Car candle device. Types of automobile spark plugs are their device and malfunction. Number of lateral electrodes

It is time, dear readers, talk about the element that matures the entire car ignition system and no doubt is one of the key in the work of gasoline. Ignition Candle - it is for the sake of sparks that occurs between its electrodes, and all the tricks with electronics, tramblings and other things are crushing. Let's get closer to this node, consider the Ignition Candle and Nuances, which you need to know for novice drivers.

So, as we already know with you, the heroine of this article is needed in order to ignite the fuel and air mixture in the motor cylinder.

Unfortunately, very often the owners of the machines do not pay due attention to these elements, considering them simple consumable material. In fact, the candles, like many other engine nodes, require a certain proportion of attention, because they depends the stability of the operation of the power unit.

In addition, sufficiently high demands are presented to their reliability. Only imagine in what conditions the candles have to work - high voltage fed to their electrodes (up to 40,000 volts), high temperatures reaching 1000 degrees and aggressive chemical processes associated with fuel combustion. All this dictates certain conditions that the ignition candle can be answered, and on this further ...

Despite all the responsibility lying on the shoulders of the candles, their design is quite simple. As stated: "The simpler, the more reliable." It consists of such parts:

• contact rod (tip);
• central electrode;
• ceramics insulator;
• metal case;
• resistor;
• side electrode.

The contact rod or, as it is also called, the tip is designed to connect with high-voltage wires of the ignition system.

Another end of the rod through a resistor, which serves to reduce the level of interference from the spark discharge, is connected to the central electrode, and all these elements are placed in an insulator from refractory ceramics.

The insulator, as follows from its name, is used to prevent short circuit between the central electrode, which is supplied to a voltage to 40,000 volts and the case having a reliable electrical connection with the "mass". The insulator has not only the outer part, which is visible, but also the inner (the so-called heat cone), which goes straight into the combustion chamber of the motor cylinder.

With the right mode of operation of the power unit and the candle, the heat cone performs a very important role - on its surfaces, due to the high temperature, the particles of soot are burned, self-cleaning of the candle from the products of combustion of fuel and the deposits do not accumulate.

But if you suddenly, the temperature of the heat cone exceeds the permissible, then the variety of mixture can occur - an extremely negative phenomenon in which fuel is flammable not from the spark, but from preheated to very high temperatures insulator.

The metal case combines the above internal parts and has a thread for screwing into the seat.

Well, the last element is the side electrode. It is welded to the body and is located near the central electrode. It is between them and skipping a spark, an animating gasoline engine.

What do you need to know the car owner?

Car owner is useful to know not only the ignition candle device, but also its main characteristics. Only so you can pick up the optimal model of this part, which is best for the motor. There are several of them:

• kalil number - very important parameterIt depends on it whether the vanish ignition will occur in the cylinders, which can lead to serious engine breakdowns. Each motor in the specification indicates the recommended value of this parameter and it is extremely desirable to use the corresponding candles - not with great and certainly not with a smaller number;
• spark gap - in fact, this is the distance between the central and side electrode. The smaller it is necessary to form a spark;
• the ability to self-cleaning is how the candle copes with fuel combustion products and sediments. Any objective scale does not have this parameter - it is necessary to believe in the word manufacturers;
• the working temperature of the candle - should be located within 500 - 900 degrees Celsius;
• the diameter of the candle and the length of the thread - the first parameter is usually 14 mm, and the second depends on the power of the motor - the more horses under the hood, the longer there should be a thread, as a rule, from 12 to 25 mm.

Many of these characteristics manufacturers indicate the candles housing in the form of special ciphers, to solve that can be solved using tables.

There are also interchangeability tables - a model of which candle without problems can be replaced with another.

As we can see, friends, the heroine of today's article - the element is not easy and for the motorist, it is important to know not only the spark plug device, but also its parameters, in order to replace the problems with force aggregatewhich can turn in expensive repair.

At this, the story about the candle comes to an end, and I will start preparing the following articles in which I will tell you about other secrets hiding in the depths of cars.

Ignition candle device

The task of the spark plug in the car's gasoline engine is to ignite the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber. Details of the candles that are in the combustion chamber are subjected to high thermal, mechanical, electrical loads, as well as the chemical effects of fuel combustion products. The temperature in it varies from 70 to 2500 ° C, the pressure of gases reaches 50-60 bar, and the voltage on the electrodes reaches 20 kV and higher. Such strict working conditions determine the features of the design of candles and used materials, since power, fuel efficiency, starting properties of engines, and toxicity of exhaust gases depend on the uninterruptedness of spar formation.

