Average annual car mileage in the world. Average car mileage per year: types of cars, average statistics and calculation rules. How to identify falsification of instrument readings

A question from a reader.

“Hello blog author. I will not flatter, but I will ask the question directly. I want to buy a car, but either new car like Logan (not ice in appearance), or Bushny, but normal. TypeFordFocus 2. But now I have a question, what is the normal average mileage of a car for a year? Tell me please?"

The question is very interesting. Read the new article ...

First, let's define what you need to know the average mileage for? What does it affect at all? Everything is simple here, the more mileage, the more wear and tear of the car. Therefore, when buying, you need to look at it. Many manufacturers give a guarantee of 100,000 or 150,000 thousand kilometers, so if you buy a car up to this mark. It is possible that the warranty workshop will fix the breakdown.

Why do manufacturers give 100 - 150 thousand guarantees? This is also not just that. It is through such a mileage interval that the main components of the car wear out. If the engine and transmission (gearbox), under good operating conditions (timely), can travel 500-600 thousand kilometers, then the suspension and its elements on such roads, no matter how strong it is, will require replacement. Although repairing the suspension is not as expensive as, say, repairing the engine and transmission. Therefore, if you buy a car for about 100,000 kilometers, check the suspension first. Secondly, you need to check the body, and then the car's electrics.

What is the normal average mileage per year? Let's break it down point by point.

1) The larger the city, the greater the car's mileage. It is clear that the mileage - say in Moscow, will be much more than, say, in a small city of 50,000 - 100,000 people. There are other distances. Therefore, in Moscow it will be much different from the run in a small city. For capitals, the normal mileage is from 30,000 kilometers per year. But in a small town it may not be 5-10,000.

2) Operation of the car. Of course, it is clear that the mileage of a car, for example, for a sales representative or a taxi driver, will be much higher than that of an ordinary person who works in an office. That is, if the car is relatively fresh for a year or two. That perfect run 15 - 35,000 here it all depends on the first point.

3) How many owners. It also happens that it depends on the number of owners. this car... Imagine if a family of four, and everyone has rights. Then the car will not stand still, there will be a whole queue for it. Accordingly, the mileage of such a car will be many times greater. If the average for a small town is 15-20,000 kilometers, multiply that figure by two or three.

4) Intercity. Long-distance trips also have a great influence; in one day, from my own experience, I can say that you can go to Moscow and back. And from us it is 2,500 kilometers, so a car that is used on intercity can have 70-100,000 kilometers per year.

Summing up, I would like to say that if the car is used normally, even in a big city the average mileage will be 20-40,000 kilometers. Of course, in small towns there will be much less. If the mileage is 100 or more thousand kilometers per year, then you need to think about buying such a car, this means that the car was simply mercilessly exploited. The car's mileage is also suspicious, let's say the car is 3 - 5 years old, but only 5,000 kilometers have been driven. Of course, there are such cars, but there are only a few of them, I would say about 3 - 5 percent of the total volume of cars sold. In the rest, the mileage is simply twisted.

Choose the right car, I think my article was useful to you.

When you look at a car with low mileage, you salivate with anticipation of a good purchase. Such a seemingly ideal device is inexpensive, and it has virtually its entire life ahead of it. But the reality turns out to be not so rosy. What kind of mileage should a car have to be in full bloom?

Small mileage, but great age

A car, like a person, is subject to aging, and its technical condition depends on the inexorable passage of time. If the car has been in the garage for 10 years, then it is not at all a fact that it will fly on the roads like new.

Low mileage is usually associated with so-called wintering. Having traveled to the summer cottage and driven about 3-5 thousand kilometers during the season, some owners drive the four-wheeled friend into the garage for six months until the snow melts.

"Usually, before being put into long-term storage, cars undergo a set of conservation measures," says technical expert Igor Morzharetto... Wooden supports are knocked under the thresholds to remove weight from the springs and to avoid the effect of "Metal fatigue". Further, the body and sides are rubbed with cannon tallow or other anti-corrosion agents to prevent the formation of rust. Fuel is poured into the tank under the lid to avoid moisture condensation on the inner walls and the appearance of putrefactive deposits. But even after these procedures, time takes its toll, and in the spring the car appears before the owners in a completely different form than before entering hibernation.

The de-preservation process is also not at all simple. First, all fluids are changed, including fuel, and then the rubber joints and joints are carefully inspected, where leaks and smudges can form. It is imperative that the oil from the engine and filters are drained so that the wear particles deposited in it do not damage the rubbing parts.

But most importantly, it is necessary to pump a new brake fluid and check the performance of the system. During prolonged standing, the liquid absorbs moisture and loses its performance. If the car has been called without moving for a couple of seasons, then the risk of unexpected boiling brake fluid increases.

Naturally, most drivers do not perform such complex procedures, which is why downtime in garages turns into aging equipment.

Ride a little bit

But if the car was not put up every winter and made small runs from time to time, this does not mean at all that it is in good technical condition. Departures every two weeks in winter are the most dangerous for equipment. Especially harmful is simple in the cold and the subsequent cold start at temperatures below 15 degrees. During downtime, oil flows into the crankcase and leaves the moving parts without lubrication. At start-up, the dry metal is rubbed in and there is an increased wear of the parts until the oil again spreads through the mechanisms and through the internal channels. And the low temperature only aggravates this process.

