Abbreviation is what? How to decipher and what does it mean? English abbreviations and abbreviations as described by V
Each person comes to choosing alcoholic beverages in general and brandy in particular, taking into account their personal preferences. In addition to their own tasteings, it usually appeals to the manufacturer, brand and exposure.
All familiar with asterisks, adorning brandy labels domestic production. However, bottles foreign production Indicated mysterious letters XO, VS, VSOP. Deciphering these abbreviations causes difficulties to many not too sophisticated connoisseurs of elite drink.
We clarify this question.
French roots
First, it should be noted that brandy is a product that is made exclusively in France. All other drinks, according to international economic agreements, are not eligible to carry such a name. Therefore, the decoding of VS, VSOP, XO and other abbreviations in alcoholic beverages of Armenia or Georgia is not required. All the necessary information, ranging from the exposure time and ending the spill place, is indicated on the label and is absolutely clear to everyone.
By the way, the production technology of the considered varieties of alcoholic beverages is absolutely identical. Therefore, whether it is an asterisk or VSOP, the decoding testifies to one - how many years have been maintained in special barrels.
The only thing I want to additionally mention is the gentle and reverent attitude of the French to this national drink. They carefully follow the compliance with all quality standards, regardless of the combinations of XO, VS, VSOP. The decoding will not be required, you can simply enjoy the unsurpassed taste.
Production technology
As you know, the basis of brandy is however true taste And it reaches the bouquet only after a certain time of exposure, which occurs in special oak barrels.
During this process, the source product undergoes a huge number of different transformations. From it, some substances will be destroyed, spraying the taste of the final drink. The organic material of the barrel walls gives the beverage valued by all the taste.
These natural processes proceed with very short speed. Therefore, the process of creating a truly elite beverage can take many years. The minimum term that is necessary for the alcohol poured into the barrels could carry the proud name brandy is at least one and a half years. Only after that it acquires soft velvety notes with a slight aroma of oak and a color of a mahogany tree.
My years - my wealth
Earlier, each manufacturer created its own marking system, which was pointed to bottles of brandy. Therefore, to establish how many years one or another of the drink was withstanding in special it was very difficult.
Only after the creation of the National French Bureau responsible for the production of brandy in this country, the combinations of XO, VSOP, VS were invented, the decoding of which no one has difficulties and indicates the age of the drink.
Classification
Any specialist is in a sense to distinguish all changes taking place in brandy alcohol at the very beginning of its maturation. Therefore, the combinations of VS or VSOP, the decoding of which is so interested in inexperienced buyers, are not too important for him. The main task of these abbreviations is to distinguish beverages, the exposure time of which is approaching 10 years.
This is especially true to control the production process and the quality of finished products.
So, distinguish the following shutter time:
XO - the term of aging of cognac alcohol in a barrel of oak should exceed 6 years;
VVSOP - the process of manufacturing this drink is at least 5 years;
VSOP - the drink enters the bottles after 4 years of exposure;
VS - the minimum storage period in oak barrel is 2 years.
Conclusion
Finally, we note that the time of cognac exposure is calculated from April 1, the next time for the spill. Therefore, in most cases, the duration of finding a beverage in barrels is slightly more indicated on the label, which has a beneficial effect on his taste.
BMW serially issued with rare exceptions have always had digital-letter names. Suffixes in the form of letters and words after numbers not only give more complete characteristic The engine, but also carry information about the type of actuator, body, the length of the base ... Here are the most relevant of these characters:
A (abolished) \u003d automatic transmission,
C (abolished) \u003d body "coupe",
C \u003d convertible,
D \u003d diesel engine,
E \u003d car with wide use of energy saving technologies,
EDRIVE \u003d rechargeable hybrid car using gasoline and electric engines,
EfficientDynamics Edition - a car with a wide use of energy saving technologies,
G \u003d Engine operating on a compressed natural gas,
Hydrogen - hydrogen engine,
BMW 2002 Automatic.