The main elements of any spark plug are a metal housing, a ceramic insulator, electrodes and a contact rod. The case has a thread that is screwed into the head of the cylinder block, the turnkey hexagon and special coating To protect against corrosion. The support surface can be flat or conical. In the first case, a sealing ring is used for reliable sealing of the candle hole. The insulator material is high-strength ceramics. To prevent electricity leakage on its surface (at the top of the insulator), ring grooves (current barriers) are made and a special glaze is applied, and a part of the insulator from the combustion chamber is performed in the form of a cone (called thermal). Inside the ceramic part of the candle, the central electrode and the contact rod, between which the resistor can be located, the overwhelming radio intercoms. Sealing the connection of these parts is carried out by conductive glass mass (glass grocery). Side electrode "Mass" is welded to the case.

Electrodes are made from heat-resistant metal or alloy. To improve the heat removal from the heat cone, the central electrode can be made of two metals (bimetallic electrode) - the central part of the copper is concluded in the heat-resistant shell. The bimetallic electrode has a high resource due to the fact that the good thermal conductivity of copper prevents it from excessive heating. This allows, in addition to improving thermoelasticity, increase the reliability and durability of the candle. In order to increase the service life, spark plugs with several side electrodes and fine-electro with a central electrode coated with platinum or iridium layer are available. The service life of the spark plug (depending on the design) is from 30 to 100 thousand km.

In the marking of the spark plug, its geometric and landing dimensions, design features and a calil number are indicated. Different manufacturers Have their own designation system. Below are marked, applied by Russian and leading foreign manufacturers, as well as table interchangeability of candles different marks (To view, click on the desired picture - the file opens in a new window).

Kalil number It is an indicator of the thermal properties of the candle (its ability to heat at various thermal loads of the engine). It is proportional to the average pressure, in which the Calinal ignition begins to appear in the process of testing the candle on the motor calibration in its cylinder (the uncontrollable process of igniting the working mixture from the hot chip elements). Candles with a small calilie call are called hot. Their thermal cone is heated to a temperature of 900 ° C (the temperature of the margin of gauge ignition) with a relatively small heat load. Such candles are used on small-minded engines with small degrees of compression. In cold candles, the rival ignition occurs at high heat loads, and they are used on high-affiliated engines.

While the thermal cone is not heated to 400 ° C, it is formed a naiga, leading to current leaks and sparking violations. Upon reaching this temperature, it begins to burn, the candle is cleansing (self-cleaning). The longer the thermal cone, the greater its area, so it is heated to the self-cleaning temperature with a smaller thermal load. In addition, the advantage of this part of the insulator from the body increases it by blowing it with gases, which additionally accelerates the heating and improves purification from Nagara. An increase in the length of the thermal cone leads to a decrease in the gallinal number (the candle becomes "hot").

Diagnostics of engine operation at the state of spark plugs

The ignition candle can ensure uninterrupted operation only subject to the following conditions:

• candles recommended by the engine manufacturer are used;
• the gasoline brand is used, indicated in the car manual;
• good ignition and nutrition systems;
• the force is not exceeded when screwing the candle into the engine block head.

The most likely cause of premature candle refusals is pollution by their products of incomplete combustion or an increase in the spark clearance due to the wear of the electrodes. In this case, the technical condition of the engine has a decisive effect on the performance of the candles. Even by appearance Candles can be said a lot of both the engine work as a whole and the individual nodes. An inspection of the candle needs to be carried out after the engine continuous operation, the ideal option will be an inspection of the candle after a long trip along the country highway. The error of some car enthusiasts, for example, is that after the cold start of the engine at a minus temperature and the unstable work, the candles are twisted first and having seen a black nagar, make hasty conclusions. But this Nagar could form during the engine operation in a cold start mode, when the mixture is enriched, and unstable work could be a consequence of a bad state of high-voltage wires. Therefore, if something does not suit you in the engine work, and you decided to make the diagnosis of its work with the help of candles, you need to drive on the initially pure candlelight at least 250-300 kilometers, and only after that do some conclusions.

In photo №1 The candle is depicted from the engine, the work of which can be considered excellent. The skirt of the central electrode has a light brown color, naiga and deposits are minimal. Complete lack of traces of oil. The owner of this engine can only be envied, and there is something: this is an economical fuel consumption and lack of need to top up oil from replacement to replace.

Photo №2. - Typical example of a candle from an engine with increased fuel consumption. The central electrode is covered with velvetist-black Nagar. There are several reasons for this: the rich air-fuel mixture (incorrect adjustment of the carburetor, the ignition advance angle or injection faults), clogging the air filter.

