How the automatic transmission works. Additional selector positions. Conditions "D"

An article on how to properly use the box "Automatic" - characters on the automatic transmission panel, starting the motor, movement and stop, possible errors. At the end of the article - video about the use of an automatic box.

At the moment, there are three types of automatic transmissions: "Classical", with a "stepless variator", with "robotic mechanics". Depending on the modification and manufacturer, the specified types of transmissions may differ slightly (different number of gears, a slightly different course of the lever - direct or zigzag, notation, etc.), but the basic functions will be the same for everyone.

The growing popularity of the automatic transmission is fully explained - it is more convenient to operate (than "mechanics" - MCPP) especially for beginners, reliable and protects the engine from overloads. It seems to be simple! However, the driver's mistakes are still allowed, and even the most reliable mechanism may fail if it is incorrectly operated. Next, we will look at how to properly use the automatic transmission and how to competently exploit it.

• "P" - "Parking". Turns on when parking a car in the parking lot. A certain analogue of the parking brake, only with the blocking of the shaft, and not with the pressed brake pads.
• "R" - Reverse. Turns on to move backwards. Usually it is called - "rear speed".
• "N" - "neutral". Neutral transmission. Often referred to - "neutral". In contrast to the Parking mode "P", in neutral mode "n" the wheels are unlocked, so the machine can move rolling. Accordingly, the machine can also spontaneously turn to a bias on the parking, if the wheels are not fixed with manual brake.
• "D" - "Drive". Movement mode forward.
• "A" - "Automatic". Automatic mode (practically the same as the "D" mode).
• "L" - "Low" (low). Low gear mode.
• "B" - The same mode as "L".
• "2" - Movement mode not higher than the second transmission.
• "3" - Movement mode not higher than a third gear.
• "M" - "Manual". Manual control mode with increasing / lowering through the signs "+" and "-". This mode simulates the mechanical switching mode with the manual transmission, only in a simpler version.
• «S» - "Sport". Sport mode of movement.
• «OD» - Overdrive. Enhancement (accelerated mode).
• "W" - "Winter". Movement mode for winter periodin which touch starts from the second transmission.
• "E" - "Economy". Movement in economy mode.
• "HOLD" - "Holding". Used together with "D", "L", "S", as a rule, on the machines of the Mazda brand. (Read the manual).

For example, in the manual of some vehicles, the letter "B" means "Block" - the differential lock mode, which cannot be turned on while driving.

1. In the car with automatic transmission of only two pedals: "brake" and "gas". Therefore, the leader's left foot is practically not used. When starting the engine, the gas pedal is not pressed, but the brake pedal in some brands can be pressed, otherwise the engine will not start (read the operating manual).

   However, driving instructors advise to take a rule - before starting the engine with the automatic transmission to press the brake pedal always. This will prevent the spontaneous movement of the machine at neutral mode "N", and will also allow you to quickly go to the modes of motion "D" or "R". (Without pressing brake pedals switch to the specified modes and it will not work from the place).

2. In cars with automatic transmission provides protection - automatic blocking Engine launch when the gear shift lever is incorrect. This means that the engine with automatic transmission can be started only if the gear lever is in one of two positions: or "P" (Parking), or "N" (neutral). If the lever of the PP will be in any other position intended for movement, the blocking protection from incorrect launch will be triggered.

   This protective function is very useful, especially for beginners, and especially in cities with a large "car density", where cars are in the parking lots and in streams there are tight towards each other. After all, even experienced drivers sometimes forget to "remove a car from speed" before starting the engine, as a result of which the machine immediately starts to go and crashes into the nearest car or obstacle.

   You can run the engine with automatic transmission as in "P" mode (Parking) and in "N" mode (neutral), but manufacturers recommend using only "P" mode. Therefore, it is better to establish another rule for yourself - parking and run the engine only in Parking mode.

3. After turning the key in the ignition lock before starting the starter, it is recommended to wait a few seconds.To give time to turn on the fuel pump and pump up compression.

So, the standard procedure for starting from a place by car with automatic transmission is as follows:

• Insert the key to the ignition lock.
• Squeeze the brake pedal with the right foot (left foot when driving with automatic transmission is not activated).
• Check the position of the gear lever - it must be in the Position "P" - "Parking".
• Run the engine (when the brake pedal is pressed).
• Also, when the brake pedal is pressed, switch the PP lever to the "D" position is "Drive" (forward).
• Completely release the brake pedal, after which the car is touching and starts moving forward at low speed - about 5 km / h.
• To increase the speed of movement, you must click on the "Gas" pedal. The stronger you push the gas pedal, the higher the transmission and speed will be.
• To stop the car, you need to remove the right leg with the "Gas" pedal and squeeze (her) brake pedal. The car will stop.
• If you plan to leave the car after the stop, then when the brake pedal is pressed, move the gear lever to P "Parking". If the stop required in traffic, at the traffic light or pedestrian crossingNaturally, the PP lever to switch to "Parking" is not needed. After you decide again to continue moving, release the brake pedal and click on the gas pedal to increase the speed.

