What cars were in the USSR. History of automotive in the USSR. Salt tract from the shores of Dnieper

Is there something closer and native to every resident of our country than legendary Soviet cars? Many of us perfectly remember how these models cut on the roads of major cities and villages. In this article we collected 27 most significant cars from the USSR of all time.

GAZ-A.

Gas-A, made under the Ford license, became the first Soviet car with local modifications, which were determined on the basis of the operation of the original Ford A cars in the harsh russian conditions. The first cars were collected at the Nizhny Novgorod Auto Plant in August 1932, and serial production began on December of the same year. Only 1936, 41917 cars were released.

Despite the absolute unpretentiousness to the quality of fuel, maintainability in any conditions and the relative cheapness, gas - and had a rather sluggish 40-strong engine, an unreliable suspension on transverse springs, which quickly failed, as well as a weak robbery, because of what the body The car quickly came into disrepair.

Based on gas-A, a sedan with a closed four-door body - GAZ-6 and a specialized taxi - GAZ-3 were produced. In addition, the modification of GAZ-4 was manufactured with a cargo-passenger body of a pickup, gas A-Aero with an aerodynamic body and gas-a-limousine.

GAZ-M1.

This model in 1935 came to replace the first mass passenger car of the USSR - gas. The basis of GAZ-M1, by analogy with GAZ-A, was taken by the Ford A - Ford 40 successor (Model V8 40-730) with the change of chassis for the harsh real conditions of Russia. Abbreviation "M-1" deciphered as "Molotovets-first" in honor of the chairman of the USSR government - V. Molotov, and KB A.A. was engaged in design and finishing Lipgarta. In total, 1942 62,888 copies of this model were manufactured.

The main innovation in the design "M-1" was the all-metal body created by the advanced technology of the Ford body branch. As power aggregate A modernized Ford A Engine was used, but produced on the original Soviet snap. In addition, the design was changed, as a result of which M-1 looked more modernly even compared to his overseas prototype.

On the basis of "M-1" were manufactured: option "Taxi", GAZ-415 - Pickup by 500 kg, GAZ-11-73 - a modernized sedan with a 6-cylinder engine GAZ-11, GAZ-61-73 - the first in the world Sedan 4x4, BA-20 is a light armored car and another 14-15 small modifications.

Gas-12 winters

Soviet cars for the most part were not intended for private ownership. They were mainly created for numerous party workers of high rank and managers of state-owned enterprises. For them, at the end of the 40s on Gaza created gas-12 winters - a long-beaded six-grade major sedan of the representative class.

It was released from 1949 to 1960 and a total of 21527 units of all modifications were released. The main feature of the car's design is the boring body. There was only a removable submother. New car It had a very high (up to 50%) degree of unification with the already manufactured by the plant by other models.

Equipped with the winters not very powerful 3.5-liter engine GAZ-11 with a capacity of 90 hp The gearbox with a submissive lever for the first time in Soviet practice received synchronizers and was put in addition to winter even on Victory. Based on winter (GAZ-12), Taxi - GAZ-12A, sanitary option - GAZ-12B, GAZ-12 Phaeton and even w / d Dresin. Cars winters were supplied for exports both to the countries of the socialist, and in Finland and Sweden. There were also racing versions that were called "Dzerzhinets" and "Avangard".

GAZ-13 "Seagull"

Another representative limousine from the Gorky Automobile Plant. In total, 3179 units were collected on Gaza from 1959 to 1981. In 1958, "Seika" presented in New York and Brussels. GAZ-13 design reminded Packard 1955.

"Chaika" was a revolutionary car unlike winter: the engine V8 195 hp was installed here automatic box Transmissions with push-button control, there was an amplifier of the steering wheel and brakes, as well as the flyer windows. This car in the USSR could not buy, it could only be deserved.

Based on the "Seagulls", the following modifications were manufactured: GAZ-13A - for the USSR Ministry of Defense with a partition between passengers and a driver, GAZ-13B - with the Body "Phaeton", GAZ-13C - a sanitary option, several copies of "CHEKS" for filming , Parade Phaetons. Subsequently, several cars were converted into railway drowsins.

GAZ-M20 "Victory"

A truly legendary passenger Soviet car, who has deserved love and respect not only in the USSR, but also in many countries of the world. Its licensed was released in Poland ("Warsaw"), in North Korea and even in China. Since 1946 to 1958, 24,1497 cars were released (excluding foreign output).

It was one of the first in the world of serial passenger cars with a carrier body of a completely pontoon type. The appearance of the "victory" in the form of a streamlined drop-shaped body with a flat sidewall without protruding wings originally created the factory designer designer Valentin Brodsky. Cars of the first and second episodes had a characteristic three-storey grille of the radiator, which was called "Martos".

The first series has been manufactured from 1946 to 1948. The second series, the release of which continued from 1948 to 1955, received new box Gear from winter with a lever on the steering wheel, as well as an updated 4-cylinder engine with a capacity of 50 hp (from 1955 g - 52 hp).

The third series - M-20B (1955 - 1958) had another radiator lattice, a new front-bridge beam design, an upgraded carburetor, a new air filter, a new steering wheel and devices of another color.

Of the main modernization of the serial version allocated:

- GAZ M-20B "Victory" in the body "Phaeton" - with rigid safety arcs and open top, which produced 14222 copies.

- Gas M-72 - All-wheel drive option on the GAZ-69 chassis with an additional enhanced body, increased ground clearance, mud shields on the rear wheel arches and tires 6.50-16 with the tread "Christmas tree". For the first time for Soviet cars, the windshield washer operated here, acting from the pedal. Massed was 4677 pieces M-72.

GAZ-21 "Volga"

It was one of the most beautiful and desired Soviet cars of the middle class, which was produced at the Gorky Auto Plant from 1956 to 1970. A total of 639,478 copies in three series and a few dozen different modifications were produced. In the design "Volga", the influence of the "aerostyle" of American cars such as Ford, Chevrolet, Plymouth, Kaiser was clearly guessed. But all the mechanical part of GAZ-21 was the original Soviet development.

After the manufacture and tests of the four prototypes in 1956, the release of the first GAZ-21 series with the characteristic "star" on the radiator grille began. The "first series" was equipped with an upgraded engine from "Victory", and since 1957, the modern UMZ-21A superpowered engine. Total cars of the first series were produced 30 thousand pieces.

The "second series" began to be issued from 1959 to 1962. She had changed front wings, a radiator lattice of the type "shark mouth" appeared, the new instrument panel, windshield washers, as well as a new wiring with a "minus" on the mass. In total, more than 140 thousand copies were made.

In 1962, a "soft modernization" of the car, which touched in most part only appearance. The third series has a new radiator grille "whale" with 37 vertical elements, new bumpers and decorative parts, a new decoration of the cabin from more durable materials. Engine power raised to 75 hp P, and the body began to be painted more resistant synthetic enamel. In total cars of the Third Series, about 470 thousand copies were released.

From the numerous modifications of Volga, we will note GAZ-22 with a cargo-passenger body of type "Universal" on the basis of the car "Third Series". The wagon was also produced in the form of a "ambulance" GAZ-22B.

GAZ-24 "Volga"

The successor "Volga" GAZ-21 was one of their most notable Soviet cars in the history of the domestic auto industry - GAZ-24 Volga. It was serially from 1967 to 1985 and was released in an amount of 1,481,561 pieces of all modifications. GAZ-24 possessed a new more modern body of a smaller height, which increased stability and handling, wider salon, increased area of \u200b\u200bglazing and improved visibility.