I \u003d injector fuel supply system,
L \u003d elongated wheelbase,
S (abolished) \u003d sport car (also used to indicate a 2-door body BMW 3 series E36),
Sdrive \u003d drive to rear wheels
T / TURBO \u003d turbocharging,
T / Touring \u003d Universal,
Ti (abolished) \u003d 3-door hatchback designation BMW E36 Compact,
X / xDrive \u003d four-wheel drive.
Letters
The Active Hybrid line model is a mansion ( hybrid carsusing gasoline and electric motors). It includes Active Hybrid 3, Active Hybrid 5 and Active Hybrid 7, relating to the corresponding BMW series.
BMW ActiveHybrid 7.
There is also a prefix in the form of the letter M, meaning that the car has the components created by the BMW M GmbH division. It should not be confused by full-f-models and machines that have options in the form of styling, modified suspension, brakes and other parts that were developed in M \u200b\u200bGmbH.
The M-models in the name have only the letter M and the number following it, denoting the belonging to the series, for example, M3, M5, M6. Exception - M-versions of the Z3 and Z3 Coupe machines called BMW M Roadster and BMW M Coupe, as well as 1m Coupe, built on the basis of "units" BMW E82. Cars with M-accessories are characterized by the prefix M before the usual digital name: M 550D XDrive, M550i.
BMW M5.
Numbers
With numbers in the name everything is not easy. As mentioned, the reflection of the approximate volume of the engine in liters in the names of the machines was fixed only in the late 50s - early 60s. Thus, the "isetta" 250 was content with a modest 250-cubic motor, BMW 3200 cs had a 3.2-liter 6-cylinder engine, and BMW 1600 - 1.6-liter 4-cylinder. The machines on the attacks below the BMW 1600-2 class (subsequently BMW 1602) and the BMW 2002 were equipped with 1.6-liter and 2-liter motors, respectively, and the number 2 at the end meant the presence of two doors.
As expanding model Row It became clear that such a system does not allow to distinguish the classes of machines when using the same volume engines. Then the new "five" with the E12 index introduced a new standard of three digits: the first indicated the internal corporate class of the machine, the latter, as before, is the approximate engine volume in liters. Now the "five" with an engine of 1,990 cubic centimeters was called BMW 520i, and the motor in 2,788 "cubes" belonged to BMW 528i.
BMW 520i
The slender system, as in the case of C, violated the emergence of a turbocharger. But if Stuttgarters faced problems only at the very end of the twentieth century, then Bavarians - for a couple of decades earlier.
A pair of modifications "Seven" E23 1979 was called 732i (6-cylinder engine with a volume of 3,210 cubic centimeters) and 735i (3,430 "cubes" rounded for some reason, but the eyes can be closed on this inaccuracy).
In 1980 he began bMW release 745i. Do you think she was equipped with a 4.5-liter engine? As if not like this: it was a motor from 732i with a turbocharger. Nevertheless, to underline greater performance and high-cost cars new version The representative sedan was deliberately assigned the "wrong", the highlightest index. By the way, in 1983 she had an engine from 735i with a turbocharger, but the index remained the same, 745i.
BMW 735i
However, an understatement of the real volume of the engine happened. So, the BMW E30 316I from 1982 to 1987 was produced with a motor volume of 1,766 cubic centimeters, and the status coupe of the 8th series was constantly modest: BMW 840ci C 1995 to 1999 was offered with 4.4-liter engine, 850ci was driven by 5.4-liter Motor, and flagship 850csi - as 5.6-liter.
Nevertheless, last years 10 cases of "fraud" with indexes frequent. Consider several examples. "Unit" BMW 130i was produced from 2005 to 2013, 125i - from 2008 to 2013. It would be possible to assume that at least 125i had a smaller engine than in 130i, but in reality the same Motor N52B30 was used in different degrees of force - 218 hp. For 125i and 265 (258 C 2009) for 130i. Of course, from the point of view of marketing, the owner of 130i had to please and demonstrate superiority more powerful version "Units" over less powerful as a nameplate on the trunk lid. For the same reason, the indices of the current F20 114i, 116i, 120i are separated, which are aggregated with a 1.6-liter turbocharged engine N13B16.