To prevent engine damage when switching to manual mode "M" on the go, all automatic transactions have special protection. The transition to manual control "M" is relevant in the following situations:

• When moving off-road on low transmission to avoid slipping.
• When moving rolling from a slide, with braking engine. Use for movement in rolling neutral mode "n" is not recommended, since it is harmful to automatic transmission. And the gas in "D" mode is not entirely convenient, as there is a gradual decrease in speed.
• For convenient passage of turns and other maneuvers, including for sharp acceleration when overtaking.

1. The most common mistake leading to the crash of automatic transmission is inclusion of the "D" mode - "Drive" (forward) without a complete stop when driving reverse . And, the same, only on the contrary - the inclusion of the "R" mode (reverse) without a complete stop when moving forward.
2. The second common error (rather, the error) is associated with the "N" mode (neutral). The fact is that this mode is emergency to unlock the wheels for short-term towing or permuting the machine in the event of any malfunction. And just for this!

   But many inexperienced drivers use neutral mode "N" in traffic jams with short-term stopswhat leads to hydraulic impact and premature wear Automatic transmission In traffic jams, with frequent stops, you need to use the "D" mode along with the brake pedal. If you need to stop - the brake pedal is pressed, if you need to slowly move forward - the brake pedal is simply released, and the car slowly rolls forward. And so you can ride all day.

3. Third error - transition to neutral mode "N" from the "D" mode on the go, in motion along the track. It is dangerous (especially at high speed), as the engine can stumble, with the result that the hydraulic steering and the strengthening of the brakes will turn off, and the car will become almost uncontrollable.
4. Another error - towing machines with automatic transmission for a distance of more than 40 km and at speeds more than 50 km / h. In the "Automatic" box, in contrast to the manual transmission, the oil supply system operates under pressure, but when towing it does not work. Accordingly, the details of the "automat" rotate "on dry", without lubrication, resulting in their very rapid wear.
5. Non-error is attempting to start the car with automatic transmission "from the pusher". And although such attempts often lead to the desired result (the engine is started), it is still on the mechanism of automatic transmission, it acts destructively, and with such frequent operation "Avtomat" may not work out and half of the resource.

Conclusion

It is possible that for someone, the automatic transmission will seem complex and pick-up mechanism, despite the simplicity and convenience of using it. But this is only at first glance. In fact, the "automata" has proven itself as quite reliable units, but, of course, subject to their correct and competent operation. It is especially convenient to use automatic transmission in large cities where you often have to stand in traffic jams.

Video on how to use the "automatic":

Recently more and more motor vehicles Tools automatic transmission. It is lighter and easy to use and is ideal for newbies and movement in the city with traffic jams and regular stops.

What is automatic transmission and its types

The automatic transmission switch is one of the types of transmission at which the necessary gear ratio is displayed without interfering of the driver, selected under the mode of movement and other factors.

From a technical point of view of automatic gearbox, only the planetary part of the node is considered directly related to the shift switching, and together with the hydraulic transformer forms a single automatic unit.

Automatic transmissions are customary to attribute a classic with a torque converter, a robotic gearbox and a variator.

Classic automatic transmission

The hydrotransformator checkpoint is a popular and classic transmission model installed on most of the convergent cars currently vehicles.

The automatic box consists of a planetary gearbox, control system and a hydraulic transformer, which gave it the name - a hydrotransformer gearbox. Installed as on passenger carsand on freight vehicles.

Robotic gearbox

The robot box is a kind of alternative mechanical gearbox, Only switching speeds occurs automated by means of electrical mechanisms resulting in an electronic unit.

The only similarity robotic gearbox With a classic automatic box is the presence of clutch in the case of the box.

Variable speed drive

The variator is a device of a smooth stepless transmission of torque on the wheels.

Provides a decrease in fuel consumption and improves dynamic indicators, gentle by motor vehicle engine operation compared to automatic transmission or manual transmission.

Variators are belongs, chain and toroidal. Of the variators are most common with a wedge-shaped strap.

Principle of operation of automatic transmission

Several species are installed on the vehicle automatic gearbox With your characteristic features.

A simplified mechanism of operation of the classical automatic transmission is to transmit torque from the engine crankshaft to the transmission device, while the gear ratio is varying in accordance with the position of the selector lever and the movement of vehicles.

When the engine starts, the working fluid falls into the hydraulic transformer, the pressure increases. The blades of the centrifugal pump start moving, the reactor wheel and the main turbine are fixed in this mode.

