Concept electrical circuit of the tractor electrical equipment. Electrical Equipment Tractor Simple Wiring Scheme for Homemade Tractor

Convenient scheme

: 1 - Generator G309; 2 signal sound from 311; 3 - panel connecting PS5; 4 - incandescent lamp 12V, 50 sv., 4 W; 5 - headlight FG12-B1; 6 - Motor water temperature sensor TM 100; 7 - TM 103 water temperature alarm; 8 - Emergency pressure sensor MM 106B; 9 - an emergency oil pressure sensor in the automatic shutdown system of the air-chimney mm on; 10 - Cabin heater electric motor ME 220; 11 - insertion plug connector SR36U15NSH4; 12 - Plug plug shower connector SR36SK15NSH4; 13 - PR109 fuse block; 14 - socket plug 47k; 15 - Mass Mass VK 318-B; 16 - lantern lamps for controlling the "Mass" PD20D; 17 - incandescent lamp 12 V, 1SV. A12-1; 18 - PR12 fuse block; 19 - starter switch; 20 - turnover of the fan air cooler VC 57; 21 - contactor KT 125; 22 - relay Intermediate PC 525; 23 - Air cooler switch P 67; 24 - resistance; 25 - electric motor water pump air cooler ME 226-B; 26 - air cooler electric motor ME 22; 27 - Lantern of the control lamp of the rotation of PD 20-D; 28 - rotation indicator switch P 57; 29 - Lantern Tractor front right PF 204; 30 - Barrower PC 41 O-B turns; 31 - Cabin Fan Electric Motor ME 219; 32 - fan electric motor blowing Maine; 33 - Fan switch P 57; 34 - PC 57 Plafough turnover; 35 - Switching rear headlights 57 * 36 - PC 201-A plander; 37 - 12V incandescent lamp, 15 st. A12-15; 38 - water temperature pointer; 39 - Switch PC 317-A2; 40 - Lantern Tractor rear Right FP 209-B 41 - Unin-unit adapter; 42 - Switch button 2-CL. VC 322; 43 - Switch "Stop"; 44 - panel connecting PS1-A2; 45 - garland of instruments lighting lamps; 46 - Central Light Switch P38; 47 - socket plug PS 300A-100; 48 - index of water temperature of the Criminal Code 133; 49 - switch button 3-terminal VK314; 50 - Lighting Lighting of the license plate FP200; 51 - 12V incandescent lamp, 3 sv. A12-3; 52- incandescent lamp 12V, 21 st. A12-21; 53 lantern Tractor rear left FP 209; 54 - incandescent lamp 12V, 32 sv. A12-32; 55 - headlight FG 304; 56 - switch light switch P53-B; 57 - alarm lamp of emergency water temperature PD20-E; 58 - Ampmeter AP 111; 59 - signal button; 60 - alarm lantern of an emergency pressure of oil PD 20s; 61 - MD 219 engine oil pressure pointer; 62 - PANEL CONNECTING IIC 12; 63 - incandescent lamp 12V, 21 + -F BSB. A12-21 +6; 64 - Flashlight Tractor front left PF204-B; 65 - TKHospidometer TX 123; 66 - air pressure manometer in the pneumatic system MD 213; 67 - MD-225 transmission oil pressure index; 68 - PP 632-B relay regulator; 69 - Plug plug shower connector SR32SK4NSH14; 70 - insertion plug connector SR32U4NSH14; 71 - Magneto M 124-B1; 72 - Spark Candle CH201 (ASH): 73 - Starter ST 362; 74 - battery rechargeable 6TST-50EMS; 75 - Lamp portable PL64-P1K; 76 - switch launch engine launch engine 403; 77 - ECT-12M electromagnetic valve; 78 - ME-12 engine heating electric motor; 79 - Candle of incandescent CP65-A; 80 - connector panel-a2, 81-fuse thermo bimetallic PR2-B; 82 - Spiral control OV65; 83 - VN45-M switch; 84 - Switch P305; 85 - Control Lantern far Light PD20-m.

On modern tractors, combines and cars, various elements of electrical equipment are widely used. Their number has recently increased significantly. If in 1960, on average, 20 items of electrical products were used on the tractor, then at present, for example, on the T-150K tractor, there were 85 of them. All of these elements using wire bundles are connected to the electrical circuit. Currently, with traditional electrical schemes, it is difficult to find in the beams of the wires you need, determine the features of connecting a ka-somewhere unit or electrical equipment. Therefore, more appropriate fundamental electrical diagrams are displayed as shown in the figure.