BMW 125i
BMW E63 among a number of modifications had 635D and 630i. The latter was cheapest (if this word is generally applicable to the premium Coupe of the Grand Trampamo class) among all versions of the 6th series, its engine volume was 2,996 cubic centimeters. At the most expensive 635D motor volume of 2,993 "Cube", i.e. formally less than 630i, but diesel power even after updating gasoline motor It remained more on the symbolic 14 hp I think you do not need to explain why the index of the diesel version is greater than that of gasoline ...
There are completely curious cases. You can guess that BMW F30 320i and 328i are equipped with different options same 2 liter gasoline engine. In addition, there are 320D and 328d. The nuance is that the engines in these machines are identical, but 328d is sold in the American market, under the tastes of buyers whose and "sharpen" name. After all, residents of the states do not complain cars with small motors ...
What is the result?
Unconditionally trust the numbers in the designation of the models now it is impossible. They turned into rather abstract values \u200b\u200bpointing only to the fact that within one series of a model with a smaller number in the index is less powerful than with large. Fortunately, in the letter prefix and suffixes, the truth is still true ...
Includes reductions in organizations and publications that are often found in scientific Russian-speaking publications of historical topics. Contents 1 Abbreviation 1.1 Museums 1.1.1 A ... Wikipedia
Below is a list of abbreviations borrowed from the Latin language. a. (Lat. Annuus, Anno) "Year", "per year" a. (Lat. Antem) "To", "Before", "Before" AMIC. (lat. AB AMICO) "From each other ... Wikipedia
- ... Wikipedia
Contents 1 Acting Ice Arena Russia 2 See also 3 Links ... Wikipedia
- ... Wikipedia
The article contains a list of commonly used abbreviations of mathematical functions, operators, etc. Mathematical terms. Contents 1 Abbreviation 1.1 Latin 1.2 Greek Alphabet ... Wikipedia
This list contains a variety of record words (mostly Russian). These words are extreme from the point of view of various criteria associated with the letters contained in the word and combinations (a large number of letters, a large number ... ... Wikipedia
Name Position Beginning of Board End of Board Party French Upper Volta Daniel Weszin Kulibali Vice President ruling council May 18, 1957 July 26, 1958 RDA / PDU Daniel Weszin Kulibali President of the ruling council July 26, 1958 September 7 ... ... Wikipedia
Abs. Absolute auth. Autonomous car. Automobile Agr. Agricultural Acad. Academician algebras. Algebraic Alps. Alpine alum. Aluminum Academy Sciences Anat. Anatomical Ans. Ensemble Art. Artillery, Artist Arch. Archipelago Archaol. ... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
This page is glossary. # A ... Wikipedia
Books
- Veterinary parasitology. Reference Guide, Foret William J. Parasitology Reference Guide is a practical detailed desktop reference book on the basics of diagnosis in veterinary parasitology. The book contains useful information About life ...
- Spanish language. Synchronous translation from Spanish into Russian. Level C 1. Book of a teacher, Korolev N.F. The manual is intended for teachers of synchronous translation, the purpose of which is to form and develop language and translation skills and competencies in students, future ...
Perhaps, many modern motorists do not drive in a dead end, which denotes the abbreviation V6 or DOHC in the name of the car. But in addition, there are still a number of abbreviations that are less common, however, we believe that information on a brief designation of the type of engine, body, drive, etc. will be useful to you and interesting.
- 4motion. - Four-wheel drive through a multid-wide Haldex coupling (on Volkswagen)
- 4matic. - Permanent four-wheel drive on Mercedes
- quattro. - all-wheel drive (on Audi)
- AMG - German Tuniga Atelier. Currently, the world's famous division of Mercedes-Benz on finishing, preparation for sports competitions and tuning of models of German auto giant.
- biturbo. - Turboculant system consisting of two consistently included turbines. In such a system, 2 turbines are used, one small size is another large.