The "first series" of GAZ-24 (1967-1977) had bumpers without fangs, a long molding under the grille, he had no fog, and the overall parking lights were located on the chromium ventilation pads of the rear racks. Chrome-plated caps had red mugs in the center, and mudguards - branded "deer".

The "second series" was smooth upgrades in the period 1972-78. "Fangs" appeared on the bumpers, fog lights, changed the rear lights with built-in catathots, appeared "Zhigulevsky" halogen headlights, turn signs on the front wings, in the cabin - imitation under the tree on the panel and steering wheel, a more modern receiver, a rear armrest Seat.

In the mid-80s, a deep modernization of the model was carried out and GAZ-24-10 appeared ("Third Series"). This model disappeared the windows, the door handles were recessed, a new plastic black radiator grille appeared, the inscription "Volga" disappeared from the front wings. The car was put on radial wide low profile tires 205/70 R14 instead of the previous 185-diagonal. In the cabin: new seats, handbrake on the floor, rear window electrobhery. And most importantly, under the hood, the improved engine ZMZ-4022.10 with a capacity of 100 hp

The model range also included GAZ-24-02 with a cargo-passenger body "Universal". This car had a seven-seater transformable salon. On the basis of this model, the Sanitary version of the Volga gas-24-03 and a taxi version was manufactured.

GAZ-67.

The most legendary and fighting of all Soviet military all-wheel drive cars of GAZ-67 managed to actively brake from 1943, both as a commander and intelligence car and in the form of an artillery tractor. Until the end of World War II, about 8,000 GAZ-67 units were issued.

We experienced a military SUV, oddly a car in the USSR: it passed 2,200 km with a 76-mm CIS-3 gun weighing 1850 kg, of which 930 km on parcels and 550 km along the elastic cobblestone.

For reliability and better passability, GAZ-67 was 755 mm shortened a wheelbase compared to GAZ-61. The same qualities were subordinated to the modernization of the suspension and the chassis of the car. In addition, GAZ-67 was put on the tires with the type "Dissected Christmas Tree" type of 6.50-16. Electrical equipment was used from GAZ-M1 and gas-mm.

The body for rapid evacuation was quieter on 4 people, plus two more could sit on the sides on the shelves of the rear wings. Here were boxes for weapons, ammunition and radio. As a power plant, a modernized engine GAZ-64-6004 was used.

GAZ-69.

The famous Soviet car of increased passability, which for his tough suspension got a nickname "Kozlik". For the period from 1952 to 1972, more than 600 thousand cars were produced. In addition, GAZ-69 was exported to 56 countries in different climatic versions. The release was first started at the Gorky Auto Plant, and in 1956 the production was transferred to Ulyanovsky Auto Plant.

The car had two basic modifications: GAZ-69 with a 2-door 8-bed body and commander GAZ-69A with a 4-door five-bed body. In order to increase the unification and maintainability, the engine with a gearbox, a steering mechanism, shock absorbers, brakes, optics and a battery for this car were taken from serial Soviet cars and trucks.

Moskvich-400 / -401

This Soviet Saltra has been available to many USSR citizens with average sufficiency and often became the first car in the family. It was from her that the mobility of Soviet people began.

The first serial "Muscovites-400" came out from the MSM plant in December 1947. The car had interesting and innovative solutions such as carrying the body, aluminum pistons of the engine, hydraulic brakes and an independent suspension dubonne. And at the same time, the car did not have a rotation pointers, and the wiper had a mechanical drive from the engine camshaft.

In 1954, an improved modification of Moskvich-401 was published, which had a forced engine with a capacity of 26 hp against 23 hp At the "400th" models, synchronizers on 3 and 4 transmissions, lever PPC on the steering column, a new steering wheel. From 1949 to 1954, Moskvich-400-420A was produced - 4-door cabriotan with open top, but having non-removable sidewalls and door frames with glasses.

Moskvich-402 / -407

The first Soviet passenger car of the period of "thaw", which completely created Soviet engineers. The production of this model began in 1956. In just two years, 87,658 copies were released.

Compared to the predecessor "Moskvich-402" had a more modern exterior and more perfect in the structure of the body. The car received a separate trunk with outdoor access, bent windshield and rear windows, high level Interior decoration, independent cordless front suspension with double transverse levers and 12-volt electrical equipment, as well as many other innovations. Published by the engine M-407, which worked together with the mechanical 3- and 4-speed gearbox.

The first modification of the car occurred in 1958. Modified car was called "Moskvich-407" and an improved engine with a capacity of 45 hp A semi-million car MZZ, which came out from the conveyor in December 1960, became Moskvich-407. For several years in a row, half of all "Muscovites-407" went on export, incl. To France, Belgium, Scandinavia, Finland, England and other countries.

In 1962, the transitional model "Moskvich-403" was published, which had another submool frame and the motor compartment configuration. This model also used new aggregates that were developed for the new "Moskvich-408".

On the basis of the "407th" model, the All-wheel drive sedan "Moskvich-410 (410N)" and all-wheel drive universal "Moskvich-411" were released. These Soviet high-pass vehicles were oriented for the needs of rural residents. On cars installed tires of increased dimension 6.4-15 inches with a "gear" pattern of the tread, and ground clearance increased to 220 mm.

Moskvich-412.

This is perhaps one of the most famous Soviet passenger rear-wheel drive cars, which became famous for its outstanding sports achievements in many international competitions. The car was produced from 1967 to 1977 at the MMS / AZLK plant and from 1967 to 1998 on Izhevsk Automobile Plant.

"The 412th" replaced Muscovite-408, but was actually a modification with a more powerful engine. In the first years, he was very actively shipped to export. In 1969, modernization was performed, as a result of which the passive safety of the body was strengthened, installed seat belts, soft elements of the cabin, 2-contour brake system and fangs on the bumpers. The new car was denoted by Moskvich-412IE.

The characteristic element of Moskvich-412 became the square headlights of the production of the GDR, which were also set on German Wartburg 353. Based on the base model, the Moskvich-427 wagon and the Moskvich-434 van were created.

AZLK-2141

"Moskvich" AZLK-2141 - Soviet and Russian passenger front-wheel drive car with the body "Hatchback", produced from 1986 to 1998 at AZLK. In total, 716,831 instance of this model were released.

AZLK-2141 has a layout with a longitudinal arrangement of the power unit Uzam-331.10 and the VAZ-216-70, which worked in a pair with a 5-speed gearbox of the original design with primary and secondary shafts located at one height. As a result, it was possible to reduce the overall height of the power unit and lower the hood line. Along with the basic 1.5 and 1.6-liter engines used VAZ engines and bonds of 1.7 and 1.8 liters.

The car constructively and externally looked a real breakthrough compared to previous models: 5-speed gearbox, fourteenty-wing wheels, a relatively large wheelbase, wide body type "hatchback", MacPherson front suspension and a dependent rear with a stabilizer and a Panar stabilizer, rush steering and integrated "volumetric" plastic bumpers. The body itself was estimated quite a decent aerodynamic coefficient Cx \u003d 0.35.

In 1997, the modernization of Moskvich-2141-02 "Svyatogor" appeared with more powerful renault engine 2.0 l and updated appearance. Also in 1997, a small-sector M-2141R5 "Yury Dolgoruky" appeared with an elongated 200mm body hatchback and analogously elongated Sedan Moskvich-2142R5 "Prince Vladimir".

ZIS-110.

This an impressive car From the USSR, there was a real large and solid seven-leaved limousine with a length of as much as 6 meters and weighing 2.5 tons. All his exterior resembled the Limousines of the American company Packard.