The same effect is observed in other parts of the car. With infrequent trips after a long idle period, the gearbox and all-wheel drive transmission, if any, wear out.

In addition, there are parts whose shelf life is determined not by mileage and wear, but by the time of use. These are all rubber seals, hoses and oil seals. Rubber has its own service life limit and cracks, dries and turns to stone in a stationary car as well as on a moving one. Therefore, the old struts in the suspension or the hoses of the cooling system will leak even after several years of standing idle.

Hours are more important

The other extreme is a small age, but a lot of mileage. This category includes taxi drivers and corporate vehicles who are constantly on the road. Perfect bodies with sparkling paint and comparatively fresh, unworn interiors hide mechanisms damaged by wear. True, this mileage is not always critical for fresh cars, because the engine resource is assessed not by mileage, but by engine hours.

Roughly speaking, the motor can turn the shaft for three hours in the range of 1.5-2 thousand revolutions. And it doesn't matter to him how far the car travels during this time. If you connect the "sixth" stage of the box, then the car will sweep 300 kilometers along the highway, and if the second, it will drive only 30 km in traffic jams. Therefore, with frequent driving "for a long distance", it happens that the engine nurses half a million kilometers, but for the suspension, such a mileage is already critical. We'll have to change the levers in a circle. The same goes for the fuel pump, pump and other attachments... The automatic transmission will definitely require an oil change.

But here climate control will not feel the impact of more mileage. Its service life is also calculated in engine hours.

What mileage is preferable for a car and indicates its good technical condition? The vast majority of car manufacturers design their cars based on an average annual mileage of 15 thousand kilometers. The same interval is laid down for the appointment of maintenance. When drawing up loan programs with buyback, specialists are also guided by the wear of mechanisms, a multiple of 15 thousand km. Therefore, it is easy to calculate the correct mileage yourself.

Normal for the "five-year plan" is considered a mileage of 75 thousand, and for a 7-year-old car in 105 thousand. This means that the car was operated constantly, but without any special loads. This means that it remains in excellent technical shape.

L g = D slave g l cc α t, (1.12)

where D slave - the number of days of work of the enterprise in a year;

 t is the coefficient of technical readiness.

When calculating the annual mileage of a car, the technical availability factor is used:

α t = D e c / (D e c + D r c), (1.13)

where D ets is the number of days the vehicle has been in a technically sound condition per cycle;

D rts - the number of days of inactivity of the car in MOT and R per cycle:

D e c = L to / l cc; (1.14)

D r c = D k + D TO, TR L to K 4/1000, (1.15)

where D TO, TR is the specific vehicle idle time in TO and TR in days per 1000 km of run.

When determining the numerical value of D k, it is necessary to take into account that the idle time of the car in the Kyrgyz Republic provides for the total number of calendar days of the car's withdrawal from service, i.e.:

D k = D ’k + D t = D’ k + (0.1 ... 0.2) D ’k, (1.16)

where D 'k is the standard vehicle idle time in the Kyrgyz Republic at an auto repair plant.

K ”4 = (K” 4 tab. A n + K ”4 tab. A k) / (A n + A k) (1.17)

Thus, for:

D ′ To= 20 days. D TO-TR= 0.3 days / 1000 km.

D T= 0 days. D To= 20 + 0 = 20 days.

K 4 = (9 0.7 + 36 1.4) / 45 = 0.84

D rts= 20 + 0.3 · 311040 · 0.84 / 1000 = 153.1 days.

L G= 365 * 330 * 0.9 = 103887 km.

N EOr= 960 0.34 = 317 influences.

N 1g= 0.34 72 = 24 influences.

N 2g= 0.34 23 = 8 influences.

impacts

impact

impacts

LAZ-4202 :

D ′ To= 20 days. D TO-TR= 0.3 days / 1000 km.

D T= 0 days. D To= 20 + 0 = 20 days.

K 4 = (43 0.7 + 102 1.4) / 145 = 0.908

D rts= 20 + 0.3 338648 0.908 / 1000 = 172.9 days.

of the day

L G= 365 270 0.9 = 86,557 km.

N EOr= 1248 0.26 = 324 influences.

N 1g= 0.26 78 = 20 influences.

N 2g= 0.26 25 = 7 influences.

impacts

impact

impacts

1.2.4 Determination of the number of diagnostic impacts on the entire park per year.

According to the Regulation, diagnostics as a separate type of service is not planned, and work on diagnosing rolling stock is included in the scope of maintenance and repair work. At the same time, depending on the method of organization, diagnostics of cars can be carried out at separate posts or be combined with the maintenance process. Therefore, in this case, the number of diagnostic influences is determined for the subsequent calculation of diagnostic posts and their organization.

At the ATP, in accordance with the regulation, it is envisaged to diagnose the D-1 and D-2 rolling stock.

Thus, the number of D-1, D-2 for the entire fleet for the year:

N D-1.y = 1 , 1N 1.d + N 2.d (1.18)

N D -2.g = 1.2N 2.g (1.19)

Thus, for:

= 1.1 1069 + 342 = 1518 auto.

= 1.2 342 = 410 auto.

= 1.1 2941 + 943 = 4177 auto.

= 1.2 943 = 1131 auto.