- TDI - turbocharged diesel
- SDI - Atmospheric diesel (Volkswagen)
- CDI -Common Diesel Injection
- Twinturbo. - In this system, in contrast to the bi-turbo system, two identical turbines are used. Accordingly, the performance of such a system is 2 times more than a system consisting of one turbine, with the use of 2 small turbines that will be equal to one large, then the effect of lowering the lag can be achieved when identical performance.
- CRDI - Comon Rail Deisel Injection. The first version of Mersa, the second of Hydaya, denote direct injection diesel fuel. This is an injector for diesel.
- FSI So denotes folks engines with direct fuel injection
- GTI - Gran Turismo Injection, GTI - initially modification of the golf. There was meant "granturizmo, injector" (second - at the time cool). Today is the class of compact high-speed cars, as a rule, also well-equipped. In short, convenient compact machines for active premunion, including over long distances.
- Kompressor. - This is Mercedes-Benz technology, and translated into Russian literally, it refers to a compressor (or compressor in English). This is an option installed on a series of models, and is a turbine resulting in motion of the power of the engine. Accordingly, the designation, for example, C180 Kompressor is equipped with a turbocharger.
- RS. Many of many manufacturers are decrypted as RallySport, Audi Rennsport.
- V6. - These are engines with an angle of collapse between the rows of more than 15 degrees
- VR6. - These are engines at the same time and V-sample and rank, the corner of the collapse of 15 degrees
- R6. — row Engine. On BMW-Li is a surprised version (only on 7ki)
- Dohc. - Double Overhead Camshaft - abbreviation, indicating the quantity and location of the camshafts.
- Vtec. - Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control - Hondovskaya Phase Change System
Timing distribution. - GTI-R. - All-wheel drive turbocharged hatch Nissan Pulsar / Sunny of the first half of the 90s.
- GT-Four. - Toyotovsky cars with fully drive (Four) and (GT) simultaneously; An example is the old rally Selik.
- GSI. - Sport modifications of Opels.
- OPC. - Sports modifications of Opels, made lately in the OpelperFormansCentre department
- St. On New Fords - Sport Tecnologies, such as such a European division for the development and compensation of charged machines.
- RS. For Fordes - Product Ford Team RS (RallySport), European Ralone Department; This nameplate did not appear on the machines, not related to the rally, it is the privilege of machines such as Escort RS Cosworth, although in the future everything can change.
- R / T. - Road.
Bonus. English names of some car elements
1. ABSORBER - shock absorber
2. Accelerator - accelerator
3. Accumulator - Battery
4. Battery - battery
5. Blinker - Pointer of rotation
6. Body - Body
7. Bonnet - Hood
8. Boot - Trunk
9. Brake - Brake
10. Brake Light - Stop Signal
11. Bulbs - Lamps
12. Bumper - Bumper
13. CAB - Cab
14. Cabriolet - Convertible
15. Carburettor - Carburetor
16. Chassis - Chassis
17. Clutch - Clutch
18. COMPONENTS - DETAILS
19. Cooling System - Cooling System
20. CRANKSHAFT - crankshaft
21. Cylinder - Cylinder
22. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM - electrical system
23. Engine - Engine
24. Gas Tank - Petrol
25. Gear - Transfer
26. Gear Box - Transmission
27. Gear-Change SHIFT LEVER - gear shift lever
28. Handbrake - hand brake
29. Hatch-back - hatchback
30. Headlights - Front Lights
31. Horn - Signal
32. Ignition - Ignition
33. Inner Tube - Camera (wheels)
34. Jack - jack
35. Jeep - Jeep
36. Limousine - Limousine
37. Luggage Rack - Trunk
38. Motor - Engine
39. OIL - oil
40. Oil Pump - Oil Pump
41. Pedal - Pedal
42. Piston - Piston
43. PUMP - Pump