On this scheme, it is easy to trace a chain by which the voltage comes from power supply to the consumer. The scheme is indicated, through which fuse, the contact of the terminal block and the plug connector is powered by this consumer.

The circuit of the tractor electrical equipment is represented as 15 functional followers designated from T to XV. Each of them shows the flow of supply voltage from the fuse block to each specific unit or instrument.

Scheme of the generator set. It ensures the excitation of the generator, the supply of voltage from it to the fuse block and adjustment of the supply voltage. During the operation of the generator, its self-excitation is carried out, as well as charging (recharging) of the battery.
The most common settings of the generator set are most often: poor electrical contact between terminals and wires connecting the relay controller with the generator in the plug connector or in the ignition lock circuit; Unreliable electrical contact of the relay controller or generator with a "mass" of the tractor; Incorrect adjustment of the relay controller, the malfunction of the battery, the relay controller, the generator, the failure of the fuses.
Check starting with the degree of charge of the battery, determine output voltage The generator and voltage on the terminal in the relay controller. If everything is in order, the malfunction should be signed in the connection chain.

All consumers of the electrical equipment system voltage comes from the generator unit through fuses of fuse blocks 13 and 18.
II. Turning on the starter relay and starter starter. The voltage to winding the starter relay enters through the fuse 2 of the fuse block 13.
When finding faults, it should be remembered that the performance of the scheme depends not only on the status of the starter, but also from the state of the battery, the starter relay and the connectors, the schema elements.
Characteristic starter malfunctions; breaking in the winding of the starter relay; The deterioration of electrical contact between the brushes and the collector, which can be caused by the ingress of lubricant to the collector, etc. The deterioration of electrical contact in the places of connecting wires from the battery to the starter.
III. Scheme sound signal. A characteristic fault is the unsatisfactory status of the audio signal button or open the audio winding.
IV. Stop circuit. Most often fails the "Stop" switch.
V. Scheme of inclusion of electric motors of blowing fans and cabins.
Vi. The scheme of the left and right "turns". Most often fails the winding of the rotor indicator.
VII. Scheme of the rear headlights and cab lighting.
VIII. The inclusion circuit on the overall lights and the lighting of the license plate.
IX. Middle light inclusion scheme.
X. Far Light inclusion scheme.
For Felt IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X characteristic malfunction It is the lack of a reliable electrical contact between the base of the power glider and the headlights, rear headlights, lanterns, plafones. This is explained by their oxidation from environmental impact.
Xi. Water temperature signaling diagram in engine cooling system.
XII. Scheme of the sensor and water temperature pointer in the engine cooling system.
XIII. Sensor diagram and emergency pressure alarm in the engine lubrication system. The most common malfunction to the XI, XII and XIII is the failure of sensors that are not subject to repair.
XIV. Ignition scheme with magneto m 124-61 and spark 200 (A11U) candle. It is often incorrectly installed the moment of ignition, the tightness between the body and the candle insulator is disturbed, the high voltage wires are damaged and a breakdown occurs on the "mass" or an opening of the high voltage wire; The gap between the candle electrodes is disturbed.
XV Scheme of engine heating system.

For all, the electrical equipment fell by a characteristic fault is the lack of reliable electrical contact between the terminals and wires of the wiring, between the plug connector.

The technical condition of consumers, the wiring of the electrical equipment of the tractors can be checked visually and measuring instruments or control electrollamp.
We visually determine the presence of traces of the electrical wiring and elements of the circuit, wiring breaks, mechanical damage to the elements of the electrical equipment system.
To identify a malfunction in the wiring and a number of devices, you can be a control lamp, which is an electro-block with a voltage of 12 V, 1.5 sch with two wires soldered to it with clips at the ends.

When checking, one of the wires join the "mass" of the tractor, and the second alternately touches the instrument shield clamps, block terminals, plug connectors in the direction from the source to the desired consumer. If the light lights up in all control points of the chain, then the power supply circuit is proper. When the light bulb in one of the points does not light up, the fault should be signed on the site between this point and the previous checkpoint.

In addition to the control lamp, you can check the voltmeter. The principle of verification is similar to the principle of checking using a control lamp, only in this case, the malfunction is judged by the lack of an instrument reading. Checking the voltmeter is more accurate, as it allows you to determine the places of bad contact of the wiring. For example, if the value of the measured voltage at a certain point of the circuit is significantly lower than the power supply voltage, then either at this point, or on the site between this point and the previous one there is a significant voltage drop, that is, a malfunction.

