ask questions how to use it? I answer: first, I repeat that it can only be when the "288" icon is on display. Otherwise, when you click on the "Start" button, you just hear the nasty squeak, and the red light bulb will turn around. Secondly: A small battery terminals need to pick up the "donor", i.e. Or a charger, or a well-charged powerful battery (but in no case is not a starting device!). After that, when the ignition is turned off, press the "Start" button for at least 3 seconds. When the green light lights up - the WBB charging will go. It will end automatically 1-5 minutes. This charging is enough for 2-3 DVS launches, after starting which the VBB will be charged from the converter. If 2-3 launches did not led to launch of DVS (And at the same time, "Ready" ("Ready") should not blink on the scoreboard, but to burn steadily), then you need to stop useless launches and seek the cause of the fault. In 11, the Body of WBB consists of 228 elements 1.2 to each, combined in 38 assemblies of 6 elements, with a full rated voltage of 273.6 V.

The whole battery is established for rear seat. In this case, the elements are no longer an orange "bamboo", but are flat modules in plastic gray plastic cases. The maximum current of the battery is 80 A when discharge and 50 A when charging. Nominal container Batteries - 6.5 Ah, however, the car electronics allows you to use only 40% of this container to extend the battery life. The state of charge may vary only between 35% and 90% of the total nominal charge. Alternating the battery voltage and its capacity, we obtain the nominal energy supply - 6.4 MJ (Meghadzhoule), and the supply used - 2.56 MJ. This energy is enough to speed up the car, the driver and the passenger to 108 km / h (without the help of the COF) four times. To produce such an amount of energy, the OBS would need approximately 230 milliliters of gasoline. (These figures are given only so that you represent the amount of accumulated energy in the battery.) The car can not be controlled without fuel, even if you start with a 90% full nominal charge with long descent. Most of the time you have approximately 1 MJ suitable for the use of battery power. A lot of VBB gets into renovation that exactly the owner ends with gasoline (while the "Check Engine" icon ("Check the engine") and a triangle with an exclamation mark), but the owner is trying to "reach" before refueling. After the voltage drops on the elements below 3 V - they are "dying." On 20 bodies, Japanese engineers to increase power went to another: they reduced the number of elements up to 168, i.e. left 28 modules. But for use in the inverter, the battery voltage rises to 500 V using a special device - Booster. An increase in the nominal voltage of MG2 in the body of NHW-20 made it possible to increase its power up to 50 kW without changing the dimensions.

WBB segments: NHW-10, 20, 11.

Prius also has an auxiliary battery. It is a 12-volt, capacity of 28 amp-hours acid lead batterywhich is located on the left side of the trunk (in 20 bodies - in the right). Its goal is to power the electronics and additional devices when the hybrid system is turned off and the main high voltage battery relay is turned off. When the hybrid system works, a 12-volt source serves a DC converter coming from the high voltage system to a constant current of 12 V. It also recharges an emergency battery if necessary.

The main control units are exchanged by the internal CAN bus. The remaining systems communicate on the internal network of Body Elestronics Area Network.

In VBB, there is also your control unit that monitors the temperature of the elements, the voltage on them, internal resistance, and also controls the fan built into the VBB. On 10 bodies cost 8 temperature sensorsrepresenting the thermistors, on the "bamboo", and 1 - a common air temperature control sensor for VBB. On the 11th body - 4 +1, and on the 20th - 3 + 1.

The torque and energy of the engine and engine / generators are combined and distributed by the planetary set of gears, called Toyota "Power Distribution Device" (PSD, Power Split Device). And although it is not difficult for production, this device is very difficult for its understanding and even more wisdom to consider in full context all drive modes. Therefore, devote several other topics discussion of the power distribution device. In short, it allows Prius to work in a sequential, and in parallel-hybrid modes of work at the same time and receive some of the advantages of each mode. DVS can twist the wheels directly (mechanically) via PSD. At the same time, the variable amount of energy can be removed from the engine and turned into electricity. It can charge the battery or transmitted to one of the motors / generators to help twist the wheels. The flexibility of this mechanical / electric power dissipation allows Prius to improve fuel efficiency indicators and control emissions while driving, which is not possible with a rigid mechanical connection between the DVS and wheels, as in a parallel hybrid, but without loss of electrical energy, as in a sequential hybrid.

Prius, as they often say, has a CVT (Continue Variable Transmission) - a stepless-adjustable or "permanent" transmission, this is the PSD power distribution device. However, the usual stepless-adjustable transmission works in the same way as a normal gearbox except that the gear ratio may vary continuously (smoothly), and not in a small range of steps (first transmission, second gear, etc.). A little later we will look at the PSD differs from the usual stepless-adjustable transmission, i.e. variator.

Usually the most asked question on the "Box" of the car Prius: What oil flows there, how much by volume and how often it is changed. Very often, among the workers of the car service there is such a misconception: there are no probe once in the box - it means that the oil does not need to change there at all. This misconception led to the death of not one box.

10 Body: Working fluid T-4 - 3.8 liters. 11 Body: Working fluid T-4 - 4.6 liters.

20 Body: Working liquid ATF. WS - 3.8 liters.

Replacement period: 40 thousand km. In Japanese time, the oil changes once in 80 thousand km, but for particularly severe operating conditions (and the Japanese refer to the operation of cars in Russia just to these particularly difficult conditions - and we agree with them) the oil is allowed to change 2 times more often.