ZIS-110 was equipped with a row eight-cylinder motor of 6 liters and with a capacity of 140 liters. with. working in a pair with 3-speed mechanical box Transmissions. The limousine was primarily intended for the Higher Party Guide of the USSR and the famous cultural and science workers. Its production has lasted from 1945 to 1961 on the automobile plant. Stalin. Total released 2089 cars of all modifications.

The car was technically equipped with a fully: unusual for Soviet vehicles switching lever 3-speed gearbox on the steering column, hydraulic valve pushers and hypoid main transmission, which provided the ZIS-110 high level of acoustic comfort; Independent pivot pendant front wheels on double transverse levers; Luxurious cabin equipment, which included electro-hydraulic windows, high-end radio, heating and ventilation system.

Main modifications: ZIS-110A - ambulance car; ZIS-110B - Phaeton with a folding male roof; ZIS-110P - all-wheel drive car; ZIS-115 - armored version.

ZAZ-965A "Zaporozhets"

ZAZ-965A "Zaporozhets" was a real Soviet "folk car", produced at the "Communard" factory in Zaporizhia from 1962 to 1969. A total of 322,166 such cars were released.

It was equipped with an inclined air cooling engine MEMZ-966 with a capacity of 27 hp and 887 cubic meters. In 1965, at the expense of a new carburetor, the capacity was increased to 30 hp. The car was exported to European countries through the Belgian exporter Jalta, and in Finland cars were under the brand name Yalta.

When designing, the Italian Fiat 600 was taken as a basis due to its successful and progressive for mass production of the body design. Unlike Fiat 600 "ZAZ-965A" had a three-disconnecting body such as "two-door sedan" with a clearly dedicated volume of the engine compartment's trunk in the form of "hump" and large rear glassunified with frontal.

The suspension was on double longitudinal levers with two transverse tocions as elastic elements. A car relied on the road using 13-inch wheels with a high profile, which provided acceptable permeability. We also produced modifications for the disabled and the mail van to collect letters with the right steering.

ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets"

The successor ZAZ-965A became the model with an index 966, which was produced from 1966 to 1972. ZAZ-966 had an independent front suspension of a parallelogram type, with a guide device in the form of dual longitudinal levers and two transverse-plate-lamellar torsions as the main elastic element. Also, the "966th" received a new more advanced rear independent suspension.

Since 1967, an updated 1597 cc with significantly better traction characteristics and an increased resource was applied in the car. Body from the back had the characteristic "ears" airlows for cooling the engine compartment. For this element ZAZ-966 nicknamed "eared".

The gearbox with a fully synchronized number of front turns was successful and reliable, which allowed her to work with more powerful engines. Not very successful elements of the design were semi-axes with rather "gentle" rubber anthers of internal hinges.

ZAZ-968 "Zaporozhets"

"968-Aya" model was a further development and modernization of ZAZ-966, it appeared in 1971 and was produced until 1994. Also was the legendary Soviet car I small class.

From the predecessor ZAZ-968, initially differed only by other reversing lamps. Only in 1973, an upgraded model ZAZ-968A appeared, which had already narrow molding, instead of a raised radiator grille, new seats, 2-contour brake systems, a new instrument panel and an ignition lock with an anti-theft device.

ZAZ-968M "Zaporozhets"

In 1979, another modernization appeared - ZAZ-968M, which possessed rectangular rear lanterns instead of a round, new convex front panel with the middle black stripe and the inscription "968m", as well as rectangular turn signs. In addition, a 50-strong MEMZ-968BE engine was installed on this modification along with the basic.

Constructively changed the engine cooling system, where the air began to act through the stamped grid in the hood lid: "ears" were replaced with small "gills", where the right grille was used for air intake, and left for release.

VAZ-2101.

It was one of the most massive and favorite Soviet passenger cars of small class produced on the Volga Auto Plant. It can be called a real "folk car" of the Soviet era.

VAZ 2101 was the "primary" classical family of VAZ cars, which was produced until 2012. The production of model 2101 has lasted from 1970 to 1988 and in 18 years, 4.85 million VAZ-2101 pieces of all modifications were released.

Italian Fiat 124 was chosen as a prototype for the VAZ-2101, but in the Soviet car there were rear brakes on the drums for driving conditions in bad roads, the front suspension was replaced and completely replaced with a more modern rear suspension, modified cardan transfer, Strengthened grip and modified the design of synchronizers in the checkpoint. Modifications were made in terms of comfort and safety. A total of more than 800 changes were made.

The basic model was equipped with a 1.2-liter 62-power engine. The car was also also called "Zhiguli", "a single" and "penny". The main modifications of the model "2101" can be called: VAZ 21011 "Zhiguli -1300" - equipped with a more powerful engine of 1.3 l 69 hp with some modifications of the design of the body and the cabin; VAZ 2102 - Universal, is a licensed version of Fiat 124 Familiare with numerous changes and modifications. In total, 666,989 copies of such universal were released. The VAZ-2102 had pendant springs and shock absorbers, which made it possible to maintain a load capacity of 250 kg with two passengers. There was also a version of the electric vehicle VAZ-2102E / 2801 "Electro", released in the amount of only 47 pcs.

VAZ-2105

This is the further development of VAZ-ox models of "Classics". VAZ-2105 is the longest produced by the Soviet car from the Zhiguli family - 31 years from 1979 to 2010. It was also one of the cheapest cars in the Russian market.

VAZ-2105 compared to "2101" possessed more angular shapes of the body, replaced by chrome details on matte black plastic or made of painted metal. Here for the first time, the engine timing belt was used instead of a chain, first combined with overall and fog lights, turn signals, stop signals and reverse lights. In addition, windows were removed on the side glasses, but it was added by blowing the side glasses and heating the rear window.

A total of 2,091,000 VAZ-2105 copies were released. In the basic configuration, an engine was used 1.29 l with a capacity of 63.6 hp. With a 4-speed gearbox. But there were modifications with a 5-speed gearbox and more powerful engines: 1.45 L - 71.4 hp, 1.57 l - 80 and 82 hp For the power structures, the rotary-piston engine VAKEL-4132 - 1.3 L, 140 hp was installed. The export of VAZ-2105 was shipped under the name Lada Riva.

VAZ-2106.

This is a Soviet-Russian passenger car produced by a VAZ from 1976 to 2006. In total at different planes during this time, 4.3 million pieces of this model were released, which makes VAZ-2106 by one of the most massive domestic cars in history.

The exterior of "2106" was designed using black plastics at the time with a changed front facing, the back of the trunk, the bumper, wheel caps, side signs of turns, ventilation grids and even the factory sign. In the basic configuration, an engine 2103 was used, the working volume of which was increased to 1.57 liters, the torque and power increased by 12% - to 78 hp.

"Six" has become a three-millionth car released by a vase. VAZ-2106 For a long time remained the most prestigious model in the Line of the "Zhiguli", having an assessment of a car of increased comfort and reliability.

VAZ-1111 "Oka"

This Soviet and Russian micro-car was produced on a vase, KAMAZ and CEAZ from 1987 to 2008 and during this period about 700 thousand copies were issued. The main examples that the Soviet designers were based in the development of "Oka", became Japanese Kay-Kara, such as Daihatsu Cuore (L55), Subaru 700 and Honda Today.

Engine for VAZ-1111 with a capacity of 29.7 hp Created on the basis of the VAZ-2108 motor, taking the average two cylinders with moving synchronously pistons. Such an engine was called "half the eighth" unofficially, and on the official documentation he was assigned the number "1111". The body of the type "3-door sedan" was self-supporting with the mud flaps of the front wings of a box cross section as the power elements.