The practical application of the electrical equipment of the machines showed its significant advantages. In particular, the time for finding malfunctions and failures of electrical wiring, devices and other electrical equipment of machines is significantly reduced. The scheme is more clear not only by locksmith-electricians, but also a wide circle of mechanizers. All this contributes to the reduction of downtime, especially in the conditions of field work.
V. Moiseenko

It is hard to present agriculture without the use of special equipment. But most private farmers cannot afford the purchase of a mini tractor. On small land plots You can do with manual instruments, but on the area more than 1 hectare will not be enough. Homemade tractor Does not inferior in effectiveness most factory models.

Basic varieties of homemade tractors

Due to the high flow of fuel, mass and dimensions, the use of large and powerful tractors in a small area is inconvenient and irrational. For their manufacture, accurate calculations are required, which are difficult without engineering skills at home.

The mini-tractor is considered a multifunctional technique and is able to handle up to 10 hectares. This is enough for private farming. It should be approached not only to care for the garden, but also for cleaning the snow, transportation of goods and debris. When designing its design, these features should be taken into account.

There are 2 approaches to creating your own tractor:

1. Re-equipment of finished agricultural machinery. In the overwhelming majority as the basis protrudes the motoblock to which the frame is joined with an additional pair of wheels and the driver's place. This method allows you to quickly and with minimal efforts to build a simple and function tractor.
2. Full manufacture. It is used in the absence of a base or with specific appliances requirements. In this case, the chassis is designed and manufactured independently, and components are selected on the basis of financial capabilities and structural features.

Some enthusiasts build steam tractors. A separate boiler allows you to use almost any kind of fuel fuel. This type of energy conversion was distributed in the 1900s. Due to low efficiency, cumbersome design and low stroke steam engines can't compete with internal combustion. Application of outdated technologies in agriculture It is a costly event and used for entertainment.

Features of tractor manufacturing

The homemade technique has the most simplified scheme, and during its manufacture, nodes and aggregates from other equipment are used. The goal is to get cheap and reliable design. For assembly, the basic instrument handling skills will be required and minimal technical knowledge.

When designing its own design, use details with minimal modifications. Parts should be easily accessible and inexpensive. A large number of self-made elements in the design will lead to an increase in the cost and duration of repair.

Performing accurate calculation of strength and loads is almost impossible at home, therefore the frame and the remaining carrier structures are manufactured with a large margin of strength.

If there are drawings and the necessary equipment, the tractor itself can be made in 3 months.

Preparation of drawings

Before purchasing and preparing nodes, the project of the future tractor must be compiled. As a basis, you can take drawings of finished models. Spare parts that you have, may differ from the claimed, and it will be easy to change the finished design scheme. There are ready-made solutions for any modifications.

If it is not possible to use a finished project, then it is necessary to prepare draft sketches yourself. In the process of assembly, the layout of the elements may change, but you must understand how individual nodes will be located.

When checking and adjusting the central transmission, the following is followed:

1. Production work

Clean the gearbox from dust and dirt. Sale transmission oil. Rinse the inner cavity of the body with diesel fuel.

2. Check and adjustment of the gap in the Bearing 7205 of the shaft of the leading conical gear.

Move the leading conical gear with a lomik, and at the same time normal axial movement should not exceed 0.1 mm (the indicator is measured) and, if necessary, adjust. Disconnect the main I. additional boxes Transmissions. Unscrew the locknut at the front end of the shaft of the leading conical gear (Fig.4-5). Screwing the adjusting nut, turn your hand to the leading conical gear until there is no noticeable resistance. Conduct the nut.

3. Check and adjustment of the gap in the bearing 7306 of the center of the central transmission shaft.

Deep the foot of the indicator into the ends of the crown of the slave conical gear. Moving the driven conical gear with a passion to the left and to the right, observed the remads of the scope of the arrows. Normal axial movement should not exceed 0.15mm and, if necessary, adjust. Turning the driven conical gear, add or decrease the adjusting gaskets of bearings 7306, tired at the two ends of the center of the central transmission until there is no noticeable resistance (Fig.4-6).

4. Checking the gear gear print.

When checking special attention Detach on

Table 4-1.