Photo number 3. - on the contrary, an example of overly poor air fuel mixes. The color of the electrode from light gray to white. There is a reason for concern. Riding on too depleted mixture and at elevated loads can cause significant overheating as the candle itself and the combustion chamber, and overheating the combustion chamber is a direct path to the discharge valve.

In photo №4. The skirt of the central electrode of the candle has a characteristic reddish tint. This color can be compared with the color of the red brick. Redness is caused by the operation of the engine at low-quality fuel containing an excess number of additives that have metal in their composition. Long-term use of such fuel will lead to the fact that the metal deposits form a conductive flare on the insulation surface, through which the current will be easier to pass than between the candle electrodes, and the candle will stop working.

In the photo number 5 The candle has pronounced traces of oil, especially in the threaded part. Engine with candles after long parking It is customary after starting "Trojite" for some time, and as it is warmed, the work is stabilized. The reason for this is the unsatisfactory state of oil caps. On the face increased flow Oil. In the first minutes of the engine, at the time of the warm-up, characteristic white-blue exhaust.

Photo number 6. - Candle is turned out of the non-working cylinder. The central electrode, its skirt is covered with a dense layer of oil, mixed with drops of unburned fuel and small particles from the destruction that occurred in this cylinder. The reason for this is the destruction of one of the valves or breakage of partitions between the piston rings with the ingress of metal particles between the valve and its seat. In this case, the engine "Troit" is no longer no longer, a significant loss of power is noticeable, fuel consumption increases in one and a half, twice. Output one - repair.

Photo number 7. - Complete destruction of the central electrode with its ceramic skirt. The cause of this destruction could be one of the factors listed below: the long-term operation of the engine with detonation, the use of fuel with low octane number, very early ignition, and just a defective candle. The symptoms of the engine are the same as in the previous case. The only thing that can be hoped is that the particles of the central electrode managed to slip into exhaust system, not stuck under the outlet valve, otherwise it is also not to avoid repairing the head of the cylinder block.

Photo number 8. Last in this review. The electrode of candles has been around with ash sediments, the color does not play a decisive role, it only testifies to work fuel system. The reason for this outflow is the combustion of oil due to the development or location of the oil piston rings. The engine has elevated oil consumption, with a strong blue smoking from the exhaust pipe, the smell of exhaust looks like a motorcycle.

If you want to work with the work of your engine less problems, remember the candles not only when the motor refuses to work. The manufacturer guarantees trouble free operation of the candle on a good engine of 30 thousand kilometers. However, it will not be superfluous on average every 10 thousand kilometers of run. Check the condition of the candles. First of all, it is verification and, if necessary, adjust the gap to the required value, the removal of nagar. Caramines of the central electrode are destroyed from sandblasting, the ceramics of the central electrode is destroyed from sandblasting, and you risk getting a copy with photo number 7.

Spark plugs play an important role in the engine internal combustion Any car. It is impossible to life without a heart, and the operation of the motor without candles is impossible. Before moving to the question of their device, it is necessary to figure out: what is the sign of a motor system?

Spark plugs are a car device that serves to ignite the air-fuel mixture. The spark is formed between the electrodes of the candle and has a fairly large electric discharge (several tens of thousands of volts).

The device status directly affects the operation of the automotive engine: high-quality start, maximum speed, fuel consumption, work stability idling and much more.

In the world market there are a huge number of manufacturers automotive candles, among which NGK, BOSCH, BRISK and DENSO should be highlighted.

The world leader is NGK - known to motorists in any corner of the planet. Products of this brand gained popularity due to its reliable strength characteristics and long service life. The company is not limited to the production of spark plugs, it provides a wide selection of such spare parts as oxygen sensors, incandescent candles, high voltage wires.

The photo contains packaging of spark plugs DENSO IRIDIUM POWER

Bosch - a unique manufacturer of equipment that has invested in its products german quality and European reliability. Products of this brand are found not only under the hood of our cars, but also in apartments of lovers of home comfort and heat. Vacuum cleaners, refrigerars, spark plugs and other goods showed the world's wide specialization of Bosch, facilitating the lives of people in all areas of their activities.

The ignition candle produced under the Brisk brand is applied in almost all engines of Japanese and European cars. This device gives a large power of sparks, unlike standard candles, and has a high acceleration. The company has a BRISK Platinum line - is platinum spark plugs that are particularly resistant to electrical erosion.

The company Dance releases the device since 1959. During this time, manufacturers have developed a unique spark plug line - DENSO IRIDIUM POWER - capable of maximizing the power characteristics of the engine, reduce the level harmful emissions and significantly reduce fuel consumption. Iridiya candles ignitions have greater wear resistance and most often used in car Lexus., Toyota, etc.