1.2.5 Determination of the daily program for maintenance and diagnostics of cars.

The daily production program is a criterion for choosing a method for organizing maintenance (at universal posts or production lines) and serves as a starting indicator for calculating the number of posts and maintenance lines:

N i, c = N і. G / D work. i г, (1.20)

where N і .г is the annual program for each type of maintenance or diagnostics separately.

D slave. i g - the number of days in the year of operation of the i-th zone.

Thus, for:

auto - daily production program for EO.

auto - daily production program for TO-1.

auto - daily production program for TO-2.

auto-daily production program for D-1.

auto - daily production program for D-2.

auto

auto

auto

auto

auto

1.3 Calculation of the annual volume of work and the number of production workers.

The annual scope of work for ATP is determined in man-hours and includes the scope of work for EO, ​​TO-1, TO-2, TR and self-service of the enterprise. Based on these volumes, the number of working production zones and sections is determined.

The calculation of the annual volumes of EO, TO-1 and TO-2 is made based on the annual production program of this type and the complexity of the service. The annual volume of TR is determined based on the annual mileage of the car park and the specific labor intensity of TR per 1000 km of run.

1.3.1 Selection and adjustment of standard labor intensity.

To calculate the annual volume of work, preliminarily for the rolling stock designed by the ATP, the standard labor intensity of TO and TR is established in accordance with the Regulations, and then they are adjusted taking into account the specific operating conditions (Table 1.3).

The standards of labor intensity of TO and TR are established by the regulation for the following set of conditions: I category of operating conditions; basic car models; the climatic region is temperate; the mileage of the rolling stock from the beginning of operation is equal to 50-75% of the mileage before overhaul; at the ATP, maintenance and repair of 200-300 units is carried out. rolling stock, comprising three technologically compatible groups. ATP is equipped with means of mechanization according to the table of technological equipment (table 2.3 “Technological design of ATP and service station” by G. M. Napolsky, p. 30).

Depending on the type of rolling stock "Regulation on maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport ”, five technologically compatible groups have been established (table 2.6“ Technological design of vehicle transport and service stations ”by G. M. Napolsky, p. 39).

For other conditions, the standards for the labor intensity of TO and TR are adjusted by appropriate coefficients (Table 2.4 “Technological design of ATP and STO” by GM Napolsky, p. 31).

The estimated labor intensity of daily maintenance t EO, realized by manual processing using mechanization means, can be determined using the expression:

t EO = t EO n K 2 K 5 K m; (1.21)

K m = 1 - M / 100, (1.22)

where t EO n - standard labor intensity of EO, man-h;

K 2, K 5, K m - the corresponding correction factors depending on the type and modification of the rolling stock, the size of the vehicle, mechanization of washing operations;

M - the share of EO work performed by a mechanized method,%.

Estimated normative adjusted labor input TO-1, TO-2 for the rolling stock of the designed vehicle:

t i = t i n K 2 K 5, (1.23)

where t i n is the standard labor intensity of TO-1 or TO-2, man-h.

Specific normative adjusted labor intensity of current repair:

t TP = t TP n K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5, (1.24)

where t TR n - standard specific labor intensity of TR, man-h / 1000 km.

K 1, K 2, K 3, K 4 ', K 5 - respectively, the coefficients of correction of labor intensity depending on the category of operation, type and modification of rolling stock, natural and climatic conditions, mileage from the beginning of operation, size of vehicle transport.

K'4 = (K n 4 A n + K s 4 A s) / (A n + A s). (1.25)

t EO n= 0.8 person-h; t 1 n= 5.8 people-hours; t 2 n= 24 people-hours; t tr n= 0.8 person-h / 1000km.

t EO= 0.8 * 1 * 1.05 * 0.58 = 0.49 man-hours;

t 1 = 5.8 · 1 · 1.05 = 6.09 man-hours;

t 2 = 24 · 1 · 1.05 = 25.2 man-hours;

K 4 = (0.8 * 36 + 1.5 * 9) / 45 = 0.94

t tr= 6.5 * 1.1 * 1 * 1 * 0.94 * 1.05 = 7.06 man-h / 1000 km.

t EO n= 0.8 person-h; t 1 n= 5.8 people-hours; t 2 n= 24 people-hours; t tr n= 0.8 person-h / 1000km.

t EO= 0.8 * 1 * 1.05 * 0.58 = 0.49 man-hours;

t 1 = 5.8 · 1 · 1.05 = 6.09 man-hours;

t 2 = 24 · 1 · 1.05 = 25.2 man-hours;

K 4 = (0.8 * 102 + 1.5 * 43) / 145 = 1.008

t tr= 6.5 * 1.1 * 1 * 1 * 1.008 * 1.05 = 7.57 man-h / 1000 km.

Table 1.3 - Correction of the labor intensity of TO and TR

1.3.2 Calculation of the annual volume of maintenance and repair work.

The amount of work in (man-hours) for EO, ​​TO-1 and TO-2 (T EO g, T 1g, T 2g) per year is determined by the product of the number of TOs by the standard value of the labor intensity of this type of TO:

Т i г = N i.г t i, person-h (1.26)

where N i.y - respectively, the annual number of EO or TO-1 or TO-2 for the entire fleet of vehicles of the same model;

t i - standard adjusted labor intensity of the i-th type of service, respectively EO, TO-1, TO-2, man-h.