When switching the selector lever and supplying fuel using an accelerator pedal, the pump blades increase the revolutions. The growing speed of the vortex flows starts to rotate the turbine blades. Whirlwinds of oil are thrown into a fixed reactor, then return back to the turbine, increasing its effectiveness. Torque turns onto the wheels, and the car starts the movement.

Upon reaching the required velocity, the pumping wheel and the blade central turbine move at the same speed, while the vortices transmission fluid Find the reactor wheel from the opposite side (the movement is possible only in one direction) and it starts the rotation. The unit goes into the hydraulic coupling state.

If the opposition on the wheels increases (movement on the rise), the reactor wheel stops the rotation and adds the torque of the centrifugal pump. When the required speed and torque is reached, transmission changes in the planetary node.

The electronic control unit transmits the command, as a result of which the braking tape and friction discs slow down the reduced transmission, and the increased movement of fluid flow through the valve accelerate increased transmission and change the gear without reducing power.

With a complete stop of the machine or reduce speed, pressure working fluid Reduced and reduced transmission.

On the plugged engine in the hydrotransformer there is no pressure, so the launch of the car by means of a push is not effective.

Automatic box device

The classic machine consists of four main components:

• Hydraulic transformer - Replaces the clutch, converts and transmits torque to the wheels. It consists of a centrifugal pump, a paddle turbine and a reactor, providing smooth and accurate torque changes. The pump is associated with the crankshaft, and the turbine - with the shaft of the box. The transformation of energy is carried out at the expense of fluid flows and pressure formed by them. The torque converter changes rotation revolutions and torque in a small interval, so the planetary node (box) is added to it.
• Planetary reductor It consists of a central gear (solar), satellites, a crown gear and planetary driving. Makes gear by blocking some gear and unlocking others.
• Brake tape, rear and front friction discs provide direct inclusion of gears.
• Control system Consists of a gear pump, oil collector, hydraulic block and electronic control unit (ECU). The hydraulic unit consists of channels with solenoids (valves) and plungers carrying out control and control functions. The ECU controls due to information from sensors collecting a variety of indicators.

Robotic gearbox It is a more advanced option manual with highly productive control systems.

IN variator The transformation of the gear ratio is performed by a mechanism having a leading and driven pulleys through which the wedge belt passes.

How to use an automatic transmission

According to the assertions of the automatic transmissions, the main malfunctions of automatic transmissions appear due to violation of the rules of exploitation and late box maintenance.

Modes of work

Depending on the type of automatic boxes, there are various automatic transmission modes. Each position of the selector lever or the buttons on it is intended for different conditions of movement with their own characteristics.

The main types of automatic transmission regimes and their effect on the car:

• R (Parking) - blocking the drive wheels, shaft box, is used only when the parking lot and warming up;
• N. (neutral) - the shaft is not blocked, the car can be towed, is equivalent neutral transmission MCPP;
• D. (Drive) - Movement in normal conditions with automatic selection gears;
• L (D2) - reduced transmission for movement in heavy conditions - off-road, cool descents and lifts, speed less than 40 km / h;
• D3. - lowering transmission with small descents and lines;
• R.(reverse) - movement by reverse, is included with the full stop and the brake pedal;
• O / D. - inclusion of the fourth transmission when driving at high speed;
• PWR. - sports mode, to improve dynamic qualities, the increase in transmission occurs on higher engine speeds;
• Normal - for smooth and economical movement;
• Manu. - Manual transmission mode, recommended for use in winter.

How to start the car on the machine

Features require competent launch. To protect the box from incorrect actions and the subsequent breakdowns, the degree of protection were developed.

At the time of launching the car, the selector must be in the position "P" (parking) or "n" - neutral. Only in such positions the protection system will go through the engine launch signal. In other positions of the lever, turn the key will not work or no changes after the key turnover will not.

For the start, it is better to use the parking mode, since the motor transport will be blocked the drive wheels and it will not allow him to roll. Neutral mode should be used only for emergency towing.

In addition to choosing the right mode, to start the engine in most cars with automatic transmission, it is necessary to squeeze the brake pedal, which is also protected and saves from a random rollback of the machine when the selector is positioned in the neutral mode.

Most modern cars Equipped with a steering wheel lock and a castle from the hijacking. If, with the correct execution of all previous steps, the steering wheel does not spin and the key is not rotated - the protection turned on. To unlock, you need to insert the key into the ignition lock and try it carefully to turn it, simultaneously turn the steering wheel in different directions. When synchronizing these actions, blocking will be blocked.

How to ride on automatic gearbox and what can not be done

Competent riding a car with automatic transmission will increase the operational resource of the box and save a lot of money and nerves.

To ensure long-term operation of the automatic transmission, it is necessary to properly select modes depending on the operating conditions.