I will talk about the main differences in the maintenance of boxes, i.e. On the replacement of oil. If in the 20th body to change the oil, you just need to unscrew drain plug And, the drain is old, pour new oil, then on the 10th and 11th bodies, not everything is so simple. The design of the oil pan on these machines is designed in such a way that if you simply unscrew the drain plug, only a part of the oil is solved, and not the dirty one. And 300-400 grams of the most dirty oil with other garbage (pieces of sealant, wear products) remains in the pallet. Therefore, to replace the oil, you need to remove the pallet of the box and, throwing out the dirt and cleaned it, put it in place. When removing the pallet, we get another additional bonus - we can digitate the condition of the box of wear products in the pan. The worst for the owner is when he will see the yellow (bronze) chips at the bottom of the pallet. Such a box is long left. Laying the tube pallet, and if the holes on it did not acquire an oval form - it can be used again without any sealants! The main thing when installing the pallet is not to drag the bolts to not cut the pallet laying.

What else is interesting to be applied in the transmission:

The use of chain transmission is rather unusual, but all ordinary cars have gear gearboxes between the engine and axes. Their goal is to allow the engine to rotate faster than the wheels and also increase the torque produced by the engine to a greater torque on the wheels. Relationships with which the speed of rotation is reduced and the torque is increased - necessarily the same (neglect friction) due to the law of energy conservation. The ratio is called a "full gear ratio". The total gear ratio of Prius in the 11th body - 3.905. It turns out like this:

The chain wheel with 39 teeth on the output shaft PSD leads to a movement of a chain wheel with 36 teeth on the first intermediate shaft through a silent chain (the so-called Morse chain).

The gear with 30 teeth on the first intermediate shaft is connected and drives the gear with 44 teeth on the second intermediate shaft.

The gear with 26 teeth on the second intermediate shaft is connected and drives a gear with 75 teeth at the inlet of the differential.

The value of the output of the differential to two wheels is the same as the input of the differential (they are actually identical, except when there is a movement in turning).

If we perform a simple arithmetic effect: (36/39) * (44/30) * (75/26), we will get (up to four accuracy meaningful numbers) Complete gear ratio 3.905.

Why is the chain drive? Because it allows you to avoid axial effort (force directed along the shaft axis), which would have occurred when using conventional axis gears used in automotive transmissions. This could also be avoided when using booming gears, but they produce noise. An axial force is not a problem on intermediate shafts and can be balanced by conical roller bearings. However, it is not so simple with the output shaft PSD.

There is nothing very unusual in differential, axes and wheels Prius. As in the usual car, the differential allows internal and outer wheels to rotate with different speeds when the car turns. The axis transmits the torque from the differential to the wheel hub and include the joint, allowing the wheels to move up and down after the suspension. Wheels - lightweight aluminum alloy and equipped with tires high pressure With low rolling resistance. Tires have a rolling radius of approximately 11.1 inches, which means that for each turnover of the wheel the car moves by 1.77 m. Only the size of the regular tires on 10 and 11 body is unusual: 165/65-15. This is a rather rare rubber size in Russia. Many sellers even in specialized stores are completely seriously convinced that such rubber does not exist in nature. My recommendations: for russian conditions The most suitable size is 185/60-15. In 20 prius rubber size is increased, which has been beneficial on its durability.

Now more interesting: what is missing in prius, what is in any other car?

It:

There is no stepped gearbox, nor manual nor automatic - Prius does not use stepped gears;

There is no clutch or transformer - wheels are always rigidly connected with DVS and motor / generators;

There is no starter - the launch of the DVS is performed using MG1 through the gears in the power distribution device;

There is no alternator - electricity is made by motor / generators if necessary.

Therefore, the structural complexity of the hybrid actuator Prius is actually not much more than a regular car. In addition, new and unfamiliar parts, such as motors / generators and PSD, have higher reliability and longer service life than some of the parts that have been eliminated from the design.

Engine starting

To start the engine, MG1 (associated with the solar gear) rotates forward using high-voltage battery power. If the car is worth, then the corona gear of the planetary mechanism will also remain stationary. The rotation of the solar gear is therefore forcing drove satellites to rotate. It is associated with an internal combustion engine (DVS) and turns it into 1 / 3.6 speed of rotation Mg1. Unlike the ordinary car, which serves fuel and ignition in the engine, as soon as the starter starts to rotate it, Prius is waiting until Mg1 is reversing in 2 minutes to 1000 revolutions per minute. It happens less than a second. Mg1 is significantly more powerful than normal Engine Starter. To rotate the engine at this speed, it should rotate with a speed of 3,600 revolutions per minute. The start of the engine for 1000 revolutions per minute does not create almost no voltage for him, because it is the speed on which the internal combustion engine would be happy to work on its own energy. In addition, Prius starts, Ignoring only a pair of cylinders. The result is a very smooth launch, free from noise and jerking, which eliminates wear associated with the launch of the engine of ordinary cars. At the same time, attention will immediately pay attention to the widespread error of repairmen and owners: they often call me and ask what prevents the engine to continue working, why it starts 40 seconds and stalls. In fact, while the READY frame flashes - the engine does not work! It turns it to MG1! Although visually - the complete feeling of the launch of the DVS, i.e. DVS noise, from exhaust pipe Go smoke ...