T TP g = L g A and t TP / 1000. (1.27)

T EOr = 14256 * 0.49 = 6945.52 man-h;

T 1g = 1069 * 6.09 = 6511.43 man-hours;

T 2g = 342 * 25.2 = 8607.06 man-hours;

T TRg = 103887 * 45 * 7.06 / 1000 = 32991.1 man-h;

T EOr = 47050 * 0.49 = 22923 man-h;

T 1g = 2941 * 6.09 = 17908 man-h;

T 2g = 943 * 25.2 = 23751 man-h;

T TRg = 88557 * 145 * 7.57 / 1000 = 94979 man-h;

1.3.3 Calculation of the annual volume of self-service work.

The annual volume of self-service work of the enterprise T is itself set as a percentage of the annual volume of auxiliary work:

T sam = T vsp K sam / 100 = (T EO g + T 1 g + T 2 g + T TP g) K vsp K itself 10 -4, man-h. (1.28)

where K vp is the volume of auxiliary work of the enterprise,%;

By itself - the amount of work on self-service,%.

According to the table. 2.8 we will establish that TO myself = 25%, TO vp = 45%.

Thus, for:

T itself = (6946 + 6511 + 8607 + 32991) · 45 · 25 · 10 -4 = 5505.51 man-hours

T itself = (22923 + 17908 + 23751 + 94979) · 45 · 25 · 10 -4 = 15956 man-hour

1.3.4 Distribution of the scope of maintenance and repair work by production areas.

The scope of work on maintenance and repair is distributed at the place of its implementation according to technological and organizational characteristics. MOT and TR are performed at posts and production sites. The sentry includes work on maintenance and repair performed directly on the car (washing, cleaning, lubricating, fastening, diagnostic, etc.). Inspection and repair of units, mechanisms and assemblies removed from the vehicle are carried out in the areas (aggregate, mechanical, electrical, etc.).

Implementation of 90-95% of the scope of TO-2 work is planned at the posts, and 5-10% - at the production sites. In design practice, this amount of work is distributed evenly over the relevant areas (table 1.4):

T 2 g * = 0.1 T 2 g;

T 2 g ** = T 2 g - T 2 g *, (1.29)

Table 1.4 - Distribution of work by posts and sections

To form the volume of work performed at the posts of the TO, TR and production sites, as well as to determine the number of workers by specialty, the distribution of the annual volumes of TO-1, TO-2, TR work is carried out by their types in percentage, and then in man-hours (table 1.5, 1.6, 1.7).

1.3.5 Distribution of work on diagnostics. According to ONTP-ATP-STO-91, the total annual volume of diagnostic work between D-1 and D-2 is distributed as follows. Work on D-1 (T D-1 g) is 50-60%, and on D-2 (T D-2 g) 40-50% of the total amount of diagnostic work (T D g) performed per year at TO-1, TO-2 and TR, i.e .:

T D-1 g = T D-2 g = (0.5 ... 0.6) ΣT D g; (1.30)

Table 1.5 - Distribution of TO-1 labor intensity by type of work

When organizing diagnostics of D-1 and D-2 at separate posts, for the subsequent calculation of posts of maintenance and repair, it is necessary to adjust the scope of work on maintenance and repair. To do this, from the previously calculated annual volumes of TO-1 and TO-2, as well as the annual volume of post work TR, determined as a result of the distribution by type of work, it is necessary to exclude the scope of diagnostic work performed during TO-1, TO-2 and TR, t .e .:

Table 1.6 - Distribution of TO-2 labor intensity by type of work

T 1 g k = T 1 g - T 1D; T 2 g k = T 2 g - T 2D; (1.31)

T TR g pk = T TR g - T TR D. (1.32)

Accordingly, the labor intensity of TO-1 and TO-2 works for calculating maintenance posts:

t 1 '= T 1 g to / ΣN 1 g; t 2' = T 2 g to / ΣN 2 g; (1.33)

where N 1 g, N 2 g is the number of TO-1 and TO-2 in the park per year.

Thus, for cars:

LAZ-695N :

T D-1g = 0.4 * 1633 = 653 person / hour

T D-2g = 0.6 * 1633 = 979.9 person / hour

person \ hour

person \ hour

T D-1g = 0.4 * 4580 = 1832 person / hour

T D-2g = 0.6 * 4580 = 2748.073 person / hour

person \ hour

person \ hour

1.3.6 Calculation of the number of production workers.

Production workers include working areas and sections directly performing maintenance and repair work of rolling stock (Table 1.8). Distinguish between the technologically necessary (attendance) and staff (payroll) number of workers.

Technologically required number of workers:

P t = T g / F t, (1.34)

where T g is the annual volume of work in the maintenance zone, TR or site, man-h;

F t - the annual fund of time of the technologically necessary worker in one-shift work, h.

Fund F t is determined by the duration of the shift (depending on the length of the working week) and the number of working days per year.

In design practice, to calculate the technologically required number of workers, the annual fund of time Ft is taken equal to 2070 hours for industries with normal working conditions and 1830 hours for industries with harmful conditions.

Staff (payroll) number of workers:

P w = T g / F w, (1.35)

where Ф w is the annual time fund of the "regular" worker, h.

At ATP with an established production and structure of work, to calculate workers, the staffing factor  w is used, which is determined as follows:

η w = P t / R w = F w / F t. (1.36)

The data on the number of production workers in various zones and areas will be included in table 1.8.