For proper drive with automatic transmission:

• shock after a push showing the full switching on;
• under the conditions of the bucks, it should be included in the reduced gear and, working the brake pedal, control the slow rotation of the wheels;
• using different modes, you can use the engine braking or limit overclocking;
• it is possible to towing vehicles with an engine at a speed at no more than 50 km / h in the position of the neutral selector and at a distance of no more than 50 km;
• it is not recommended to tow another vehicle, if you have to - the towed car should be not heavier than the towing, the selection mode should be chosen D2 or L and speed up to 40 km / h with a smooth motion.

What you should not do when driving with automatic transmission:

• it is forbidden to include "P" mode - parking when moving a car;
• movement on neutral on descent;
• launch from shock;
• with a short stop (on the traffic light, in a traffic jam), choose parking mode or neutral, it reduces the automatic transmission;
• with a long stop in urban mode, the selector must be put in the Parking position;
• it is forbidden to turn on the reverse from the mode "Drive" or until a complete stop;
• you can not first put parking mode on the slope, when parking cars on a slope should first put on hand brake, and then into the position of the "Parking" selector, to start moving from the slope first the brake pedal, then removing the car from the handbrake, and only then select the mode for movement.

How to exploit automatic transmission in winter

Sigor weather conditions in winter bring a lot of worries and problems of car owners with automatic transmission.

• proper gear of the box - a few minutes after the launch, the vehicle should warm up, before the start of movement, it was recommended to turn on all modes to accelerate the warm-up oil to accelerate the warm-up of the transmission oil;
• the first 5-10 km after the start of the movement should be avoided sharp accelerations and wheeling wheels;
• to get out of snow or ice, it is necessary to include reduced transmission and using the alternate operation of the brake and gas pedal to go carefully;
• the rolling is not recommended, since this method is adversely affected by the hydrotransformer;
• the use of reduced gears or semi-automatic mode for braking engine on a more or less dry road surface, and on slippery descents to use the brake pedal;
• on the overlabes, it is necessary to avoid slipping wheels and sudden clicks on the accelerator pedal;
• a short, but clear and neat, the transition to the "neutral" mode contributes to the stabilization of the machine to equalize the rotation of the wheels and output from the drift.

Pros and cons of automatic gearbox

Each type of transmission there is a lover. In connection with all the larger distribution of automatic transmission, it is necessary to designate their advantages and cons for the competent selection for the needs of the car owner.

The advantages are:

• automatic gear shifting, in which you do not need to be distracted, which is especially relevant for beginner drivers;
• facilitated process of starting from place;
• more sparing operation of the chassis and engine due to the operation of the hydrotransformer;
• improved permeability in most conditions.

By minuses include:

• not suitable for fans of fast accelerations;
• lower pickup compared to a similar car with MCPP;
• it is impossible to start with a shock;
• towing is undesirable and possibly only subject to certain conditions;
• incorrect operation leads to breakdowns;
• dear repair and maintenance.

With the proper exploitation of the machine with automatic transmission, the box resource is high enough and practically does not infer the manual transmission. Driving driving, especially in urban conditions, will give a lot of pleasant minutes.

Engines internal combustion not able to ensure the movement of the car in different modes Without special devices that change the frequency of rotation crankshaft. On parts of vehicles, automatic gearboxes are used for this. The use of ACP allows to reduce the number of car movement controls and simplify its driving.

Historically, the term automatic box Shift (change) gear firmly fixed only after one type of devices. We are talking about the widespread distribution of the planetary mechanism with a hydrotransformer. This device can be called classic.

Recently, a fairly large number of cars have appeared with automated, and, more precisely, robotic control of mechanical transmissions. General device The automatic transmission and the principle of its action differs significantly from the specified devices.

With a purely technical point of view, any transmission can be automatically considered, which does not require intervention from the driver.

The exception is only the variants in which the change in the number of revolutions occurs steadlessly (there are no fixed gears), and therefore smoothly and without the slightest jerks. Therefore, variators cannot be attributed to gearboxes.

In order to finally deal with the terminology, it should be noted that the automatic transmission engineers are called only planetary part aggregate. It is in this mechanism that the gear ratio of the frequency of rotation of the input shaft is changed. In aggregate with a hydrotransformer this mechanism Forms automatic transmission.

History of creation

The history of the appearance of the ACP box in its classic form begins at the dawn of the automotive industry. The three main elements were created and used in different designs of cars and only with the advent of microprocessors were combined in one device.

The first two-stage planetary boxes were used in the twenties of the last century on. The second element is servo drives in the system management system appeared decades later. For the first time, semi-automatic boxes began to be applied on cars issued by General Motors and Reo.

A truly operational automatic automatic transmission was managed only with the advent of hydromefet, and later the torque converter. They were used by passenger cars American company Chrysler.

Combining all three elements and allowed engineers to solve all problems associated with automatic transmission of torque from the engine on the wheels vehicle.