44. Quarter Light - Fortochka (in Auto)
45. Radiator - radiator
46. \u200b\u200bREAR WHEEL - rear wheel
47. Screwdriver - Dumping
48. Sedan - Sedan
49. Shock-absorber - shock absorber
50. Spare Parts - Spare Parts
51. Spark Plug - Ignition Candle
52. Speedometer - Speedometer
53. Spring - Spring
54. Starter - Starter
55. STEERING-WHEEL - steering wheel
56. Suspension - Suspension
57. Tail-Light - rear headlamp
58. Tire - Tire
59. Tool - Tool
60. Trailer - Trailer
61. TRANSMISSION - Gearbox
62. Trunk - Trunk
63. Turn Indicator - Running Index
64. Tyre - Tires
65. Universal - Universal
66. Van - van
67. Wheel - Wheel
68. Windscreen - Windshield
69. WINDSCREEN WIPER - Wiper, wipers
70. Windshield - Windshield
I got a student who is engaged in science. And in science without abbreviations nowhere. Yes, and in the usual written speech, including fiction, not to mention specialized, contractions of type E.g., I.E. or all familiar etc. Darkness. Some of them came from Latin, but most are just abbreviations in English words. I offer you a list of the most frequently used abbreviations (places with examples and notes):
A.d. (Anno Domini) - year of our era
B.C. (Before Christ) - year BC
Please note that AD is placed in front of the date (AD64), BC after (300bc); When specifying the century and the other comes after Numenual (Second Century AD, Fourth Century BC)
approx. (Approximately / Approximate) - approximately approximately approximate
aVG. (Average) - medium, on average
cA. (Circa - /? s3? k? /) - approximately approximately: e.G. "People First Came to the Area CA 1700."
cENT. (Century, Centuries) - Century, century
cF. (Confer, Compare) - see also, Wed, link, often found in books
cO. (column) - column
cONT (D). (Continued) - continued. This reduction can have a different value depending on the context, for example, Contained, Contents, Contraction, Continent etc.
cTR. (center) - center, central d. (DIED, DIED IN) - Died: e.G. "The Dean Of The University At That Time Was Sir James Stone (D. 1965)."
eD. (edited, Edition) - ed., Edition, published
e.G. (Exempli Gratia - for example) - for example. Please note that this cut is read exactly as "for example"! No unauthorized "and ji": e.G. "You can Use Different Adjectives to Describe It, E.G. Wonderful, Beautiful, Amazing or Splendid."
eSP. (Especially) - especially: e.G. "I Like Ice-Cream, ESP. Pistachio-Flavoured Ice-Cream."
eST (D). (Established / estimate) - based; Calculated, Evaluation: e.G. "He worked in td McGuire Est. 1987"; "HE Received Est. $ 10mln."
et al. (et alii) - and others (in the bibliography "with co-authors")
incl. (including) - including: E.G. "They Put Everything in One Box, Incl. Books on Chaucer."
hr. (Hours) - hour, hours: E.G. "This car canravert 230 km / hr."
max., min. (Maximum, Minimum) - maximum minimum
misc. (Miscellaneous) - Other: e.G. "The Shelf Was Full of Misc. Objects."
n.A.: 1) Not Applicable - not applicable to this case, does not apply: e.G. "This Formula Shows The General Law (N.A. in Acid Environment)";
2) not available, non-available - not available, no data
NB. (Nota Bene - Note Particularly) - note Ben, mark "Note Good, take note"
No. (Number) - number: E.G. "I GAVE HIM A MUG WITH THE TEXT" I Am Dad No.1 "."
pREV. (Previous) - Previous: e.G. "See prev. Page for more information."
pt. (Part) - Part: e.G. "You can Look it up in Quantum Physics Pt. II."
qt. (Quantity / Quart) - quantity; quart
rESP. (Respectively) - respectively: E.G. "Basic Earnings Increased 40% and 39% to $ 0.55 and $ 0.54 Resp."
sTD. (Standard) - Standard, Standard
vs. (Versus) - against: e.G. "We Went To See Alien vs. Predator"
w / (WITH) - C: e.G. "Add Sugar W / Cinnamon to The Batter."
w / O. (WITHOUT) - without: e.G. "There You Can Order Sandwiches W / O Mayo."