Table 1.7 - Distribution of TR labor intensity by type of work

Table 1.8 - The number of production workers and the annual fund

working time

1.4 Technological calculation of production areas, areas and warehouses. More than 50% of the scope of maintenance and repair work is carried out at posts. Therefore, in technological design, this stage of the calculation is important, since the number of posts in the future largely determines the choice of the volume-planning solution of the enterprise. The number of posts depends on the type, program and labor intensity of impacts, the method of organizing maintenance, technical repairs and diagnostics of vehicles, and the operating mode of production zones. The program and labor intensity of the impacts by the types of TO and TR are determined by calculation.

1.4.1 Operating mode of the TO and TP zones.

It is characterized by the number of working days per year, the duration of work (the number of work shifts, the duration and time of the beginning and end of the shift), the distribution of the production program by the time of its execution.

The operating mode of the zone should be coordinated with the schedule for the release and return of vehicles from the line.

The shift time is the period between the return of the first vehicle and the release of the last one. With a uniform release of cars, the duration of the shift time:

T cm = 24 - (T n + T about - T issue). (1.37)

T cm = 24 - (15 + 1 - 1) = 9 hours.

The operating mode of the diagnostic sections depends on the operating mode of the TO and TP zones. D-1 works simultaneously with TO-1. D-2 works in 1 or 2 shifts.

The daily regime of TR is 2. In our case, 2 shifts.

1.4.2 Calculation of the number of maintenance posts. The initial data values ​​for calculating the number of service posts are the production rhythm and the post clock.

The production rhythm Ri is the average time for the release of one car from a given type of maintenance, or the time interval between the release of two consecutively serviced cars from a given zone:

R i = 60T cm C / N i. c, (1.38)

where T cm is the duration of the shift, h;

C is the number of shifts;

N i. c - daily production program separately for each type of maintenance and diagnostics.

The post cycle t i represents the average time of the post occupancy. It consists of the time the car is idle while servicing the car at a given post and the time associated with installing the car at the post, hanging it on a lift, etc.

τ i = 60t i / P p + t p, (1.39)

where t i is the labor intensity of this type of service performed at the post, man-h;

t p - the time spent on the movement of the vehicle when installing it at the post and exit from the post, min;

P p - the number of workers simultaneously working at the post.

The number of service posts X TO is determined from the ratio of the total downtime of all vehicles under service to the time fund of one post:

X TO =  i / R i, (1.40)

The number of TO-2 posts due to its relatively large labor intensity, as well as a possible increase in the downtime of the car at the post due to additional work to eliminate faults is determined taking into account the utilization rate of the post's working time  2, equal to 0.85-0.90, those.:

X 2 =  2 / (R 2   , (1.41)

Thus, for:

1.4.3 Calculation of diagnostic posts. The number of specialized diagnostic posts D-1 or D-2 (X Di) is calculated in the same way as the number of TO-2 posts.

With a known annual volume of diagnostic work, the number of diagnostic posts:

X D i = T D i / (D slave g T cm S D R p), (1.42)

Thus, for:

1.4.4 Calculation of the continuous EO production line.

Such lines are used to carry out cleaning and washing operations of EO using mechanized installations for washing and drying cars.

If the service line provides for the mechanization of only washing operations, and the rest are carried out manually, then the line cycle (in minutes) is calculated taking into account the speed of movement of vehicles (2-3 m / min), which makes it possible to perform work manually while the car is moving.

In this case, the cycle of the EO line is:

 EO l = (L a + a ) / u k, min. (1.43)

where a is the distance between cars at the posts of the line, m (table 4.2 “Technological design of vehicle transport and service stations” by G. M. Napolsky, p. 86);

L a - overall length of the vehicle, m;

u к - speed of movement of cars, m / min.

Throughput (auto / h) of the EO line:

N EO l = 60 /  EO l, (1.44)

The number of REO workers employed at the posts of manual processing of the EO zone is determined as follows:

P EO = 60m EO t EO /  EO l, pers. (1.45)

where m EO is the number of EO lines;

t EO - labor intensity of EO works performed manually, man-hours.

For continuous flow, the number of lines is:

m EO =  EO l / R EO l, (1.46)

Thus, for:

τ EO l = (9.19 + 1.5) / 3 = 5.095

N EO l = 60 / 5.095 = 11.776 auto / hour;

m EO = 5.095 / 13.5 = 0.37 = 1 line;

P EO = (60 * 1 * 0.37) / 5.095 = 4.44 = 4 people.

τ EO l = (9.5 + 1.5) / 3 = 3.66

N EO l = 60 / 3.66 = 16.39 auto / hour;

m EO = 3.66 / 4.19 = 0.87 = 1 line;

P EO = (60 * 1 * 0.87) / 3.66 = 14.26 = 14 people

1.4.5 Calculation of the number of TR posts.

In this calculation, the number of impacts by TP is unknown. Therefore, to calculate the number of TR posts, the annual volume of TR post work is used.

However, the calculation of the required number of TP posts only based on the amount of work does not reflect the actual need for posts, since the occurrence of current repairs, as you know, is caused by failures and malfunctions that are of a random nature. Fluctuations in the demand for TR, both in terms of the time of occurrence and the complexity of its implementation, are very significant and often cause long downtime of the rolling stock while waiting for the queue of posting. Therefore, to take these fluctuations into account when calculating the TR posts, the so-called coefficient of unevenness of the arrival of cars at the TR posts () is introduced, the value of which is taken equal to 1.2 - 1.5. The use of this coefficient increases the estimated number of TP posts and reduces the waiting time for repairs. In this case, for ATP with the number of cars up to 150-200 = 1.15.