Thus, technical progress has led to the appearance of the first Buick serial cars equipped with a two-stage automatic Dynaflow transmission. It was already a significant step forward, which allowed compensating for significant power losses on earlier devices.

Subsequently, the number of steps only increased, for example, on Land Rover. Evoque has been installed 9-range automatic.

Automatic transmission - what it is

Classical automatic transmission It is a rather complicated complex of two devices. Answer the question: "What is the automatic transmission?" Perhaps only sobering in its design.

Automatic transmission consists of three main parts:

• The hydrotransformer, which takes the torque from the power unit and transmits it to the next mechanism directly behind it.
• Actually the transmission of the transmission of the planetary type - this device converts the force and drives the wheel drive through the main gearbox.
• Controls for control consisting of a certain amount of spools regulating oil flow to actuators.

By analogy with the mechanical transmission, the automatic transformer automatic transformer plays the role of clutch - it is installed between the engine and the planetary mechanism. Its device is much more complicated and allowing transmission surveillance during the start of movement and braking. On most modern automatic transformer automatic transformer, it is blocked at high engine revolutions.

Toyota's video explains the principle of operation of the hydrotransformer and other automatic transmission elements:

The planetary box corresponds to its manual analogue appointment. The difference is that in the switching machine are made by servo drives, and on mechanics - manually.

In fact, the operation of the automatic transmission is carried out using two pedals: accelerator and brakes. At the same time, pressing the "gas" does not lead to an increase in the frequency of engine speed, and affects directly on the speed of movement.

Device of nodes and mechanisms

The designs of individual elements may vary. Consider only one of the most common options - a torque converter. It has in its composition:

• turbo pump;
• turbine;
• stator.

The case of this device is rigidly installed on the flywheel than, by analogy, it is similar to a mechanical clutch basket.

Stators are two species: fixed in relation to the engine block or stopping with a ribbon brake. This design allows you to provide optimal use of torque, especially on small revolutions. The housing of the hydrotransformer is filled with viscous oil.

The planetary box or gearbox represents a whole set of mechanisms to its composition includes:

• epicial - big gear with ingestion teeth;
• small sun gear;
• drove with satellite gears.

Video - Principle of operation of the planetary series of an automatic transmission:

One of the above nodes is fixed motionless in relation to the carte of the box. Satellites are located simultaneously in engagement, both epicycles and a small solar gear. In addition to these nodes, the box includes friction clutches, which, in turn, consist of two elements: a hub - hubs and drums.

There is a set of alternating steel and plastic friction discs and an annular piston that controls their work. The planetary CP also has an overtook coupling, its design can be different. It is arranged in such a way that it is capable of rotating enough freely in one direction and encourages the direction.

The automatic transmission device, in addition to the above nodes, also has a control mechanism, the principle of operation of which depends on the type of executive mechanisms.

In modern ACP, hydraulic spools are moved under the influence of solenoids, the voltage to which is led from the electronic control unit. In the classic version, the control is carried out taking into account the position of the accelerator pedal and centrifugal oil pressure regulator installed on the output shaft of the box.

The driver chooses the operation of the ACP with the help of a selector, in most modern cars it is installed on the center console. Control can be duplicated with buttons on the steering wheel.

Currently, a single standard for the designation of the operations of the ACP is adopted, allowing the driver to not retrain when changing cars of different manufacturers.

Principle of operation of an automatic transmission (automatic transmission)

There are several types of automatic transmission changes, the work of each of them has a number of features.

In the general form, the principle of operation of the modern automatic transmission lies in the transmission of torque from the crankshaft of the engine on the transmission mechanisms. In this case, there is a change in the transfer ratio, depending on the position of the selector and the accelerator and the conditions of the car movement.

Consider the principle of operation of the automatic transmission. Read more:

• The engine spins the flywheel, on which the leading turbine is rigidly fixed. It causes the whirlwind of operational fluid in the crankcase, which due to viscosity and friction drives the driven turbine. The lack of hard mechanical communication provides the ability to rotate them with different frequency. With large revolutions, the torque converter is blocked to reduce energy losses.
• The force is transmitted to the primary shaft of the ACP, where the gear system is changed through the gear system. Friction clutches allow you to use the desired sections to ensure the optimal mode of operation of the engine. To reduce shock loads and jerks, overtook couplings are used in the machine, which have the property of slipping on the inverse course.
• Managing the work of frictional is carried out using a hydraulic system consisting of an annular actuator cylinder. The hydraulic drive squeezes a certain package of frictions, which lead to the section connected to them from the gear.
• Oil pressure in the system provides a special hydraulic pump. The control of hydraulic drives is carried out with the help of spools, the movement of which in modern boxes is provided by solenoids. In the classical AKP they have hydraulic drive. In such an option, the control is carried out directly by the accelerator and the centrifugal pressure regulator.