Modern spark plugs must meet the following requirements:

• Insulator and candle electrode must have good thermal conductivity;
• at high voltages, the device must work smoothly and have reliable insulation properties;
• spark plugs should be resistant to harmful deposits resulting from the chemical processes occurring in the combustion chamber.

Despite high level Development of production, to achieve perfection is not yet possible: the ignition candles fail every 20,000-40000 mileage kilometers (depending on the operating conditions of the car) and cause malfunctions in the engine operation. The abandoned candle allocates more toxicity into the environment and negatively affects the work of the entire car: the ignition is hampered, the combustion chamber is beginning to leak technical oilsThe inlet valves appear. With long-term operation of candles that do not correspond to the engine characteristic, there may be serious problems that can only solve overhaul car. Before installing new spark plugs in the engine - familiarize yourself with their characteristics.

The main characteristics of the spark plugs

Kalil number. This feature Shows, with what pressure in the car cylinder, the air-fuel mixture is noted not from the spark, but from the contact with the open section of the device. If the use of candles with a large caliling number is allowed for a short period of time, then the operation of the device with too low caliling number will instantly lead to the trough of the pistons. Therefore, install the ignition candles, strictly corresponding to the characteristics of your engine.

Self-cleaning. Such a parameter of the candles is also needed. It provides removal from the surface of the candle of residues of combustion products, leading to the output of the device. Unfortunately, despite the large number of manufacturers that approve of high ability to self-cleaning are their devices, the spark plugs of any model sooner or later are covered by Nagar.

Spark gap. This characteristic displays the distance between the side and central electrodes. For each manufacturer's company, its so-called gap is characterized, which cannot be adjusted. If for any reason, a change in the magnitude of the ignition candle clearance has occurred, then it is best to replace it. Spark clearance directly affects the ignition advance angle: its reduction provokes an increase in the angle of ahead, i.e. The appearance of earlier inflammation of the working mixture, and vice versa. More late ignition Promotes the increase in the gap. With a properly adjusted gap, the engine is quickly gaining momentum, the torque increases.

Number of lateral electrodes ("masses").Quite unusual indicator, because The classic design of spark plugs provide only one side and one central electrodes. One-electrode devices were installed in cars around the world, but not so long ago, the company's leading world spare parts manufacturers began to produce devices equipped with two, three and four side electrodes. The use of this technology allowed the companies to achieve stable ignition, sustainable sparking and increase the service life of the candles.

The use of a non-standard number of electrodes prompted the inventors to create something more perfect - a candle without additional electrodes. You can now buy such a device in any auto store. The only drawback of this spark plug is a relatively high price. However, such a candle is able to provide stable work The engine is guaranteed long service life. Its work lies in the consistent formation of the "walking" spark on the additional electrodes installed on the insulator.

Candle working temperature. This indicator characterizes the temperature of the working part of the ignition candle during the engine operation. Candle temperature should be within 500-900 ° C. Its value should not be changed by increasing the engine power or when it is idling. Outside the limits of the norm may affect the performance of the candle. In addition, the increase in the temperature of the working surface of the device reduces its service life.

Thermal characteristic of the spark plug. This characteristic determines the dependence operating temperature Candles from the regime the work of the DVS. In order for the temperature of the thermal cone of the insulator and the central electrode to increase, it is necessary to increase its length. However, the temperature of 900 ° C cannot be exceeded - the ignition will occur. The heat characteristic of the spark plug is dividing the device to "hot" and "cold". The installation of hot candles is made in those engines where the self-cleaning procedure is needed from aggressive deposits with low heat loads. Cold candles are placed there, where less heating of the working surface of the candle is needed at maximum engine load.

In order to prevent the engine breakdown, experts recommend periodic inspection of spark plugs. Their color and visual damage can not only tell about the availability of the problem, but also on the unsuitability of the device with these characteristics. Evaluate the condition of the candles is recommended every 15,000-20,000 thousand kilometers, and during the operation of the car in hard weather conditions, much more often.

Twinking each candle separately, pay attention to its color and availability of Nagar:

If there are no failures in the system, deposits on the working part will be absent, and the device color will have a light gray shade.

If there is a small nagar on the electrode of auto parts, but the color has not changed, it means that the candles of the same thermal characteristics are suitable for replacement. It is not recommended to operate further spark plugs with charred electrodes, because the larger the engine, the more difficult to start the engine.