When calculating TP posts, significant, compared to TO, losses of working time are taken into account, associated with the departure of performers from posts to other areas, warehouses, as well as due to forced downtime of cars, in anticipation of parts, components and assemblies removed from the car being repaired at the sites. These losses of working time are taken into account by the rate of use of the working time of the post.

When posts work in several shifts with an uneven distribution of work by shifts, the number of posts is calculated for the busiest shift. In this case, the number of TP posts  p, which is assumed to be 0.85. Taking into account the above, the number of TR posts is determined:

X TR = (T TR g ) / (D slave g T cm  p R p), (1.47)

where T TR g - the annual volume of work performed at the posts of TR, man-h;

D slave g - the number of working days in the year of the posts of the TR;

T cm - the duration of the work shift, h;

P n - the number of workers at the post.

Thus, in view of the above for:

1.4.6. Calculation of the number of waiting posts. Waiting posts (backwater) are posts where cars that need one or another type of maintenance and repair are waiting for their turn to move to the corresponding post or production line. These posts ensure the uninterrupted operation of the maintenance and repair zones, eliminating to some extent the unevenness of the arrival of vehicles for service and maintenance. In addition, in the cold season, waiting posts in closed rooms provide heating of vehicles before servicing them.

The number of waiting posts is determined in front of TO-1 posts 10-15% of shift programs; in front of TO-2 posts 30-40% of shift programs; before posts 20-30% of the number of TR posts:

1.5 Calculation of the area of ​​industrial premises

According to their functional purpose, the ATP areas are divided into three main groups: production and storage, storage of rolling stock and auxiliary.

The structure of the production and warehouse premises includes the zones of maintenance and repair, production areas of the TR, warehouses, as well as technical premises of energy and sanitary services and devices (compressor, transformer, pumping, ventilation chambers, etc.).

The structure of the areas of storage (parking) areas of rolling stock includes parking areas, taking into account the area occupied by equipment for heating vehicles, ramps and additional floor driveways.

The auxiliary areas of the enterprise in accordance with SNiP II-92-96 include: sanitary facilities, public catering, health care, cultural services, etc.

1.5.1 Calculation of the areas of maintenance and repair zones.

The area of ​​the zone is determined from the expression:

F s = f a X s K p, m 2. (1.49)

where f s - the area occupied by the car in the plan, m 2;

X z - the number of posts in the zone;

K p - the coefficient of the density of the arrangement of posts / 1 /.

The area of ​​the vehicle in the plan is taken according to the largest (in terms of overall dimensions in the plan) rolling stock model.

TO NS =6,5

f a = 22.975 m 2

TO NS =6,5

f a= 23.75 m 2.

F EO

F D1= 23.75 6.5 3 = 463.125 m 2.

F D 2= 23.75 6.5 4 = 617.5 m 2.

F TR= 23.75 6.5 11 = 1698.125 m 2.

F TR

F TR= 23.75 6.5 8 = 1235 m 2.

The areas of maintenance and repair areas of rolling stock are summarized in Table 1.9.

Table 1.9 - Areas of areas of maintenance and repair of rolling stock

1.5.2 Calculation of the areas of production sites.

The areas of the plots are calculated by the area of ​​the room occupied by the equipment and the density coefficient of its arrangement. Land area:

F y = f about · K p.m 2. (1.50)

where f about - the total area of ​​the horizontal projection in terms of the overall dimensions of the equipment, m 2;

K p - the coefficient of the density of the arrangement of the equipment.

For TO zone - 1:

F y = (55.71 3.5) + 166 = 314 m 2

For the locksmith and mechanical section:

F y = 14.54 3.5 = 50 m 2

Table 1.10 - Areas of production sites depending on

number of workers

1.5.3 Calculation of the area of ​​storage facilities. To determine the areas of warehouses, two calculation methods are used: by the specific area of ​​warehouses per 1 million km of rolling stock run and by the area occupied by equipment for storing a stock of operating materials, spare parts, units, materials, and the density coefficient of equipment arrangement.

Calculation of warehouse areas by specific area per 1 million km of run (table 1.11). With this method of calculation, the type, list number and variability of rolling stock are taken into account.

Warehouse area:

F ck = L g A and f y K p.c K times 10 -6 K p, (1.51)

where K p.s, K times, K p are the coefficients that take into account the type of rolling stock, its number and variability, respectively;

f y is the specific area of ​​this type of warehouse per 1 million km of vehicle mileage (table 3.11 “Technological design of ATP and service station” by G. M. Napolsky, p. 80).

Table 1.11 - Areas of storage facilities in m 2 per 1 million km of run

Reading time: 6 minutes

When purchasing a used car, the question arises as to what mileage is considered normal for a used car. Sellers take into account the kilometers traveled when determining the value of the vehicle (vehicle) - if it is small, the price is higher. However, in practice, not everything is so perfect. Two cars with the same mileage may have completely different technical conditions.

Is there a certain standard for car mileage?

First, let's figure out what a car's mileage is. This term refers to the total distance traveled by the machine since leaving the factory to the present. The measurement is carried out using a device called an odometer, which is connected to the vehicle's transmission. Kilometers are calculated without taking into account road conditions and even during wheel slip and reversing.