Once the DVS began working on its own energy, the computer manages the discovery of the choke to get suitable idle speed during heating. Electricity no longer feeds MG1 and, in fact, if the battery is discharged, Mg1 can produce electricity and charge the battery. The computer simply forms MG1 as a generator instead of a motor, opens the DVS choke a little more, (approximately 1200 revolutions) and receives electricity.

When you run the Prius with a cold engine, its main priority is to heat the engine and catalytic converter to earn the exhaust toxicity control system. The engine will work within a few minutes until it happens (as long as it depends on the actual engine temperature and catalyst). At this time, special measures are taken to control the exhaust during heating, including the preservation of exhaust hydrocarbons in the absorber, which will be cleared later and the operation of the engine in a special mode.

When you run Prius with a warm engine, it will work for a short time and then stop. Expanded turnover will be within 1000 rpm.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to prevent the launch of the OBS when you turn on the car, even if everything you want to do is move to the next lift. This applies only to 10 and 11 bodies. Another start-up algorithm is applied to 20 bodies: click on the brake and the "Start" button. If there is enough energy in VBB, and you do not turn on the heater to heating the cabin or glass - the engine will not start. Just lights up the inscription "Ready" ("Ready"), i.e. The car is fully ready for movement. It is enough to switch the joystick (and the choice of modes on the 20th body is made by the joystick) in the position D or R and release the brake, you will go!

Prius is always in direct transmission. This means that the engine cannot alone to give all the torque so that the car is vigorously moved from the place. The torque for the initial acceleration is added with the MG2 with the directly crown gear of the planetary mechanism associated with the gearbox input, the output of which is associated with wheels. Electric engines Develop the best torque at a low speed of rotation, so ideally suited to start the car movement.

Imagine that the engine works and the car is fixed, it means that the MG1 motor rotates forward. The control electronics begins to select energy from the MG1 generator and transmits it to the MG2 motor. Now that you select the energy from the generator, this energy should come from somewhere. Some strength appears, which slows the rotation of the shaft and something rotating the shaft must resist this force to save speed. Resisting this "generator load", the computer increases the turnover of DVS to add additional energy. So, the DVS turns drove the satellites of the planetary mechanism more strongly, and the MG1 generator tries to slow the rotation of the solar gear. The result is the power on the crown gear, which makes it rotate and start moving the car.

Now we have to find out how 28% of the MG1 torque is transmitted to the MG1 generator can, if possible, enhance the start of the car using the MG2 motor. To do this, we must clearly distinguish torque and energy. The torque is torque, and just as in the case of straightforward power, it is not necessary to spend energy to maintain strength. Suppose you pull the water bucket with a winch. She takes energy. If the winch rotates the electric motor, you would have to provide it with electricity. But when you raised the bucket upstairs, you can hook it with some hook or rod or something else to keep it upstairs. The strength (weight of the bucket), which is attached to the rope, and the torque transmitted by the rope of the winch drum did not disappear. But because the force does not move, there is no energy transfer, and the situation is stable without energy. Similarly, when the car is fixed, even though, 72% of the DVS torque is transmitted to the wheels, there are no energy flows in this direction, since the corona gear does not rotate. The sun gear, however, rotates quickly, and although it receives only a 28% torque, it allows you to produce a lot of electricity. A similar chain of reasoning shows that the MG2 task is to apply torque to the input of a mechanical gearbox that does not require high power. A lot of current must go through the winding of the motor, overcoming electrical resistance, and this energy is lost in the form of heat. But when the car moves slowly, this energy comes from Mg1.

Since the car begins to move and dials the speed, the MG1 generator rotates slower and produces less energy. However, the computer can slightly add the turnover of DVS. Now more torque comes from the engine and, since more torque should also go through a sun gear, MG1 can maintain energy generation on high level. Reduced rotation speed is compensated by increasing the moment.

We avoided the mention of the battery before this place, so that it became clear how it is not necessary to bring the car in motion. However, most of the starts from the place are the result of the actions of the computer transmitting energy from the battery directly to the MG2 motor.

There are limit turnover of DVS when the car moves slowly. They are due to the need to prevent damage to the MG1, which will have to rotate very quickly. This limits the amount of energy produced by the engine. In addition, it would be an unpleasant for the driver to hear that the engine is too increasing the turnover for smooth start. The stronger you press the accelerator, the more ICC will increase the turnover, but also more energy will come from the battery. If you drown a pedal to the floor, approximately 40% of the energy come from the battery and 60% of the DVS at a speed of about 40 km / h. Since the car accelerates and at the same time turnover of the KHA grow, it gives most of the energy, reaching approximately 75% at 96 km / h, if you still press the pedal to the floor. As we remember, the energy of the engine includes what is removed by the MG1 generator and transmitted in the form of electricity to the MG2 motor. At 96 km / h Mg2 actually gives more torque, and, consequently, more power to the wheels than supplied through the planetary mechanism from the engine. But most of the electricity, which he uses, comes from MG1 and, therefore, indirectly from the engine, and not from the battery.