From the VAZ-2108, a cooling system was taken. In the system, an original carburetor was applied. Front suspension - MacPherson type with transverse stability stabilizer. Rear suspension - transverse flexible beam. The car was put on small 12-inch wheels with a fastening on three nuts. More than a third of parts are borrowed with VAZ-2101, VAZ-2103, VAZ-2108, VAZ-2121.

After the cessation in 1995, the production of "Oka" on a vase, due to its unprofitability, the production was transferred to Serpukhov, where the Seaz-1111 began to produce at the SeaZ-1111 plant, and in the Naberezhnye Chelny on the "ZMA", where KAMAZ-1111 was created. You already installed more powerful 0.75-liter 33-strong VAZ-11113 engine - half of the 1.5-liter VAZ-21083 engine.

The production on KAMAZ was discontinued in 2006 after the purchase of an enterprise by Severstal-Auto, and at Seaha in 2007, the release of "Oka" with the domestic engine was stopped and completely converted to the use of a Chinese 3-cylinder 1-liter unit with a capacity of 53 liters. With .. an attempt was also made by the production of pickups and vans of the Sea-11116-50 family. But in 2008, the production was stopped at Seauze due to its unprofitability.

UAZ-452.

The legendary Soviet cargo-massage all-wheel drive car produced at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant from 1965 and to the present. For his external cubic view with rounded edges of the UAZ-452, the nickname "Buanka" was popular, and in the cargo side version - "Golovastik".

UAZ-452 In addition to the basic "van" has a large number different modifications, the mains of which are UAZ-452A - a sanitary car, which is able to get on the road to the most distant places; UAZ-452B - nine minibus; UAZ-452D - truck with a double cabin and wooden body.

In 1985, the UAZ-452 and its modifications received new indexes. So the all-wheel drive minibus began to be designated - UAZ-2206, and a sanitary car - UAZ-3962. At the base of the UAZ-452 also created a special armored car for the transport of values.

UAZ-469.

The car of increased pavement UAZ-469 became the successor to the legendary predecessor of GAZ-69. He was released at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant for more than 30 years from 1972 to 2003. From 1985 after modernization, the car began to be produced under the UAZ-3151 index.

As follows, the UAZ-469 designers should be a reliable, durable and all-round utilitarian car on the tested units of domestic "Gas" cars. UAZ-469 had a 5-seater body with removable tarp riding and side glazing, as well as the rear-fifth door leaned for loading of cargo. The body was mounted on a rigid and durable spar frame.

Road clearance reached 300 mm at the versions with "military" bridges and 220 mm in civil "UAZ". The disabled hubs were mounted on the front bridge, which made it possible to turn off the front axle and reduce fuel consumption when driving around the highway. Later began to apply fast-switching or self-locking coupling. Since 1983, the engine of the UMW-414 model of 77 hp was installed on the machine with a capacity of 77 hp.

Upgraded in 1985 Version of the UAZ-3151 had an additionally: hydraulic clutch shutdown drive, new lighting devices, windshield washer, leading high reliability bridges, two-circuit brake system, UFM-417 engine with high power up to 80 hp. and a number of other changes.

The main modifications of UAZ-469 include: UAZ-469B - civil version with clearance of 220 mm; UAZ-469 bg- medical option; UAZ-469Ap - Patrol Militian version with a rigid roof. The UAZ-469 in 2010 established a world record for the capacity of a passenger car - thentree of 32 people with a total weighing of 1900 kg.

IL-2715

IZH-2715 (or as it was called - "heel") Soviet and Russian cargo-passenger car serially produced from 1972 to 2001 in Izhevsk Automobile Plant. Cars of this model for almost 30 years 2,317,493 copies were released.

The truck was created on the basis of Muscovite-412 with a double cabin and a cargo van or a passenger compartment. IL-2715 in the USSR was the only light delivering car for the supply of small trading organizations. Its carrying capacity was 450-500 kg. And because of the frequent use in the carriage of confectionery IZH-2715, they also called "Pupbug" and "Pirozhkovoz".

The main modifications of IL-2715 include: basic with a all-metal van, IL-27151 in the body of a pickup picap with a folding back board and an IL-27156 -Chust freight-passenger version for short-term passenger transportation. The car has shipped to export to Latin America countries (for example, to Panama), as well as in Finland called "Elite Pickup".

As a power unit for IL-2715, a standard Uzam-412E engine was installed with a capacity of 75 hp. and deformed - 68 hp In an option for gasoline A-76.

LUAZ-969 "Volyn"

LUAZ-969 "Volyn" was a small Soviet-Ukrainian car of heightened passability, produced at the Automobile Plant in Lutsk from 1966 to 2002. "969th" was the first "SUV" that could be purchased into personal use, because It was specially designed for the needs of the villagers.

The car had a very functional uncomplicated design and the most minimal comfort. It was equipped with two types of MEMZ-969 engines, 890 cm³, with a capacity of 30 hp. and MEMZ-969A, with a capacity of 1197 cm³, with a capacity of 40 hp Initial serial instances of LUAZ-969 were only an option, but with a power take-off shaft to drive mounted or trailed equipment. All-wheel drive option "Loise" began to be produced from 1971.

The body body has been seized with a spar-type integrated frame. The interior on the layout is even visually strongly shifted forward to ensure constant loading of the front axle in order to ensure the best traction clutch with the soil. In all-wheel drive modification, the rotation is transmitted from the power take-off shaft from the gearbox to the rear axle reducer using a non-thin shaft hinges. The inter-axis differential in the design was absent. Suspension - torsion on longitudinal levers. Drum brakes without amplifier.

The main modifications include: LUAZ-969A with a more powerful 40-power engine and LUAZ-969M with a new form and trim, as well as an updated aggregate part.

RAF-2203 "Latvia"

The Soviet minibus manufactured at the Riga Auto Plant "RAF" from 1976 to 1997. He successfully replaced his predecessor RAF-977. RAF-2203 became the most massive and almost the only model of the minibus in the USSR. It was produced by 18 thousand copies per year with a common end result in 274,000 vehicles of all modifications.

The minibus according to the original design of the designers was to be completely unified with aggregates of existing Soviet cars. The main elements are taken from the "Volga" GAZ-24, wheel caps from GAZ-21, dashboard from GAZ-24, chrome plated mirrors and rear lights from the car "Moskvich-412".

The engine from the "Volga" gas-24 was installed as a power unit, which was located in the cabin between the front seats. Front suspension independent, spring, on transverse levers. Hydraulic shock absorbers, telescopic, with enhanced springs. Rear suspension dependent, on semi-elliptic longitudinal springs. The salon was divided into two compartments: for the driver and front passenger, sitting on the hoods of the anterior stake and the passenger interior of 10 places with a passage to the rear row of the seats.

The main modifications of RAF-2203 include: RAF-2203 Basic passenger minibus by 10 seats, emergency medical assistance - RAF-22031 with several subsequent modernization, route taxi - RAF-22032 with a deformed ZMZ-2401 engine, as well as specialized minibuses of GAI RAF-22033 and firefighter cars RAF-22034. In total, more than 90 different modifications were issued on the basis of RAF-2203.

Hello dear readers, today we will present to your attention the best cars THE USSR. As you yourself understand, our top will include those cars that were popular among the population soviet Union Back in the middle of the 20th century. Perhaps some of them you will meet on the modern roads of the country. The list will be quite large, so I propose to immediately proceed to its consideration.

ZAZ 968.