Switching transmissions in modern automatic transmission is performed using a selector or buttons mounted on the knob of the steering wheel. The driver selects the operating mode of the box, the corresponding program is activated in the electronic control unit. Solenoids open spent valves, And the transmission of torque from the engine to the car transmission occurs. As needed, steps with an optimal gear ratio are connected.

Video - device and operation of an automatic transmission:

One of the most important technical characteristics ACP is the transfer time. For cars of different classes, this parameter has its own values, while the difference between them can be significant.

So for most mass cars, the response time is in the range from 130 to 150 ms. Supercars can boast three times with a smaller figure of about 50 to 60 ms, it is even less of 25 ms.

Modes

Currently, the following standard are provided:

• P (Parking) - parking mode, force aggregate And the transmission is separated, the selector is blocked. The parking brake is also used as on machines with a manual box.
• R (Reverse) - Rear end mode, selector cannot be translated into this position when the car moves forward.
• N (Neutral) - on the soviet cars Dignified by the Russian letter "H", the mode is intended for stops for a period of no more than five minutes or for towing for relatively small distances.
• D (Drive) - On domestic machines "D" movement forward, while all the steps are alternately, with the exception of the raising section.
• L (Low) - Forced reduction transmission is designed to ensure the movement of the car in heavy road conditions And in traffic jams with a small move.

In addition to the above, there are additional automatic transmission modes:

• O / D (Overdrive) The mode in which it is possible to turn on the step with a gear ratio of less than a unit, designed to move along the highway at a constant speed.
• D3 or O / D OFF It involves the use of only reduced transmissions without an overdrive allows avoiding frequent locks of the automiferry automifer.
• S (other version of the figure 2) Winter mode for movement in heavy road conditions on 1 and 2 transmission or on the second.
• L (Other Number 1) Another range when used exclusively the first stage to move in the parking lots into the garage and exit from it.

The automatic box is not in all modes supports the engine braking, which must be taken into account during the operation of the car. The use of the overtaking clutch allows the movement of the car rolling.

In most machines, the engine braking is possible only when the reduced range is turned on, the transition is not possible during the movement.

Push-button control systems located on the helm of the helm usually introduce a number of additional automatic ACP modes:

• Power or Sport Provides better dynamics of acceleration of the car, with the appearance of electronic controllers can be included abrupt clicking on the accelerator.
• Snow or Winter. To avoid slipping wheels, the start of the movement is carried out with the second or even third gear.
• SHIFT LOCK. or SHIFT LOCK REELASE. Allows you to unlock the selector when the power unit is turned off.

Sports mode, included automatically, also called Kickdown.In most models, its use is possible only on Overdrive. To exclude driver errors when switching the selector, the lever is blocked different ways. It can be a special button on the lever and the need for its drowning down to translate from one position to another.

In case of breakdowns of transmission mechanisms or the occurrence of danger to them, the automatic transmission passes into emergency mode, the question arises - what is it? In fact, the driver in such a malfunction occurs has the opportunity to get to the garage or car service with its own way.

Pros and cons

Like any complex device, the ACP has a number of advantages and disadvantages. What are the pros and cons of the automatic transmission?

Automatic car gearbox is designed to transmit engine power to wheels. It sets exactly the transmission that is best suited for the current speed of movement. Automatic transmission Ensures the driver from the need to switch the speed manually. The computer of the car using the sensors determines which moment the speed must be switched and sends a signal to in electronic format on switching on or off transmission.

The main elements of the automatic transmission

The mechanism of the automatic transmission of the car is a system of levers and gear transmitting power to drive wheels, allowing the engine to work most effectively.

A box in an aluminum casing, called the crankcase. It contains the main components of the automatic transmission:

1. The hydrotransformer performing the role of clutch, but not requiring direct control from the driver.
2. Planetary series, changing gear ratio when switching.
3. Rear, front friction, brake tape, directly carrying out shifting.
4. Control device.

How does the hydrotransformer work?

The torque converter consists of the following main elements:

• pump or pumping wheel;
• turbine wheel;
• lock plates;
• stator;
• overrogging coupling.

To understand how the automatic transmission works, it is generally necessary to represent its device. So, the pump mechanical connection is associated with the engine. The turbine wheel is connected to the PPC shaft using the slots. When the pump wheel is rotated when the engine is running, an oil flow is created, which rotates the turbine wheel of the torque converter.

In this case, the torque converter performs the role of ordinary hydromeflip, by means of a liquid only passing the torque from the engine to the shaft. With an increase in the engine speed, there is no significant increase in torque.

To convert torque, the circuit of the automatic box includes a stator. The principle of work is that it redirects the oil flow back to the impeller's impeller, causing it to quickly rotate, increasing the torque. The speed of rotation of the turbine wheel with respect to the pump is less, the greater the residual energy is transmitted by the stator by returning the oil to the pump. Accordingly, the torque increases.