When high power is required, the engine and Mg2 jointly create a torque to lead the car in almost the same way as described above to start motion. When the vehicle speed is growing, the torque is reduced, which Mg2 is able to issue, as it starts to work at the limit of its capacity at 33 kW. The faster it rotates, the less torque it can give out at this power. Fortunately, it is compatible with the driver's expectations. When a regular car accelerates, a stepped box switches to a higher transmission and the torque on the axis decreases so that the engine can reduce its turns to a safe value. Although this is done using absolutely different mechanisms, Prius gives the same overall feeling as accelerating on the usual car. The main difference is the complete absence of "twigs" when switching transmissions, because there is simply no gearbox.

So, the DVS rotates drove the satellites of the planetary mechanism.

72% of its torque arrives mechanically through the corona gear to the wheels.

28% of its torque come to the MG1 generator through the sun gear where it turns into electricity. This electrical energy nourishes the MG2 motor, which adds some additional torque on the crown gear. The more you press the accelerator, the more torque it produces internal combustion. It increases both mechanical torque through the crown and the amount of electricity produced by the MG1 MG2 generator used to add even more torque. Depending on the various factors - such as the battery charge state, linner, and especially how much you press the pedal, the computer can direct additional energy from the battery to MG2 to increase its contribution. This is how acceleration is achieved sufficient to move along the highway of such a large car with a combat capacity of only 78 liters. from.

On the other hand, if the required power is not so high, the part of the electricity produced by the MG1 can be used to charge the battery even when the speed set! It is important to remember that the engine and turns the wheels mechanically and turns the MG1 generator, forcing it to produce electricity. What happens to this electricity and whether electricity from the battery is added, depends on the complex of the reasons that we cannot fully take into account. This is done by the controller of the hybrid car system.

Once you have achieved a steady speed on a flat road, the power that should be supplied with the engine is spent on overcoming aerodynamic resistance and rolling friction. It is much smaller than the power required to drive to the mountain or overclocking the car. To work effectively at low power (and also not to create a lot of noise), the engine works with low turns.

The following table shows what power is needed to move the car at different speeds on the horizontal road and approximate speed.

Please note that the high speed of the car and the low turnover of DVS put the power distribution device to an interesting position: the MG1 generator must now rotate back, as can be seen from the table. Turning back, it forces satellites to rotate forward. The rotation of the satellites is folded with the rotation drove (from the engine) and causes the crown gear to rotate much faster. Once again, I will note that the difference is that in an earlieutly, we were pleased with the help of high levels of DVS to get more power, even moving at a lesser speed. In the new case, we want the OI to stay on low revs, even if we acted to decent speedTo establish lower power consumption with high efficiency.

We know from the section about the power distribution devices that the MG1 generator should show the reverse torque on the solar gear. It's like a point of the lever support, with which the engine rotates the crown gear (which means wheels). Without resistance MG1, MG1 would simply rotate the MG1 instead of bringing in motion a car. When MG1 rotated forward, it was easy to see that this reverse torque could be created by the generator load. Consequently, the electronics of the inverter was supposed to take energy from MG1, and then reverse torque appeared. But now MG1 rotates back, and how do we achieve to create this reverse torque? Well, how did we do, so that Mg1 rotate forward and produced a straight torque? If it worked like a motor! All the opposite: if MG1 rotates back, and we want to get a torque in the same direction, MG1 must be the engine and rotate using the electricity supplied by the inverter.

It begins to look exotically. DVS pushes, Mg1 pushes, Mg2, what, pushes too? There is no mechanical reason why it cannot happen. It may look attractive at first sight. Two engines and DVS - all at the same time contribute to the creation of motion. But we must recall that we have fallen into this situation, reducing the efficiency of the internal combustion. It would not be an effective way to get a big power on wheels; To do this, we must increase the turnover of the engine and return to an earlier situation when MG1 rotates forward in the generator mode. There is another problem: we must come up with where we are going to take energy to rotate Mg1 in motor mode? From the battery? For a while we can do it, but soon we will be forced to get out of this regime, remaining without charge batteries to accelerate or lifting the mountain. No, we must receive this energy continuously, preventing damage to the battery charge. Thus, we concluded that the energy should come from MG2, which should work as a generator.

MG2 generator generates MG1 motor? Since both the OI and MG1 make a power that is combined by the planetary mechanism, the name "Power Combine Mode" was proposed. However, the idea relative to MG2 producing energy for MG1 motor was such a contradiction with the ideas of people about the work of the system, which appeared the name that became generally accepted - "heretical mode".

Let's let the "run" on it and change the point of view. DVS rotates drove satellites with low revs. Mg1 rotates a sun gesture back. It makes the satellites rotate forward and adds more rotation of the crown gear. The crown gear still receives only 72% of the torque of DVS, but the speed with which the ring rotates, increased the movement of the MG1 motor. The rotation of the crown faster allows the car to drive faster at low turns of the engine. Mg2, which is incredible, resists car movement as a generator, and produces electricity that feeds the MG1 motor. The car moves forward with the remaining mechanical torque from the engine.