4.3. Adjusting the brake

4.3.1. Adjusting the free stroke of the pedal.

Normal gap between brake block And the drum is 0.5-0.7 mm, which corresponds to the free move of the pedal of 30-40 mm (Fig.4-8).

When adjusting the free stroke of the pedal, omit the lock nut 2 (Fig.4-8.4-9) brake thrust, screwing (if the pedal stroke should be reduced) or discerning (if the pedal stroke should be increased) thrust in the adjusting plug, sets the required pedal stroke ( Fig.4-10). And screw the lock nut.

Fig.4-8 Adjusting the free stroke of the brake pedal:

1,4-levers; 2-lock nuts; 3-sleeve.

4.3.2. Check and adjust the left and right brakes. The braking efficiency of both brakes should be the same. Otherwise, emergency braking with high-speed motion can lead to an accident due to uneven braking.

The difference in traces of the rear wheel slippers should not exceed 400 mm in case of emergency braking of the tractor at high speed on the horizontal portion of the road. If necessary, adjust.

When adjusting, it is advisable due to an increase in the brake clearance, which has better braking efficiency, and not a decrease in the brake clearance with worse efficiency, will achieve simultaneous braking.

4.4.regulation of the front axle and steering

4.4.1. Adjusting the front axis

The most characteristic deviations from normal operation sound system - Wheel and vibrations of the wheels. Possible reasons: impaired bearing adjustment due to the wear of conical roller bearings. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically check and adjust the gap in bearings.

When adjusting from raised front wheels, you turn over three bolts, remove the wheel hub cap, tighten the bearings, and then release the crown nut on 1/16 - 1/8 turns so that the axial gap of the bearings is in the range of 0.1-0.2mm. When the wheel rotates manually it rotates easily and without noticeable wicious. Slip the crown nut and set the cap.

4.4.2. Adjustment of the convergence of the front wheels.

The wheel convergence is determined as a variety of distances between the wheels in front and behind the level of their centers. The normal value of the convergence of the tractor -4 ~ 12mm.

During the operation of the tractor, the magnitude of the convergence of the front wheels is changing. Incompretable checks and adjustment of convergence can cause the effects and fluctuations in the wheels, and consequently, the difficulty of controlling the rotation and increased wear of tire protector.

Fig.4-11 Adjustment of convergence.

Distance between the wheels of the back b. Distance between wheels in front

Regulate the convergence of wheels by changing the length of the transverse steering thrust.

4.3. Adjusting the free stroke of the steering wheel.

Free move in tractor 15? -20? And should not exceed 30?.

If the free move of the relay wheel exceeds the allowable, it is necessary to determine the malfunction of the mechanisms included in steering And adjust them.

4.4.3.1. Adjusting the ball pin.

Replacing the axle, or the nest and the cap, when the formed clearance due to strong wear is too large and cannot be compensated by the springs.

4.4.3.2. Adjusting the axial gap of the rotary shaft (Fig. 4-12)

Fig.4-12 Steering:

1-steering wheel; 2 - shaft of the steering; 3- top covers; 4- gasket; 5-steering steering; 6-worm swivel; 7- Lower cover; 8 - power steering; 9 worm sector; 10- fastening bolt; 11- side cover; 12- strip locking; 13 Projects adjustment; 14-sleeve adjusting core; 15- Cover dustproof.

5.1. The electrical equipment of the SaintTai-200/220 tractor consists of a battery, a generator, a starting engine, a relay controller, etc. On the tractor installed two front headlights, one rear headlamp, front indicator of rotation, two rear stop signals and a rotation pointer (rice .5-1).

5.2. The electrical equipment of the Satat-120 tractor consists of a generator, two front and one rear headlamp (Fig. 5-2).

Fig.5-1 Electrical Equipment Scheme:

1- accumulator battery; 2- headlights front; 3- rotation pointer; 4 generator; 5-starter; 6-fuse; 7- current pointer; 8- the audio signal; 9- switch; 10-relay controller; 11- headlight rear; 12- Schedule; 13- Stop signal rear; 14 - stop signal switch; 15- speed audio signal; 16 - Switch pointer switch; 17 switch; 18-blighter.

1-header rear; 2- switch; 3-generator; 4- headlights front right; 5- headlights front and left.

Applications

ATTACHMENT 1

Attachment scheme

The dimensions of the plunger lifting mechanism are given.

Appendix 2.

Tightening torque of major threaded connections.