All the famous "Zaporozhets" was quite popular during the Soviet Union. In particular, this applies to the model ZAZ 968. She was a dream of many. He was already produced until 1994, but with the advent of more perfect techniques, gradually went down in history. Special modifications of this Zaporizhia giant were created, which were specifically designed for disabled people. Engine power in 30 liters. from. In those years, it was enough for trips around the city. In those days, there was no speed in the first place, but quality. ZAZ 968 fully corresponded to the needs of residents of the Soviet Union.

Moskvich 412.

This is the ninth place of our rating. Even today you can meet this model on the roads of our country. The peak of the popularity of the steel horse fell on the mid-70s of the engine volume of 1.5 liters quite enough for competition even with foreign stamps, which were rarely rather rare. Motor power - 72 liters. from. For that time it was quite good. Our country in the 70s even produced the export of the model to foreign countries. Moreover, the geography of distribution was quite wide.

VAZ 2107.

The famous seven, which is not published in the light of just a couple of years, is located on the 8th place of our rating. In the early 80s, this brand was one of the most popular. Then she was made on conscience. Engine power - 74 liters. from. It is just fine for that time. At the same time, the car was very economical, and consumed only 7 liters of gasoline per 100 km. Design for that time is just progressive. Today, the model can be purchased at any car market for an acceptable price, but since the 90s, the quality of the brand has deteriorated significantly.

Gas 12 winters

Just a chic car, which was produced in the Soviet Union from 1948 to 1960 for that period and there is a peak of its popularity. Today it can be found perhaps in the collection of rich oligarchs. Engine brand worked at 72nd gasoline. Motor power was enough for the then city. This artwork was sometimes used as a taxi.

VAZ 2103.

The sixth place goes to VAZ 2103. Typical Zhigul, which was developed in conjunction with the Italian company Fiat. Produced at the Volzhsky Automobile Plant in the period from 1972 to 1984. The four-cylinder engine was able to accelerate until hundreds in 16 seconds. Its capacity was 77 liters. from. Today, cars can be found on the streets of our country, but every year representatives of this family are becoming less and less.

VAZ 2108.

The top five opens the VAZ 2108, which in the mid-80s made a revolutionary coup in terms of design. Soviet stamps began to have after that a very respectable appearance. Years of release - 1984-2003. Standard engine had a power of 64 liters. from. At the same time, until the speed of 100 km / h, he allowed to accelerate for 15 s. Very economical brand that consumed only 5.4 l / 100 km.

GAZ 2410.

Our favorite Volga is located on the 4th position of our list. Produced relatively long, only 7 years, starting from 1985, and ending in 1992. 2.5 liter engine had a power of 100 liters. from. For that time, quite good indicators. At the same time, a person bought at his disposal a fairly spacious steel horse. There is even a limousine.

Volga 21.

Opens the Troika Volga Leaders 21. She was produced from 1955 to 1970. Iron horse was produced immediately in several modifications. At the same time, the middle class of the population of the Soviet Union was available. Probably, that is why it became popular. 2.5 liter engine has a power of 75 liters. from. Today the car can be found on the roads of the country, but it happens more and less. The model cannot be called economical. It consumes 15 l / 100 km in mixed mode.

To the perch, the vast majority of such cars are large black sedans for the party elite. However, in the development of the Union there were such "folk" specimens, which they are even expensive to see today. But let's start with the "BCS".

This beautiful black sedan came to replace the outdated ZIS-110, who did not get into our selection only because his 8 cylinders were located in a row under the hood, and not at an angle. But ZIL-111 received a new engine with a similar label, which had 6 liters of working volume, two hundreds of horsepower and torque in 442 nm. A dual-band hydrotransformer "automatic" worked in a pair.

On the basis of this sedan, Faeton ZIL-111B was also developed - the heir to the SIS-110V representative cabriorator.

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This, in turn, the heir to ZIL-111 - already at that time it was necessary to follow the automotive fashion so as not to "sleep" actual design trends. The new sedan got a new engine - of course, with the same label as the sedan himself. This carburetor unit has already issued 300 forces when increased to 7 liters of volume, and the torque increased to 559 nm. An additional stage received an automatic transmission with which a new engine worked.

In the photo: ZIL-114 "1967-71

Of course, on the basis of ZIL-114, several special modifications were released. One of these - the Universal ZIL-114A, who received a medical specialty. In the USSR, such cars called "black doctors".

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This is a shortened version of the Limousine ZIL-117, which received the same technical basis as the original. The seven-liter Motor ZIL-114 with a decreased mass of the machine ensured more confident dynamics, and the database decreases positively affected by handling.

In the photo: ZIL-117 "1971-77

ZIL-117 also did not escape popularity as the basis for special machines. In addition to copies for special services, a two-door phaeton with a cloth awning was released - such cars participated in parades on Red Square.

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Limousine, who had to get the name ZIL-115 as a legal successor of the previous car selection, due to the change of the index system, began to wear the name ZIL-4104. The same name received its motor - V 8 of 7.7 liters. This unit received a small increase in power relative to the predecessor - it grew to 315 hp, but the torque increased more noticeable, to 608 nm. Motor has preserved the main features: an aluminum block with cast iron sleeves, two valves per cylinder, valve hydro pulls and a carburetor system.

Government limousine traditionally went to serve in various departments, receiving various modifications. In addition to Phatete, ZIL-41044 also existed and "short" sedan ZIL-41041, and "black doctor" ZIL-41042, and Silvering ZIL-41072 "Scorpio", and many other specials.

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This machine has become a cosmetic update ZIL-4104: This is clear even from the name. Saving the technical part and the body unchanged, it got a new lighting, an upgraded version of the design of the front and other stylistics of chrome elements on the body.

This is the last update of ZIL-4104: such cars were produced until 2002, and after it began to be done piecewise on special matters. The car again left unchanged technically, but refreshed outside, making the exterior stricter and "square."

This car, unlike most Zilovsky cars, has not been serial. Initially, he had to become a replacement of the "short" ZIL-41041, having obtained modern appearance and a new technical stuffing. The appearance of the new car was noticeably "democratic" than the rest of the representatives of the family, but the equipment did not disaccurate.

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Under the hood, all the same Motor ZIL-4104 with a volume of 7.7 liters and a capacity of 315 hp was placed, and the main technical difference of the new car was the lack of a frame - it was planned to translate to the bomb. However, the development of the car did not receive, remaining to exist in two copies, which were implemented by technical solutions and internal equipment options.

ZIL-118 "Youth"

ZIL-118 "Youth" is not a passenger car, but a minibus, but we simply could not get around his attention: I was too elegant. His appearance was true, only in the first incarnation. The stories of this curious car, and here we suggest just admire this sample style of your time and class.

Ending speech about Zilovsky cars, you can break from black sedans: sports cars were in the history of the plant. One of these is ZIL-112C: a rapid roadster with a fiberglass body. It could be installed not alone, but as many as two different V-shaped "eights". The first one had 6 liters of working volume and developed 240 hp, and the second - already 7 liters, which were given at different times from 270 to 300 horsepower. The maximum speed of the rodster was about 270 km / h, and overclocking to hundreds took less than 5 seconds.

GAZ-13 "Seagull" is another legend of the Soviet car industry. Favoring the stylistics of foreign cars of that time, she looked luxurious, boldly and solid at the same time. Motor GAZ-13 was under the appearance: 5.5-liter V 8 issued 195 hp and 412 nm. He had two valves per cylinder and aluminum block, and combined with a three-stage automatic transmission. In addition to him, a gas-13d engine was installed on the car, which was already 215 hp, at the same volume and torque.