You can determine that you are moving in this mode if you are well determined by the DVS rumor. You are traveling forward at a decent speed, and you can only barely hear the engine. It can be completely disguised as road noise. Display The energy monitor shows the power supply of the engine of the engine Wheels and the motor / generator, charging the battery. The picture can change - the processes of charge and the discharge of the battery on the motor to turn the wheels are alternate. I interpret this alternation as regulation of the MG2 generator load to maintain constant energy energy.

When you shoot your leg with accelerator pedals, you can say that you are moving "rolling". The engine does not try to push the car forward. The car is gradually slowed down due to rolling friction and aerodynamic resistance. In the usual car, the engine is still associated with the wheels of the transmission. The engine is rotten without fuel and therefore also slows down the car. This is called the "engine braking". Although there is no reason so that it happened in Prius, Toyota decided to give a car the same feelings as on the usual car, imitating engine braking. When you are moving in rolling, the car slows down faster than if only rolling resistance and aerodynamic resistance acted on it. To produce this additional slowing force, MG2 is turned on as a generator and charges the battery. Its generator load imitates the engine braking.

Since the engine is not needed to drive the car, it can stop. Driver satellites stopped, and the corona gear is still rotating. MG2, remember, connected directly from the crown gear. Satellites rotate forward, and MG1 rotates back. Energy is not made and not consumed MG1; He just rotates freely.

However, we know that MG1 rotates back 2.6 times faster than the corona gear and MG2 rotate forward. This situation is not safe when the car rides at high speed. At a speed of 67 km / h and above, if you leave the drier satellites fixed, then the MG1 will rotate back more than 6,500 rpm. Therefore, so that it does not happen, the computer includes MG1 as a generator and starts removing energy. The generator load prevents the MG1 speed exceeding, and instead, the satellites begins to rotate forward. When rotating drilled satellites and MG1 per 1000 rpm MG1 is protected at speeds up to 104 km / h. At higher speeds, drove satellites and the engine should rotate faster. Electricity produced by MG1 in this mode can be used to charge the battery.

When you want to slow down the car more quickly than when freely logging (rolling) - from rolling resistance, aerodynamic resistance and braking engine, you click on the brake pedal. In the usual car, this pressure is transmitted by a hydraulic circuit on the friction brakes in the wheels. The brake pads are pressed to metal disks or drums, and the energy of the vehicle movement is transformed into the heat and the car slows down. Prius has exactly the same brakes, but it has something else - regenerative braking. Taking into account that during the movement, rolling MG2 produces some generator load to imitate the braking engine, when you press the brake pedal, the generation of MG2 electricity generation increases, and a much large generator load contributes to a slowdown in the car. Unlike friction brakes that spend the kinetic energy of the car for heat production, electricity produced by regenerative braking is saved in the battery and will be used later. The computer calculates which slowdown will be produced by regenerative braking and reduces the hydraulic pressure to the corresponding value transmitted by friction brakes.

In the usual car on cool descent You could solve switch to reduced transmission to increase the intensity of braking engine. The engine rotates more quickly and holds back the car more, helping the brakes to slow it down. The same selection is available in Prius if you decide to use it. If you move the mode selection lever to "B", the engine will be used for braking. Taking into account that usually the engine is stopped in braking mode, in the "B" mode, the computer and motors / generators are arranged so as to rotate the engine without fuel and with almost closed choke. The resistance that he creates slows down the car, reducing the heating of the brakes, and allows you to loosen the press on the brake pedal.

Normal car S. automatic transmission It goes from the scene, if you take a leg with brake pedal. This is a side effect of the operation of the hydrotransformer, but it benefits the car to roll back on the rise, while you transfer your foot on the accelerator pedal. It is said that the machine "crawling". As with the engine braking, there is no reason why Prius should behave in this way, except that Toyota wants the drivers to experience familiar sensations. Therefore, "crawling" is also mimic. A small amount of energy from the battery is transmitted by the MG2 motor when you release the brake. She gently sends a car forward.

If you press the accelerator slightly on the accelerator, the energy coming to the MG2 motor will be increased, and the car will turn more thanks. Since Mg2 is very powerful and has a high torque, you can start only on electricity to decent speed until the road movement allows you to gently accelerate. The more you attach an accelerator, the sooner ICC will start and starts to help you with its torque and electricity produced by the MG1 generator.

If you press the pedal to the floor, then the FCs will start immediately, although you leave the line before it helps acceleration and makes greater energy. But, for most starts inside the city, you will travel out of the line in almost complete silence, using only MG2 motor, whipped from the battery. The engine remains off, and Mg1 freely rotates back.

Above, I described how the car will go using only electricity and MG2 motor, if you do not push much on the accelerator pedal. If you reach the desired speed before the engine will start, you can continue driving using only electricity. This is called the "electric vehicle mode" ("EV Mode"), as the car is powered by the same way as a real EV electric car. The crown gear rotates, because MG2 leads a car into action, drove satellites and the engine stopped, the solar gear and Mg1 are freely rotated back.

Even if the ICC started during acceleration, when you have reached speed and reduced the pressure on the pedal, the energy required to maintain movement may fall to the level that can easily provide a motor

MG2. The engine is then turned off, and you will find yourself in an electric vehicle mode. It is difficult to predict when it happens because it depends on various factors - how important the battery and other circumstances of the movement are charged. However, after some time of movement in the mode of electric vehicle, the battery charge level will definitely decrease and the likelihood will increase that the engine will start to move at high speed and recharge the battery.