Basics of the work of the turbine and pump automatic transmission

Turbine always rotates slower than the pump. The maximum ratio of velocities of rotation of the pump and the turbine is achieved with a fixed car, decreasing with an increase in the vehicle speed (TC). The connection of the stator with the hydrotransformer is carried out through the overtook coupling that can rotate only in one direction.

The turbines and stator blades are of particular shape, due to which the flow of oil is redirected to the opposite side of the stator blades. At the same time, the stator jars and, remaining still, it transmits the highest energy of oil to the pump inlet.

Due to this mode of operation of the hydrotransformer, the maximum torque transmission is ensured. It increases almost three times when driving a car from the spot.

When accelerating the vehicle, the turbine relative to the pump slippers less than the occurrence of the moment when the stator wheel is picked up by the flow of oil, starting to rotate in the direction of the free move of the overtook coupling. The device at the same time starts to work as an ordinary hydromefta, does not increase the torque. In this mode, the CPD of the hydrotransformer does not exceed 85%. Such a mode of operation is accompanied by the release of excess heat and an increase in fuel consumption.

Purpose of the blocking plate

This disadvantage is eliminated using a special device - blocking plates. Despite the mechanical connection with the turbine, it is structurally performed so that it can move to the right and left. This device is turned on to work when the high speed car is reached. By command, the control unit of the oil flow changes in such a way that it presses the locking plate to the torque converter body on the right.

In this case, the turbine and pump are connected to each other mechanically. To increase clutch on inner side The housing of the hydrotransformer is applied a special friction layer. Thus, the engine is associated with the output shaft of the automatic box. Naturally, such a blocking immediately turns off even with a slight braking of the car.

Above, only one of the methods of blocking the torque converter was described. However, any other way pursues the same goal - to prevent the turbine slipping towards the pump wheel. Usually the described action mode in various sources is called Lock-Up.

The operation of the hydrotransformer for dummies will be easier to understand if instead of a turbine and pump present two simple fans, one of which is running from the network, and the other rotates due to the air flow fan being created by the first fan. Only instead of air there is oil here, and the blades of the first fan (pump in the case of automatic transmission) are driven out of electricity, but due to the mechanical connection with the engine of the car engine.

Planetary rows

The torque converter can increase the torque, but only to a certain limit. The device of the automatic gearbox for a more significant increase in torque, for example, when overcoming lifting, as well as for movement, planetary rows provide for the movement. The planetary transmission also provides even switching speeds when moving without loss of motor power. Thanks to her, switching occurs without jolts, which occurs when working in the usual transmission.

The planetary series includes the following elements:

• sunny gear;
• satellites;
• epicycle;
• drove.

The planetary row is called due to the fact that friction wheels rotating simultaneously around their axes and moving along with these axes are very similar to the planets of the solar system. It depends on their mutual position, what is currently being turned on.

How to switch transmissions to automatic transmission?

Switching gear or change in the planetary gearbox of the gear ratio is carried out by blocking and unlocking the elements of the planetary row through brake tapes and friction. In the hydraulic system of the automatic transmission of the car directly shifting the gear is carried out by valve. The three-speed box has two such valves, one of which switches from the first transmission to the second, the other - from the second to the third. The four-speed box has three valves.

Other types of automatic transmission

In addition to the considered hydraulic transmission, other types of automatic boxes are widespread today:

1. Variator automatic transmission. In this type of transmission of a fixed gear ratio for transmissions does not exist. Therefore, such automatic transmission is called a stepless. The principle of operation is that, unlike other "automata", it uses the engine power more effectively. As a consequence, cars equipped with this type of transmission are more economical and comfortable.
2. Robotic checkpoint. Automatic such a box can be called conditionally, since it is essentially the usual "mechanics", where the function of the clutch pedal is assigned to the electronic unit. Cars with what boxes are also rather economical, but less comfortable, since often switching gears in automatic mode is accompanied by jerks.

Thus, in addition to the most common hydraulic automatic transmission, there are several more types of automatic boxes that differ in their design. They are distinguished by price, efficiency, comfort of car management. The general is that the driver is dispossed from the need. independent choice and switching gear.

To date, most drivers do not represent how they went by car, which does not have an automatic gearbox. Some newbies come terrified from one thought that it would have to constantly switch the transmissions manually. Many drivers with great experience also have long understood that it is much more convenient to ride with an automatic box. Despite all this, people tormented the question - how to properly exploit the box automatic? In this article, this will be discussed.

Modes of work

To understand how the automatic box should be operated, you need to deal with what existing modes.

It should be immediately noted that the modes "P", "R", "D" and "N" are mandatory in each box. To select one of the modes, you just need to move the shift lever to the appropriate position. In contrast of mechanical box The fact that the movement of the lever occurs on one line.