What is the optimal mileage for a used car is considered the norm, it is difficult to say with certainty. With regular use, a car can travel 20-30 thousand kilometers a year, and when working in a taxi, the total distance easily reaches 100 thousand.

All over the country you can find quite a few drivers using their car only for commuting to work, shopping and summer cottage. Their average annual mileage is in the range of 5-10 thousand kilometers. However, such a driver can be a white collar who moves exclusively in the city, a forester using a car on rough terrain, or a worker who drives through holes and bumps in an industrial area of ​​the city every day with a tool in the trunk. With the same mileage, the wear of their cars will be different.

Factors Affecting Machine Wear

You should not judge the condition of the components and assemblies of the machine only by the mileage. The wear and tear of a vehicle also largely depends on other factors, including the driver's age and driving style.

Vehicle manufacturer

The manufacturer and country of origin are directly related to the service life of the machine. TS made in China for last years literally flooded Russian market... But at this stage, these machines are not reliable enough to be purchased from high mileage... Often, models from the Middle Kingdom do not cause trouble to their owners only until the end of the factory warranty. As practice shows, at first the problems begin with the electronics, then the turn comes to the body and chassis.

The situation is exactly the opposite when using cars from German manufacturers. With proper care, they can easily travel several hundred thousand kilometers. However, for their flawless operation, regular maintenance is required, the use of only original spare parts and consumables from reliable manufacturers.

Fuel and oil quality

Not everyone can afford to buy the desired model with a small mileage. Cars different manufacturers differ in quality, so it is difficult to say unequivocally which mileage is considered high for a car. The record for the number of kilometers traveled has been set by VolvoР1800, released in 1966 and owned by the American Irwin Gordon. On his own engine and chassis, he drove about 3,000,000 miles.

The body of the car suffers the most from the large number of kilometers traveled, which, unlike other parts, cannot be replaced. Therefore, Chinese machines with thin paintwork with a mileage of more than 100,000 km, they require a wary attitude towards themselves. If the vehicle was used with a trailer or often transported heavy loads, as evidenced by the presence of a towbar and worn luggage compartment, after 150,000 km it is better not to consider it as a good purchase.

In budget models, cracks appear on the body when approaching the 150,000 km mark, while in expensive models they appear after 300,000 km. Cracks and corrosion significantly reduce the strength of the vehicle. In the event of an accident, such a body will not be able to protect the driver and his passengers as expected by the manufacturer's engineers.

The ideal car owner drives no more than 15,000 km a year and regularly changes consumables. Beware of taxi drivers and personal drivers in a private car.

In the budget segment, tangible problems with the engine and transmission should be expected after 150,000 km, while for more expensive models this moment may come after 200-300 thousand, sometimes later.

CVTs and robotic automatic transmissions begin to bother after 80 thousand kilometers, and the hydraulic transmission, with proper care, can last three times more.

When the car starts to "crumble"

If the vehicle is regularly serviced from the very beginning authorized dealer, even with high mileage, it can persist quite well.

Good service is evidenced by service book with all notes on the dates and nature of the work carried out.

In the absence of this document, the risk of using non-original spare parts and Supplies, because of which the car may begin to "crumble" even at low mileage.

Usually a car changes its first owner after three years of operation and with a mileage of 50-80 thousand. If this figure is less, it is likely that the car has serious problems. Here you need to show the utmost care when examining. Vigilance is also required when a vehicle has changed several owners in a short time - for example, within 5-6 years. It is better not to consider such options for buying, even with low mileage.

Conclusion

Is it worth buying a car with a mileage of 100 - 150 thousand: Video

experts for specific models.

Often, motorists are interested in what mileage is considered normal for a used car. This usually happens before. It is difficult to answer this question, since experts believe that mileage does not always indicate the condition of the car. But that's what he's trying to manipulate secondary market... It should be understood that in order not to get into trouble by buying a used car, you need to understand a little about this topic, so before making a deal, you should carefully read its important nuances.

How to determine the real mileage of a car

Experts cannot say for sure what mileage is acceptable for a supported car. According to them, this concept is vague, but they urge to adhere to the following figures. So, the average mileage of a car per year is considered the norm - 20-30 thousand km, provided that the car was constantly in operation. With rare use of a car, the driver can only run up to 5 thousand km. First of all, to determine the real mileage, you should study the odometer indicator and divide it by the age of the car. Note! This device must also be checked for tampering, since many unscrupulous sellers change the numbers on the odometer to increase the value of a car. On mechanical device this is indicated by the condition of the speedometer drive cable. It should not show any traces of recent dismantling. You can also identify fraud by the numbers on the odometer - they cannot be displayed in one strip. It takes effort to find out if there is cheating on the electronic odometer. The fact is that outwardly it will not be possible to determine this, you will have to contact the service center, where the check is carried out using a special device. The state of the interior will also help to determine the high mileage, regardless of the numbers on the odometer. Usually, if, its body is repainted so that it looks attractive outwardly, and minimum attention is paid to the interior. Here you can see:

• A badly worn seat indicates a mileage of more than 100 thousand km;
• The presence of chips, scratches on the windshield;
• Timing belt worn out or replaced with a new one.

Black or gray color also speaks of high mileage. exhaust gas... This indicates a problem with the engine. The protector will also help in this matter, but often for successful sale, car owners change them to new ones.