The method that engine is running in an electric vehicle mode when it becomes necessary, similar to the warm launch, but the crown and the solar gear in this case are not fixed. The sun gear rotates back and must first slow down. This may be enough to dispel the engine to start speed depending on the velocity of the car, and the sun may have to change the direction and start rotating forward. To slow down the sunny gear, MG1 first works in the generator mode, and the energy is removed. However, since the MG1 speed drops close to zero, it must be turned on as a motor to rotate forward and powered by energy so as to quickly change the direction of rotation, pass the zero point and start rotating forward. As a result, as in the case of the start of the engine in worthwhile, drove satellites, and with him and ICE, rotate forward. The crown gear of the planetary mechanism, rotating forward in the car receiving energy from the MG2, helps dispel the engine to start the starting speed at a lower MG1 speed. However, the start of the engine creates resistance to the free rotation of the crown gear. In order for this jerk to feel the driver and passengers, not to mention the coffee in the cup holder, an additional energy pulse is supplied to the MG2 to obtain an additional torque required to start the engine.

In the 20th body (on Japanese and European versions), the "EV" button is included in the standard package, i.e. Enable button forced function "Electromobile". On US modifications, this button can be installed additionally.

When you gently slow down or go down to the slope, the energy required for movement decreases, because inertia or gravity helps you move forward. Therefore, you slightly reduce the pressure on the accelerator pedal. If you slow down a little or quickly descend from a small slide, the power of the engine and turns are somewhat reduced, but it is difficult to notice. For greater slowdown or on the sharper descent, depending on the speed, the engine can stop giving energy at all if Mg2 can deliver what is needed.

I have already described how at a slow motion the MG2 motor can supply all the necessary energy when the in-law stopped. Accelerating and moving at a constant speed horizontally, the electric vehicle mode is hardly possible at speeds above 64 km / h, because the capacity needed to overcome the aerodynamic resistance is enough to force the engine to turn on. EV mode at higher speeds can occur, however, under certain conditions and, very likely, it will occur during a slowdown or quick descent under the mountain. To work in an electric vehicle mode at a speed of 67 km / h and above, the car must protect Mg1 from very high revolutions as well as when moving rolled. The only difference is that the crown gear is driven not by the movement of the car, but the MG2 motor. The MG1 generator still produces energy for resistance to excessive rotation, so that in the end the engine is turning. Fuel and ignition is not served. Of course, making it, MG1 removes the energy that would otherwise accelerate the car. Some losses go to the rotation of the engine, but some are detected as electricity produced by MG1. It simply returns to a high-voltage source to partially replenish the energy consumed by Mg2.

Prius has no gear rear strokethat would allow the car to move with a reverse course with the help of DVS. Therefore, it can navigate back only with the MG2 electric motor.

DVS can not help directly. In most cases, the car will stop the engine when you set the mode selection lever to the "R" position. Since MG2 rotates the gearbox input back, the corona gear of the planetary mechanism will also rotate back. The engine is still, it means that drove satellites also motionless. It simply means that MG1 will rotate forward. It rotates freely, without consuming or producing energy. It looks like EV mode, but on the contrary. The computer will not allow to go back at such a speed so that MG1 rotates too fast.

If the internal combustion engine continues to work when the mode selection lever is in the R position, for example, if the battery value is low, then the MG2 still simply leads the car back as before. The only difference - drove satellites is rotated forward, the solar gear and Mg1 rotate more quickly forward, and the computer must limit the rear vehicle speed at a lower value to protect Mg1 from too much rotation speed. Energy can be taken from the MG1 generator to feed the MG2 and charge the battery.

With all new technologies there are dangers, real and fictional. Using a cell phone daily by hours, ultimately, will print your brain? Radial keratotomy will improve your vision or destroy it? It may be surprising how new technologies become familiar and are considered to be granted. We even forget about the most real danger. We calmly rush with one and a half tons of steel, glass and rubber along the highway at a speed of 90 km / h, a few meters from such objects traveling at the same speed in the opposite side, constantly having ten or more liters of flammable liquid in a thin steel tank under the bottom. car. But when someone put a powerful electrical system in the car, we suddenly become nervous. In this section, I would like to talk about the dangers of service and repair Prius.

High voltage

The home electrical heater operates 220 volts and consumes up to 30 A. The high-voltage system Prius works at approximately the voltage of 273 V - slightly more than the heater. Currents may exceed 30 A, but in the case of a shock, the current has a current passing through your body, which is delivered by an electrician. Any electrical system that can produce amps or more is just as dangerous as any other. The degree of damage that will occur with electricity with a voltage of 273 V depends on the electrical resistance of the body and the pathway through the body. It happens that man is experiencing a blow from 220V from one hand to another, straight across the heart, with a little more than temporary discomfort. If you are not stupid, you can control the heater and repair it without worrying about shocking shock. Similarly, for the same reason, you can repair and maintain prius.

There is only one difference. For a long time I did not hear about home electrical appliances cut into each other in the living room of your home. But you hear about the automotive accidents constantly. Suppose someone broke into your home and attacked your heater with a sledgehammer. You come home and see Cutting Wires. Are you touching them? No, of course not. This is what Toyota mean, when it recommends that you do not touch the wires hanging from your car after an accident. In Prius, high voltage wires are surrounded by metal protection to prevent their break. They painted in orange. I would say that the danger of electric shock is zero.