Of course, it did not cost without various modifications and on the basis of Gas cars. So, for example, the seagull had an open version with a soft riding that was carrying the gas-13b index.

The succession of the first seagull, the new car under the gas-14 index began to look quite differently - stricter, easier and angling, approaching its stylist to Zilovsky limousines. Dual headlights, long and low profile, dosed number of chromium - such has become a seagull in the second generation. Under the hood, the GAZ-14 engine was prescribed, developed on the basis of the same GAZ-13 and had 5.5 liters, but slightly more power and torque - 220 hp and 450 nm, respectively. Putal it is not alone, but at once two carburetors.

On the basis of the "second" seagulls were created as a traditional phaeton for parades under the index of GAZ-14-05 and "Black Doctor" GAZ-RAF-3920.

In the photo: GAZ-14-05 and GAZ-RAF-3920

A separate caste of powerful gases with V 8 is cars for special services, the so-called. GAZ-23 - GAZ-21 base sedan, which received enhanced body, adapted to set a slightly upgraded power unit from the seagull. Motor ZMZ-23 had 5.5 liters of volume and 195 hp Power, accelerating the sedan to a hundred kilometers per hour in 16 seconds and providing a maximum speed of 160 km / h. Of course, under the new technical realities, not only the body was improved, but also brake system, and transmission, and chassis.

This sedan came to shift GAZ-23. The new "catchy" also received an upgraded engine from the seagull and automatic gearbox: with 5.5-liter ZMZ-2424, it, according to various sources, accelerated to 160-180 km / h.

The logical development of the model was GAZ-24-34, which received the body from GAZ-24-10, into which the V 8 and the three-stage "automatic" were installed along the exhaust scheme, simultaneously improving all the main nodes of the car.

This little-known car was supposed to become a representative machine of a new generation, not just changing the seagull in the post, but becoming much more modern and technological, but at the same time compact. Judge for yourself how many technical innovations were laid in the car at the creation stage: a four-wheel drive with forced blocking inter-axis differential, disc brakes of all wheels, hydraulicel, climate control, original body glazing ... and this is only a small part of interesting technical solutions - we talked in detail about

Even today, we can hardly imagine themselves in a car with an engine in the form of a small atomic reactor or in the so-called microwave mobile, which receives energy from the contact network stubborn under the road. And and, above which they set out not one decade, trying to adapt them to cars, so they did not fit. But half a century ago everything was written in the automotive press almost seriously. And in Soviet editions - with a special burrow. Indeed, in the mid-1950s, when the country built high residential buildings and large plants, blocked the river, launched a rocket into space, and there were new cars to the conveyors - new cars were very close to the conveyors.

Amazing, sometimes fantastic projects of the Soviet car industry - a large and very interesting topic. But first, I remember only a few of its bright pages: projects that seem to be about to become a reality. After all, something from the anthology of Soviet automotive fiction was embodied in experienced running patterns!

Avangard for Chairman

Oh, this tatra 77! Brilliant, although not without a madman, the machine work of the great Czech designer of Hans Ledovinka made a lot of minds around the world. Including in the USSR. A streamlined body carrying with a keel on the roof, an independent suspension, an air cooling V8 engine, located behind, - all this was so not like the usual cars of the mid-1930s! But the serial Tatra 77 appeared in 1934, even before the famous German beetle and even more so other structurally similar machines.

Of course, Tatra was not first of its kind. Many companies and single engineers also tried to make back-drawn cars with streamlined bodies, to one degree or another bizarre. The German firm in the early 1920s even established the mass production of the rear-engine car with aerodynamic (in the then understanding) body. But she had much more than the advantages, sales were meager. And the Czechoslovak firm TATRA brought the idea to a completely workable, reliable car, putting its serial, albeit not massive, production.

This car has made an indelible impression on young Soviet designers, including the twenty-five-year-old - an engineer for education, an artist and a popularizer on the vocation, which later became widely known for its articles and books. You can imagine how they looked at the Tatra in the USSR, where only Fords of the end of the 1920s are used from passenger cars! Dolmatovsky came to work on the ZIS in 1939 and found a like-minded person in the face of the young artist Valentina Rostakov, who was painting, by the way, in 1938.

The main work of special creativity did not imply, but in her free time, young dreamers artists began to create sketches of futuristic rearranged representative sedans with streamlined bodies. The factory, in the meantime, she prepared only a small update, constructively ascending to the American Biuik of the beginning of the 1930s, and stylistically - to the "Americans" of the middle of the decade. And the riding perfection in the USSR considered pompous, bulky limousines Packard and Lincoln.

Of course, the rear-engine layout attracted not only by the fact that it was applied on Tatra. And not only because it allowed to make a more streamlined front of the car. Machines with the engine rear attracted engineers with good loading of driving wheels, lack of long transmission and, accordingly, a powerful tunnel for cardan in the middle of the cabin.

From some sketches of young Soviet dreamers of the late 1930s - mid-1940s captures the Spirit! Especially if you imagine the time and those who traveled on VIS cars. Let's say, here from the SCRs or Borovitsky gates of the Kremlin leaves the cavalcade of cars with tatry-style bodies, only generous, in the American style, decorated with chrome. Well, what is not a fantastic movie?

In the spring of 1941, the young zisovets were allowed to make two layouts on a scale of 1:10. But the director of the plant Ivan Likhachev sharply criticized this work, calling her authors by fantasies. And was right. Likhachev knew the world well in which he lived, his writing and unwritten laws. The task of the director was the fulfillment of the plan and debugging of the production of serial cars, understandable to public consciousness and especially those who were legislators in the USSR.

And during the war, while working on the model in the stylistry of the Packard limousine, and in the post-war years, when ZIS-110 became serial, Valentin Rostkov continued to make sketches of futuristic machines. And Yuri Dolmatovsky, who worked from 1943 in Nati (since 1946), remained a stubborn adherent of the rear-engine arrangement and aerodynamic bodies. Soon, Dolmatovsky had a colleague, too, as he was passionate about futuristic projects, - ending his studies in the university engineer and wonderful draftsman Vladimir Aryamov. Sketches with sketches, and after all, something of the fantasies invented after all the same went!

Originated from the monkey

Soviet car dreamers helped time. In 1948, on the wave of post-war lifting, when it seemed that the winners were all over the shoulder, the leadership was given permission to design and build a prototype of an unusual, not at all similar to the serial car. Dolmatovsky conceived to connect the rear motor with the clock layout. The idea was not Nova, including for Soviet designers. After all, by placing the engine from behind, it was logical to move the driver's seat forward, noticeably increasing the useful space behind it.

Fantasy, so with a scope! In the car, which was assigned the name, was planned to position a completely new four-cylinder opposite motor with a fuel injection system in the intake manifold and an automatic transmission! The whole suspension is independent, front - from the victory of GAZ-M20, the rear is original.

In those years, the designers of all countries tried to reduce the diameter of the wheels, so as not to take out massive arches a place in the cabin. Thirteen-seed wheels for Nami-013 were made specifically, since the Soviet industry has not yet released. From several layouts chose the one that was with the most concise (and therefore harmonious) design - without coupling decor. At the Institute, the car received a nickname Chyl, since "from the face" reminded its creators of a monkey from popular films about Tarzan. And after all, really a little bit like!