The mode that the driver selected will be displayed on the control panel. It makes it possible to carefully follow the road and not distracted to look at the lever.

1. "P" - Parking. Used during long parking. It is with parking that it is advisable to start a car. It is important before turning on this mode to completely stop the machine.
2. "R" - used to move with reverse. To enable, you need to stop completely.
3. "N" is a neutral position. When the lever is on the "neutral", the torque is not transmitted to the wheels. It is worth using in a period of minor stops.
4. "D" - movement. When the selector is in this position, the car goes forward. Shift shift is performed independently. The driver is just taking a gas pedal.

In the car, which installed five - or four-stage box, the selector has several positions for moving forward: "D", "d3", "d2", "d1". These numbers show upper gear.

1. "D3" - "The first 3 transmissions". It is recommended to use in cases where there is no possibility to move without slowing down.
2. "D2" - "The first 2 transmissions". Translate the lever into such a position when the speed of movement is less than 50 km / h. Most often used on poor-quality roads.
3. "D1" ("L") - "Only 1st Transfer". Used in the event that maximum speed is 25 km / h. Translate the lever to a similar position is when the machine is in traffic.
4. "OD" - "Increased transmission". In such a position should be moved when the speed reaches more than 75 km / h, and leave it when the speed drops below 70 km / h. Increased transmission makes it possible to reduce fuel consumption at the moments of movement in motorways.

Most of the new machines with automatt have several ACAP auxiliary modes. To those can be attributed:

1. "N" is standard, which is used during a regular ride.
2. "E" - fuel economy mode. Helps the car to move at such a pace, which significantly reduces fuel consumption.
3. "S" - Sport. When the driver switches to this mode, it can maximize the power of the motor. Nothing surprising is that fuel consumption in this mode will be high.
4. "W" - winter. It is used in those moments when you need to start moving from slippery road surface.

Of course, there are drivers who could not get used to the automatic transmission, given all its advantages. To satisfy the needs of these people, the "Titonik" regime was created. In essence, he implies a manual control imitation. On the box, it is implemented in the form of a groove for the selector, and marked with signs plus and minus. Plus makes it possible to increase the transfer, and minus - downgrade, respectively.

Basic operating conditions automatic

In order to start moving by the machine in which the automatic box is installed, the actions should be performed in the following order:

• Press the brake pedal.
• Selector Move to the "Drive" position.
• Remove from the handbrake.
• Slowly let go of the brake. The car will start slowly moving.
• Press the accelerator pedal.
• To reduce speed, you need to throw gas. If you need a quick stop, then you need to use the brake.
• To move after a minor stop, you just need to move the foot from the brake, to the accelerator.

The main rule of using automatic transmission is to avoid sharp maneuvers. If you constantly do to them, it will increase the gap between the friction disks, and then in the differential. All this will lead to the fact that the machine will twitch during each transmission switching.

Experienced masters believe that the machine must be given a short-term "rest." This means that the car needs to be able to move a few seconds to idling. It is worth noting that even in a car with a powerful engine, sharp movements will significantly reduce the resource of the box.

In fact, this moment is very important, because most of Such boxes broke in winter. First of all, this is due to a significant drop in temperature and so that the machines are often touched on ice. In order to maximize their car from breakdown, follow the following recommendations:

• Before the onset of cold weather, check the quality and level of fluid in the box, and if necessary, replace;
• Be sure to warm up the car before starting the movement;
• If the car is stuck, do not harm the gas hoping to leave. It is worth trying to reduce the transfer (if there is such an opportunity) or just push;
• Before a steep turn, use only reduced transmissions.

What not to do

What you should not do by car with an automatic box:

1. First of all, you should not heat the box badly if the car did not warm up to required level. Even if the street plus temperature, the first few kilometers, the movement should be smooth and measured.
2. The automatic transmission "does not like" off-road. Machines with automatic, it is best to travel around the roads with bad coatings. If the "iron horse" is stuck, sometimes it is better to resort to the help of shovel than to put pressure on gas.
3. It is not recommended to expose the automatic transmission to high loads. If there were plans to tow the trailer, it is better to throw them out of the head.
4. It is strictly forbidden to start a car with a so-called pusher. Many people violate this ban, but it is worth remembering that it will not pass without a trace for the box.

Of course, it is impossible to forget about certain features of switching between modes:

• on the "neutral" one can remain only if the brake is pressed;
• on the "neutral", the car is prohibited;
• swimming the motor is permitted exclusively in the Parking position;
• when the car in motion cannot be transferred to the lever in the parking position and the "movement back".

Summing up, it is worth noting that the automatic box may seem pretty "picky" and having a small resource. In fact, if it is competent to exploit it, it will delight your owner for a very long time.

Video: how to use the automatic transmission