Does the condition of the car depend only on the mileage?

The mileage of the car does not greatly affect the condition of the vehicle. Any expert can confirm this. The fact is that each individual case has its own nuances. For example, a car has a minimum mileage, but its condition leaves much to be desired. The reason for this may be sloppy driving style, operating conditions. In turn, cars with high mileage are also found in good condition, since the driver responsibly approached service, timely changed worn-out parts. Therefore, an excellent solution when buying a used car would be to have it checked by experts at the service station.

What factors affect vehicle wear

The condition of the car is determined by the following factors:

• Roads on which you most often had to navigate;
• Year of release. It will be cheaper to buy an old car. Sometimes such used cars are found with low mileage;
• Type of. For example, a passenger car that moves exclusively around the city can, on average, "run over" up to 30 thousand km per year, and an SUV used for trips to the country, nature, no more than 10 thousand km. But if we are talking about a heavy truck that is constantly in operation, the mark is 10 thousand km. he can show after a month away;
• Operating conditions;
• Driving style, level of care.

An important role is played by the brand of the car, as well as the country where it was produced.

Where released

If we are talking about a Chinese manufacturer, you need to understand that these machines are not yet distinguished by excellent reliability. Therefore, buying such a car with high mileage will only bring problems. It should be noted that weak point at Chinese stamps is, first of all, electronics, after the chassis and body fail. It's a completely different matter german cars... So, if there is a normal mileage of a used car, as well as its owner provided proper care for it, the car will still "run" for many years. Good care means a timely fluid change, scheduled maintenance, the implementation of actions aimed at preventing corrosion, the use of products from high-quality manufacturers, etc.

What roads did the used car use

When choosing a car, it is very important to pay attention not only to the mileage of the used car, but also to the condition of the roads along which it moved. A car that has traveled abroad, even with a high mileage, will in most cases be in good condition. This is due to the good quality of the roads. It is believed that even 20 thousand km. for each year, can not adversely affect the vehicle. Such conclusions are not suitable even for relatively new foreign cars, which are destined to drive on domestic roads. Here, excellent condition does not promise, and mileage of 2 thousand km. in a year. Therefore, the buyer should be interested in where the car wound its tens of kilometers. So, having heard about the hinterland of the country, where the quality of the roadway is low or even lacking, the motorist should be alerted even to 80 thousand km. mileage.

It is important to remember that 10 thousand km., flown through the Taiga, are very different from the same figure in city traffic jams.

How to roughly calculate the normal mileage when buying a car

They will help you to choose a good used car correctly useful tips experts:

• If the car does not look very good outwardly, and its odometer shows a figure of 40 thousand km, you need to inquire about this moment from its owner;
• It is important to find out what kind of activity the owner of the car has. For example, if he worked in a taxi, then a mileage of several hundred even for a five-year-old car would be considered the norm. What if vehicle was used only for trips for groceries, to the dacha, then you can not be surprised at the run of 100 thousand km. with 10 years of car experience (i.e. average annual mileage passenger car- 10 thousand km.);
• Before the deal takes place, you should thoroughly understand the information about the car brand and its model. You need to focus on the positive, negative sides, the manufacturer's guarantee that the former fails. Thanks to this information, you can immediately pay attention to important details;
• It is worthwhile to be on your guard if the car is too understated or overpriced. There is often a twisted run here.

What is the best mileage to take the car

Buying a used car can be called a lottery - lucky or unlucky. To minimize an unpleasant outcome, you should compare the age of the vehicle and its mileage.

Age no more than 3 years, mileage up to 50 thousand km

Visually, such a vehicle practically does not differ from the same one in a car dealership. But this is provided that the car was not a participant in the accident. Usually some parts are still covered by the manufacturer's warranty. As for the resource, it has been depleted by 1/3. This indicates the possibility of uninterrupted operation for several more years. Possible risks are twisted mileage, worn out lighting parts, nuances with documents, if, bail, arrest. With such mileage, you can buy a good car.

Age 5-7 years, mileage 50-100 thousand km

Outwardly it looks fresh, but traces of exploitation are also present. We are talking about minor damage, scratches on the hood, slightly faded headlights, wear on the steering wheel, pedal pads. You can find cars that still have limited warranties. After purchasing such a car, you will need global maintenance, replacement of belts, filters, fluids, disks, and a battery. Paying attention to this category of car, it is important to know not only the statistics of the mileage, the age of the vehicle, but also the frugality of the former owner. Good care gives the chances that the car can serve without any strong whims for several years.

Age about 10 years, mileage 100-150 thousand km

This range indicates that the machine is no longer under warranty. Visually visible wear of many parts, chips, scratches, small dents, there may be faulty electrical equipment, fuel equipment, automatic transmission gear, climate control. If the owner has set high cost on it, this does not mean that the car is in good condition. When buying a car, it is recommended to have it from a trusted service station. It should be understood that not all defects can be found out in this way. Such an acquisition is a risk, therefore, increased care, competent verification is required.

Age over 10 years, mileage over 200 thousand km

Externally and internally, an old car does not look attractive. Having decided to buy this vehicle, you need to prepare for the replacement of large units, overhaul engine, automatic transmission and more. All this will bring considerable expenses.

It is not necessary to "be led" on a cheap price, it is necessary to thoroughly approach the purchase of a used car. Remember the saying: the miser pays twice!