Cars have batteries. Batteries contain acid. Acid is dangerous. A car with powerful batteries must contain a lot of acid and be very dangerous, right?

Electrolyte in nickel-metal hydride batteries Prius - potassium hydroxide. It is not acid, it is alkali, the opposite is. Of course, concentrated alkali may be as ease and dangerous as acid, so the documentation contains warnings about shedding. It should not scare, as the location of the battery in the car protects it well, and each cell of the battery contains a very small amount of electrolyte. Of course, the largest secondary risk in an accident, in my opinion, belongs to gasoline, as well as from any normal car.

Its meaning is that you can move silently. This term is unsuccessful because it is obvious that this is not always a good idea.

In addition, people talk about "stealth mode." In the 20th body, the "Stealth" mode can be enabled forcibly with the "EV" button.

You can also affect the car with the manner of your ride, but you should probably first master this "advanced prius opportunity." In fact, the prius philosophy is "just driven a dream" allows you to leave solving problems at the discretion of the car. Those of us who are looking for an emergency economy and a more complete understanding of the car's device - those say the most about "stealth mode" or "EV" mode (electric vehicle).

The first precautions when handling prius - prevent the discharge of the auxiliary battery. Unlike a regular car, when a 12-volt battery should give energy to the starter, 12V the PRIUS battery does not have any large demands for stored energy and therefore it is a small capacity - 28 Ah. It can be discharged for a very short time, if you leave the inner light on, the opening doors or the cabin fan is working when the car is not turned on. It can also be discharged, even if all lights and other consumers are turned off. The current from the auxiliary battery was measured and registered.

I will reproduce the data here: (for the 11th body)

Obviously, if you leave the car for a while, you must make sure that the headlight switch and the overall lights are turned off. Leave the switch in the "enabled" position and allow the car to turn off the headlights yourself would be good for a week or two. 0.036 A Create capacity 28 Ah in the battery for 28/036 \u003d 778 hours or 32 days. So, the term less than a month should be safe, but not longer.

If Prius is not operated by a month or more (for example, put for the winter in the garage) for a month or more (for example, expectation of spare parts), here are some methods to prevent the category of auxiliary battery:

Make anyone to turn on the car every few weeks and allowed him to charge auxiliary battery,

Disable auxiliary battery (you lose the installation of the radio and the clock setting),

Connect the charger to the auxiliary battery.

If you do not take these measures, the worst thing that can happen is a discharged battery. You can "searcate" and run Prius in the usual way from another car (although it is not recommended to run other cars from Prius). No need to turn on the engine on another car due to low energy consumption. You can also start from another battery. Light auxiliary wires will work in the same way as thick trigger cables. The only thing you need to know is that every time child-acid battery It discharges completely, its life is reduced.

The second concern is the discharge of high voltage battery. It will not happen as fast as the discharge of auxiliary 12 volt battery, but when it really happens, a more serious trouble may occur. If the charge level becomes below the programmed level, then the car will not start. On the 10th body of IWB, you can recharge as I have already told before, with the help of a regular charger. On the 11th and 20th bodies will have to charge WBB forcibly. It is quite laborious and requires a certain qualifications when performing work. The high-voltage battery is completely disconnected when the "Ignition" is turned off in the car. No current is dried off the battery. Unfortunately, the nickel-metal hydride (NIMH) batteries have a feature called "self-discharge" in which they lose charge, even when nothing is connected to the battery. 2% of the charge loss per day is often indicated in the characteristics of NIMH batteries (used at home at room temperature), but it may not be incorrect for PRIUS batteries.

Toyota Recommendation, which appeared on its Web site in the Frequently Asked Questions section, is that the DVS Prius is needed every two months and allow it to work for 30 minutes. Of course, it will be necessary to re-connect the auxiliary battery, if before that you turned it off. You can be calmer, for example, in winter, since the self-discharge value at low temperatures is reduced. It is necessary to be more careful at high temperatures when the self-disclosure increases.

Description of the repair procedures, diagnostics and maintenance of the Toyota Prius car you can find in the book "Toyota Prius 2003-2009 release" at the address:

Separate articles on many elements of the hybrid installation you can find on the website of the Legion-Avtodat -

The Toyota Prius car has a rather complicated drive system.

The main components of the Toyota Prius power plant:

1. Internal combustion engine- gasoline engine operating at the Atkinson cycle. The main advantages of such an engine are low fuel consumption, high efficiency And very low toxicity.
The engine can not only transfer the force on the wheels of the car if necessary, but it can also turn the motor generator generating energy for the electrical network of the car.
Electricity from the generator can stock in batteries or is spent on climate control or other car systems.

2. Motor / Generator 1 -it can work as a generator, produces energy for subsequent charging of batteries or for direct energy transmission to the motor 2 which directly turns the wheels at the moments when it lacks the power of the batteries. Also, this motor helps run the engine as a starter in the usual car.
3. Motor / Generator 2 - It serves to transmit basic efforts on car wheels using battery energy.

Both motor / generator are made on the basis of powerful neodymium magnets.