Fig.1 Engine Control Mechanism

1 Engine Control Mechanism

3.9. Mini tractors engines

Scheme of electrical equipment microtractor TZ-4K-14

As an example of the electrical equipment of the mini-tractor equipped with a diesel engine with electric and having lighting and switching devices, consider the electrical equipment of the microtractor TZ-4K-14, which is much more complicated by all those considered above. As an electric current source (see Fig. 3.35), battery 17 and generator 18 are used. direct current. The battery is placed under the instrument shield of the microtractor and nourishes the starter 19 when the engine is started. The 150 W generator is located on the left side on the front cover of the engine. The system has a voltage of 12 V and serves to power various devices and systems, as well as charging the battery. The generator rotor is driven by a wedge strap from distribution Vala Engine. The same belt is used to drive the cooling system fan. The belt tension is adjustable by turning the generator that has

the ability to change its position relative to the front cover of the crankcase.

The direct current regulator 15 consists of three separate relays: reverse current relay, voltage controller and current limiter. The reverse current relay is used to automatically connect the battery with the generator, if the voltage on the terminals of the generator reaches 12 V. In this case, the battery is charging. With a smaller voltage, this chain is broken, protecting the battery from discharging to the generator. The voltage regulator serves to stabilize the voltage on the terminals of the generator when it changes its speed or load in the circuit of the electrical current consumers. The current limiter protects the generator from overloads arising in the event of a large number of consumers or a discharged battery. When overloading the current in the windings of the generator anchor increases significantly, which leads to their overheating and failure.

The electrical equipment of the microtractor has a weight switch 16 and the electrode button 20. The battery charging is controlled by a signal lamp 21. The inclusion of the microtractor electrical equipment system is carried out by a special switch-switch 22, which has three positions of the key, which ensures the operation of the devices from the generator or from the battery. Fuses 6 protect the electrical equipment from high voltage electrical equipment. For convenience, a portable lamp can be connected via a power outlet 5 to the electrical system. Electric beep

4 is associated with a current source through the signal turning button 3. The headlights 1 and 24, the rotation indicators 2 and 23 are connected to the electrical equipment system through three- and. Four-terminal pads 25 and 26. The switch indicator switch 8 is associated with the electrical system through the switch 7 and the terminal box 9, to which the lamp 14 is connected, signaling the operation of the rotation indicators. Pointers of rotation 10, 13 and overall lights connect to the system through a five-mone block 11. The semi-contact socket 12 serves to connect the electrical equipment of the trailer.

In addition to the instruments of the ignition system, a number of other electrical devices constituting are installed on diesel wheeled tractors. tractor electrical electrical systemwho are needed for scrolling crankshaft Engine when starting, lighting the unit during night work and alarm. All these devices are made and interconnected by a single-wire diagram in which the metal parts of the tractor are used as the second wire.

Electrical equipment of the tractor Belarus - scheme

Scheme of electrical equipment of tractors "Belarus" P panel 65 is given. AC generator 1 for wires 2 through the switch 7 leads the voltage to the front Famon 3, rear head 5, palate lamp 4 and contact bolt 6. Installation instruments of the start motor are independent of lighting devices and are not shown in the diagram.

Fig. 65. Mounting scheme of electrical equipment of the tractor "Belarus":
1 generator; 2-wires; 3-front headlights; 4-panel lamp; 5-rear headlamp; 6-pin bolt; 7 switch.

Electrical Equipment Tractor DT-14 - Scheme

DT-14 tractors electrical equipment Showing in Figure 66. The lighting and starting systems of the tractor are equipped with DC devices. On the tractors of the first issues for lighting, an alternator was used, which was connected to the headlights as well as the generator of the Belarus tractor.

Fig. 66. Schematic diagram of electrical equipment and instruments of DT-14 tractor:
1-electrollampa 12V, 21SV; 2-headara; 3-distance water thermometer; 4-fusible insertion of PV-20A; 5-electrollampa 12V, ZSV; 6 lamp control; 7-permanent current ampermeter (20-0-20 A); 8-pressure oil pressure gauge; 9-signal sound; 10-battery, 12V.; 11-candle; 12-switch lighting; 13-magneto; 14-relay regulator; 15-generator.

DT-24 tractor has the same principal scheme Electrical equipment, like the DT-14 tractor.

Electrical equipment of modern minitractors is favorably different from above considered, so if you want to look like a minitractor Dong Feneg, which is now very popular, take a look at the site agromashtrade.ru