Since a brand new engine and transmission still had to bring, the engine was put on the car from victory - converted to the top-smelted and forced to 63.5 hp

The prototype was collected in 1950. The car with three, like the rows of seats was noticeably shorter and easier, and according to the project indicators and more economical. In 1951-1952, Nami-013 committed several test runs around the country. But the car was just a running layout, no one thought about serial production. And the case was not only and not so much in the cosmines of the automotive bosses, how much in the absolute uniformity of the industry for something like that. Yes, no one seriously the economy of this project and did not calculate. But it was not the end of the story! Chita made its important thing. In just a few years, the avant-garde ideas of young engineers and artists were in a hemisphere from the series. At least so it seemed.

In 1955, the deputy chief designer of the Irbit Motorcycle Plant Fyodor Repepih addressed us with the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an over-compact folk carThat would cost less the cheapest at that time in the USSR Machine - Muscovite. The need for such a car was great. About this, Soviet workers, in the mid-1950s who believed in the bright prospects of the country and their own, massively wrote in different instances, including on motos. Many dreamed of replacing motorcycles with something not very expensive, but more roomy, comfortable and adapted for our nonlaska climate. The leadership took the idea, and Dolmatovsky, Aryamov and other young Soviet dresses appeared a real chance to realize his dreams in real car!

The creators (Irbit, where planned to make a car was once the capital of the Russian fur market), focused on the figure 5: Capacity - five people, motor - volume of 0.5 liters, fuel consumption - about 5 l / 100 km, dry weight - 500 kg . "The trailer" with a slightly protruding motor compartment, however, the serial motorcycle engine with a working volume of 0.75 liters and a capacity of 23 hp With the fan of forced cooling (we took into account the experience-013, which on the tests constantly overheated). The engine docked the upgraded gearbox Moskvich-401. Hydraulic brakes were created on the basis of motorcycle. Applicated 10-inch wheels.

It is clear to the most accurately to accommodate serial nodes and aggregates to the car, otherwise it was meaningless to count on production. But the unification was not very much - the car was hurt. Two prototypes us-050 were collected in Irbit and in the fall of 1955 delivered to Moscow along the railway, in the luggage car. Already at the station train station, not only employees were met by us, but also enthusiastic Soviet journalists.

The main car of the project was to become an option with a closed body, leaning the front wall for landing on the front seats and the only side door for the second-row passengers. Of course, all this twisted design on the tests constantly proceeded. Simplified version planned: without doors, with an awning or ability to install a light plastic cap from above.

In those years, the Soviet prototypes from the press were not hidden. About protein enthusiastically wrote newspapers and magazines. The tone was like this: the car is about to become serial. The fate of the project was decided on January 30, 1957 at a meeting of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, where it was finally decided: to be a new back-drawing car - to be, but ... to do it on the basis of the FIAT 600 body and with a full-fledged car four-cylinder engine. Of course, the car with a more durable than a motorcycle, engine, 13-inch wheels and normal doors was much more practical proteins, no matter how a shame it was for its creators.

By the way, similar to us-050 prototypes of the back-drawing vehicles did in those years and several foreign firms. At the exhibitions showed, for example, avant-garde Renault 900. But only Fiat Multipla, the most unified with the model 600 and, by the way, having ordinary doors, reached mass production.

Aesthetics of maximalism

In the early 1960s, Zaporozhets was already serial, we were engaged in completely different projects, but in Moscow on the wave of universal interest in the fact that the design will later be called, and then called "artistic design", founded the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics (VNIIT ). Yuri Dolmatovsky went there and moved. And there, together with the group of artists and engineers, created ... Of course, Ven with the engine from behind!

This time it was VNIIT-PT (promising taxi) with a 50-strong Muscovite-408 motor installed from behind, transversely, and the radiator of the cooling system in the front. "The trailer" with a body of fiberglass panels on a spatial frame and a wide side sliding door with an electric drive (!) It looked very modern. It even praised the British magazine Motor: "Probably this is the most modern taxi in the world." The Soviet press wrote about the car even more enthusiastically, especially since the experienced sample was even left for Moscow streets. When compared with an experienced taxi, in many respects won. Capacity - Above, the wide door allowed to roll even a baby stroller. Mass - 300 kg less, the radius of the reversal is noticeably less, the fuel consumption is lower. And the maximum speed of 90 km / h urban taxi was enough.

The press, as usual, began to predict VNIITE-PT a quick mass production. They even rumored about a particular factory - Yerevan car. But any practitioner of the car industry understood that all this is naive dreams. The body with fiberglass panels was very non-technological in serial production, the sliding door with an electric drive is doubtful in operation. And in general, in essence, only in the UK did special cars for a taxi. And in the USSR, no one would definitely deal with it - there was enough other worries.

The last chord of this story, which lasted four decades, was another prototype of VNIIT by the name Maxi. This is a rear-engine compact one-applifter on nodes and with the Zaporozhts engine. The doors were still sliding, but already easier - on the rollers, and the front seats were rotated for ease of entering. The car looked next to the serial peers of the aliel from the future, but the romantic period of the Soviet car industry, whose heyday came on the years of Khrushchev thaw, has already ended.

Of course, now many projects of those years look naive and not very mature. Practices and in those years understood that the futuristic ideas of Soviet dresses on the conveyors, to the limit of the planned planned products, is not a place. And nevertheless, this story remains a kind of bright feeling. After all, the desire to do something new, its unusual, albeit almost fantastic, worthy of respect.

Copying foreign cars began with the very first Soviet cars produced under Ford license. Over time, the copying occurred most often without the permission of Western auto plants. The USSR Research Automobile Institute purchased the capitalist oppressors of the labor nation at once several advanced models "to explore" and after a few years from the conveyors a Soviet analogue was found. True often by that time the prototype was already outdated and was shot from production, and a Soviet copy was produced by a single decade.

GAZ A.

The first mass passenger car of the USSR was borrowed from the American car industry. Gas A is a licensed copy of the American Ford-a. The USSR bought equipment and documents for production in 1929 from the American firm, and in two years, the release of Ford-A was discontinued. Aven a year later, in 1932, the first gas-a cars were released.

Despite the fact that the first cars of the plant were manufactured according to the drawings of the American firm Ford, they had already differed several differences from American prototypes. After 1936 in Moscow and Leningrad, the exploitation of obsolete gas was prohibited. The small car owners were prescribed to hand over Gas-A state and with a surcharge to acquire a new GAZ-M1.

Leningrad-1.

The Soviet experimental passenger car was an almost accurate copy of the BuICK-32-90 car, which in American standards belonged to the highest medium class.

Plant "Red Putlivovets", previously issued Fordson tractor, released 6 copies of L1 in 1933. A significant part of the car could not reach Moscow without serious breakdowns. As a result, "Red Putilovets" was reoriented to the release of tractors and tanks, and the refinement of L1 was transferred to the Moscow ZIS.

Since Biuik's body has no longer matched the middle of the thirties, they designed it in the ZIS. The American body studio Budd Company based on Soviet sketches designed elegant and externally modern for those years body. It cost a state half a million dollars and took 16 months.

GAZ-M-1

GAZ-M1, in turn, was designed according to the samples of Ford Model B (Model 40A) of 1934, the documentation for which gas was transferred to the American side under the terms of the contract.

During the adaptation of the model to the domestic operating conditions, the car was largely redesigned by Soviet specialists. EMCA in separate positions surpassed the later products of Ford.

Kim-10

The first Soviet serial small car, which, when developing, was taken by the British Ford Prefect.

In the USA made stamps and developed body drawings in the models of the Soviet designer artist. In 1940, the plant began producing this model. Kim-10 was to become the first truly "popular" Soviet car, however, the Great Patriotic War was prevented by the implementation of the ambitious plan of the country's leadership to ensure majority of citizens, the Great Patriotic War was prevented.