Permanent magnets Move inside the etherromagnetic stator consisting of multiple copper windings generating electric current.

At the output of the stator when working in the generator mode, we obtain a three-phase alternating voltage, which using the converter is converted into a constant voltage required to recharging batteries and steady operation of the car power grid.

Also in the motor mode, if a three-phase controlled voltage is supplied on the winding of the electromagnetic stator, the rotor with magnets spins produces the required amount of kinetic energy.

4. Planetary distribution mechanism - The most complex element of the car drive. Allows you to combine efforts from the internal combustion engine and traction electric motor. The mechanism can not only be connected to the desired moments of the engine, but it can also turn it off from the entire drive system, leaving it one on one with the generator.

The main feature of the planetary mechanism of the Toyota Prius car is that the internal combustion engine is not directly related to wheels. DVS can partially help rotate the wheels giving only part of the energy and it happens on the optimal engine speeds and on the corresponding optimal velocity of the car.
As practice shows - the internal combustion engine works optimally on the highway with revolutions above 2000 - it usually concerns the engine with the Atkinson cycle, which practically does not give the moment on low revs.

Basically, the engine twists the generator that produces electrical energy. If the car moves in traffic jams and moves slowly, it moves its main electric motor at the expense of batteries. If the car needs to dial the speed of the additional energy is generated by the generator which is unwinding with the body.

Main parts of the planetary mechanism

1. Basic Ring - External circular gear
2. Solar gear - by analogy with the solar system located in the center of the mechanism
3. Planetary gears - Located on the planetary axis which rotates around the solar gear and, accordingly, the planetary gears are also rotated.

Motor / Generator 1 - which in most cases works as a generator or how the starter is connected directly to the solar gear.
Motor / Generator 2 - connected to the main ring and in turn directly to the wheels.
DVS - connected to the planetary axis with planetary gears.

The stand presents the entire system assembly.

The main elements are the clutch disc on the shaft of the planetary mechanism (DVS), the motor / generator 1 and the motor / generator 2.

Video - Principle of operation and composite parts of the planetary mechanism connecting electric motors and DVS in Tatu Prius

Examples of Toyota Transmission Box Prius:

1. If the car stopped the motor / generator 2 too stops as connected directly with wheels.
If the batteries are not charged enough for the subsequent movement, they need to be charged using a generator. To do this, you need to start the engine.
Motor / Generator 1 starts its rotation and through the planetary mechanism rotates and turns the engine.
In turn, the engine starts rotating the motor / generator 1 and that in the generator mode produces the necessary energy. A variable voltage at the generator output is converted into a constant voltage of 120 volts to charge batteries.
Also, the engine can be started and stop in this mode if necessary to charge batteries or to feed consumers of the car on-board network (climate control, radio tape recorder, light).

2. If we need to start moving and the internal combustion engine is stopped, the energy is sent to the motor / generator 2 which begins to rotate the wheels and simultaneously rotates the motor / generator through the planetary mechanism 1. At this stage, the reverse conversion occurs from constant voltage 120 volts in three-phase variables for the rotation of the electric motor.

With a large acceleration of the car, we can achieve such a speed on the wheels of the car, which means on the axis of the motor / generator 2 which will be greater than the permissible speed of the motor / generator 1. Typically, a speed of about 40 miles per hour at which turns on the motor 1 reach the maximum 6000.

Motor 2 moves Motor 1 through gears with a ratio of 2.6. That is, when rotating the motor 2 on the maximum turnover, the motor 1 will be 2.6 times more turns.

3. Running the engine on the move occurs when the motor / generator 1 is stopped using an electromagnetic field of the resulting counterweight - against rotation of the rotor. With such a combination of effort, the speed of rotation of the wheel is transmitted to the DVS shaft. The engine is scrolled and start.

ICE begins to rotate and carries the motor / generator 1. Now all the motors rotate in one direction and all the forces are evenly spent on the movement of the wheels. The rule is observed only if the speed of all motors is the same.

If the engine starts turning faster than the wheels (motor / generator 2), it begins faster to rotate the generator 1 generating more energy to charge batteries and subsequent movement.

On the this example We can clearly trace that the engine Internal combustion Not connected directly with a car drive. It rotates freely - it can rotate faster or slower the main drive (motor / generator 2). DVS can only help rotate wheels when the wheel turnovers and the engine axis are coincided - in other cases, it only works on the generator by adding the necessary energy to the system at the required moments.

4. Rear is implemented using a motor / generator 1, which you remember the description above only as a generator or starter.
In the event that the engine is muffled and the car must be shifted back - the motor / generator 1 is connected in a motor mode and rotates in the opposite rotation of the motor / generator 2. When the engine is stopped, the planetary axis is stopped in place and effort from the motor 1 is transmitted through the planetary gears directly to the motor 2.
Motor 2 rotates backwards and car moves back.

If, at the time of starting the reverse, the engine works, it is necessary to simply rotate the motor / generator 1 faster than the engine rotates, thereby the additional force (rotation greater than the speed) will be transmitted to the motor / generator 2 as a reverse rotation - reverse.

Thus, complex and at the same time, a simple planetary mechanism allows you to connect three engines in any combinations of the Toyota Prius required for the full operation of the car.