ZIS-110.

The design of the body of the first Soviet post-war passenger car of the representative class almost completely imitated the American "PakcCeard" of the senior series of pre-war issuing. Up to the trifles of the ZIS-110, it was similar to Packard 180 with the Body of Touring Sedan the last pre-war model of 1942.

An independent Soviet development, specially betrayed the appearance of the American Pakcarland in accordance with the taste preferences of the country's top management and, mainly, personally, Stalin.

It is unlikely that an American firm liked such creative development of her ideas in the design of the Soviet car, but no complaints from her part in those years did not follow, especially since the production of large "paccards" after the war was not resumed.

Moskvich 400.

The Soviet Saltra was a complete analogue of the Opel Kadett K38 car, produced in 1937-1940 in Germany at the German branch of Opel of the American concern General Motors, recreated after the war on the basis of surviving copies, documentation and accessories.

A part of the equipment for the release of the car was exported from the Opel plant in Rüsselheim (who was in the American occupation zone) and mounted in the USSR. A significant part of the lost documentation and the equipment for production was recreated again, and the work was carried out in Germany for the order of the Soviet military administration by the forces of mixed labor collectives, consisting of submitted Soviet and civilian German specialists who worked in the design bureaus created after the war.

Subsequent three generations of "Muscovites" will be lagging to repeat the products of Opel.

GAZ-M-12

The six-seven-seater passenger car of a large class with a hexo-long-base sedan body was developed based on Buick Super. Serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant (Molotov Plant) from 1950 to 1959 (some modifications - to 1960.)

The plant strongly recommended Completely copying the "BYUK" of the sample of 1948, but engineers based on the proposed model designed a car, which is maximized on already mastered aggregates and technology. The winter was not a copy of a particular foreign car in any way in terms of design, nor, in particular, in the technical aspect - in the last designers of the plant even managed to "say a new word" in the global highway industry. In October 1950, the first industrial batch of GAZ-M-12 was collected.

GAZ-21 "Volga"

The passenger car of the middle class was technically created by domestic engineers and designers "from scratch", but externally copied mainly American models of the early 1950s. During the development, foreign cars were studied: Ford Mainline, Chevrolet 210, Plymouth Savoy, Standard Vanguard and Opel Kapitdn.

GAZ-21 serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.

By the time of the start of mass production by world standards, the "Volga" design has already become at least ordinary, and on the background of serial foreign cars of those years have not yet been highlighted. Already by 1960, Volga was a car with hopelessly outdated design.

Moskvich-402.

The look of the small class car repeated the Opel Olympia Rekord model - the Opel Kadett K38 successor. Participation of specialists from gas, where the development of "Volga" GAZ-21 was completely influenced by the design of the car. Moskvich took over many elements of his design from her.

The mass production of "Moskvich-402" was cooler in May 1958.

GAZ-13 "Gull"

Representative car of a large class, created under the explicit influence of the latest models of the American company Packard, which in those years have just studied in us (Packard Caribbean convertible and Packard Patrician sedan, both 1956 model year).

"Chaika" was created with an explicit orientation on the trends of the American style, like all the products of the gas of those years, but was not a one hundred percent "stylistic copy" or the modernization of Packcard. The car was produced by a small series at the Gorky Automobile Plant C 1959 to 1981. In total, 3,189 cars of this model were made.

"Seagulls" were used as personal transport The highest nomenclature (predominantly ministers, the first secretaries of the Commands), which was issued as an integral part of the "package" of privileges.

And sedans, and the "Chaika" convertible were used on parades, were served in the meetings of foreign leaders, prominent figures and heroes, were used as accompaniment machines. Also, "Seagulls" came to the "Intourist", where, in turn, they could be ordered to be ordered to use as wedding limousines.

ZIL-111

Copying American design at different Soviet factories led to the fact that the appearance of the ZIL-111 car was created according to the same samples as the "seagull". As a result, in the country at the same time, externally similar cars were made. ZIL-111 is often accepted for a more common "seagull".

The car's passenger car stylistically represented a compilation of various elements of the American cars of the middle and the highest class of the first half of the 1950s - preferably reminded Cadillac, Packard and Buick. The basis of the external design of ZIL-111, as well as "Seagulls", lay design models of the American company Packard 1955-56. But compared with Packard models, Zil was more in all the dimensions, looked much stricter and "square", with the hidden lines, had a more complex and detailed decor.

From 1959 to 1967, only 112 copies of this car were collected.

ZAZ-965

The main prototype of the micro is Fiat 600.

The car was designed by MZS ("Moskvich") together with the automotive institute by us. The first samples received the designation "Moskvich-444", and have already differ significantly from the Italian prototype. Later, the designation was changed to "Moskvich-560". Meanwhile, the conveyor of the MSM itself was completely loaded by that time, and the reserves for the development in the production of microloes at the plant did not exist. Therefore, for the release of the car, it was decided to reconstruct the "Communar" plant in the city of Zaporizhia (Ussr), which was previously engaged in the production of combines and other agricultural machinery

ZAZ-966.

The passenger car of a particularly small class demonstrates the considerable similarity of the design with the German small polyagge NSU PRINZ IV (Germany, 1961).

GAZ-24 "Volga"

The passenger car of the middle class became the hybrid of the North American Ford Falcon and Plymouth Valiant.

Serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1969 to 1992. The appearance and design of the car were standard enough for this direction, specifications were also approximately an average level. Most "Volga" was not intended for sale in personal use and operated in taxi and other state organizations.

VAZ-2101.

VAZ-2101 "Zhiguli" - a rear-wheel drive car with a body of a sedan type is an analogue of the Fiat 124 model, which received the title "Car of the Year" in 1967.

By agreement of the Soviet external and Fiat, the Italians were created by Volzhsky automotive factory In Tolyatti with a full production cycle. The concern was the technological equipment of the plant, training of specialists.

VAZ-2101 was subjected to serious changes. In total, over 800 changes were made in the Fiat 124 design, after which it received the name Fiat 124R. The "Russification" FIAT 124 was extremely useful for the FIAT itself, which has accumulated unique information about the reliability of its machines in extreme operating conditions.

VAZ-2103.

Rear-wheel drive car with sedan type body. It was developed in conjunction with the Italian Fiat firm based on Fiat 124 and Fiat 125 models.

Later, on the basis of the VAZ-2103, "Project 21031" was developed later renamed VAZ-2106.

VAZ-2105

The VAZ-2105 model was developed by a serious modernization of previously produced models within the framework of the "second" generation of rear-wheel drive cars VAZ as a replacement of VAZ-2101. The design of the design was taken by the Fiat 128 Berlina model.

In the screensaver of the 15 series of 17 seasons of the series Simpsons, in which the Simpsons play real actors in real scenery, Homer rides home to Lada Nova (the export name "tops").

Moskvich-2141.

Moskvichu-412 replacement was designed only in the 1980s, and it was already a completely different car, - Moskvich-2141, front-wheel drive hatchback, created on the basis of the body of the French "SIM card" and already outdated by the engine of the uzam. Export name - Aleko, from the car plant of the Leninsky Komsomol.

As the best example to accelerate the design of a new car, Manavtoprom has seen a recently appeared Franco-American model Simca 1308 manufactured by the European branch of Chrysler Corporation. Designers ordered to copy the car up to the "iron". " However, in the process of developing the body "Moskvich" was designed again, as a result of which the car's exterior was significantly different from the French sample and, albeit with some stretch, but corresponded to the level of the mid-eighties.