If all the working space of the candle is contaminated with dark brown sediments, the toxicity of the device increases, there are malfunctions in the operation of the system, and pollution is visible on the choke, it means that a serious problem has appeared in the car. The air-fuel mixture is not completely burned in this case, and remains on the surface of the candle in the form of deposits. You can temporarily solve the problem, cleaning the surface of the candle in gasoline, but in the future it is recommended to conduct an inspection vehicle: Replacing the spark plugs will not eliminate the malfunction.

If the working part of the candle has a yellow glossy color, it means that the resource of the device decreased due to the "aggressive" method of driving a car. Sharply pressing on the gas pedal, there is a sharp overheating of the electrode of the candle and deposition on the working cone of a large amount of Nagara. You can fix the problem not only by replacing the candles, but also by changing the style of the ride.

If the candle enclosure is destruction, the seals ceased to prevent gas output from the combustion chamber, and the top of the thread of the cylinder block is visible dark sediments, it means that the device's clearance is not correctly adjusted. Reuse parts are not allowed.

If you feel that the start of the engine of your car is difficult, and you do not have the ability to independently diagnose the problem, contact the service center.

Car care, timely inspection of its components, as well as a smooth way of driving will allow you to keep your technical tool in excellent condition for a long time. You give him more time and do not allow the engine overheating, and then you do not have to spend a huge amount of funds on it.

Spark candles are used. Arson with a combustible mixture is made by electric discharge voltage of several thousand or tens of thousands of volts arising between the electrodes of the candle. The candle works on each cycle at a certain point in the engine operation.

IN rocket engines The candle lights the fuel mixture with an electrical discharge only at the time of launch. Most often, in the process of operation, the candle is destroyed and unsuitable for reuse.

In turbojet engines, the candle flames the mixture at the time of running a powerful arc discharge. After that, the burning of the torch is supported independently.

Calillious and at the same time catalytic candles are used in model engines of internal combustion. The fuel mixture of the engines specifically contains components that are easily flammable at the beginning of work from a split candle wire. In the future, the races of the thread is supported by the catalytic oxidation of the vapor of alcohol included in the mixture.

Device of spark plugs

The ignition candle consists of a metal housing, an insulator and a central conductor.

Spark plug details

Contact pin

Contact output located in the top of the candle is designed to connect the candle to high-voltage wires Ignition systems or directly to an individual high-voltage ignition coil. Can meet somewhat slightly different options Designs. Most often, the wire to the ignition candle has a snatching contact, which is put on the output of the candle. In other types of design, the wire can be attached to the candle with a nut. Often, the conclusion of the candle is made universal: in the form of an axis with a thread and a screwing snap-in contact.

Ribra Isolator

The radomb of the insulator prevent electrical breakdown along its surface.

Insulator

The insulator is usually made from aluminum-oxide ceramics, which should withstand temperatures from 450 to 1000 ° C and voltage up to 60,000 V. The exact composition of the insulator and its length partially determine the thermal marking of the candle.

A portion of the insulator directly adjusted to the central electrode, the most strongly affects the quality of the ignition candle. The use of a ceramic insulator in a candle is proposed by G. Honold due to the transition to high-voltage ignition.

Seals

Serve to prevent the penetration of hot gases from the combustion chamber.

Base (housing)

It serves to wrap the candle and hold it in the thread of the cylinder head, to remove heat from the insulator and electrodes, and also serves as a conductor of electricity from the "mass" of the car to the side electrode.

Side electrode

As a rule, made from nickel doped and manganese steel. Welded with contact welding to the case. The side electrode is often very heated while working, which can lead to a callery ignition. Some candle designs use several side electrodes. To increase the durability, the electrodes of expensive candle are supplied with platinum attacks and other noble metals. Since 1999, a new generation candles have appeared on the market - the so-called plasma-forkar candles, where the body of the candle is played by the role of the side electrode. At the same time, a ring (coaxial) spark gap is formed, where the spark charge moves in a circle. This design provides a large resource and self-cleaning of the electrodes. The shape of the side electrode in the breakdown area resembles the nozzle of Laval, due to which the stream of cracks, expiring from the inner cavity of the candle. This flow effectively ignites the working mixture in the COP (combustion chamber), completeness of combustion and power increases, the toxicity of DVS decreases. The effectiveness of the "Forkarm" candle is questioned by the ecperimet.

Central electrode

The central electrode is usually connected to the contact terminal of the candle through a ceramic resistor, it allows you to reduce radio interference from the ignition system. The tip of the central electrode is made of iron-nickel alloys with the addition of copper, chromium and noble and rare earth metals. Usually the central electrode is the most hot candle item. In addition, the central electrode must have a good ability to emissions of electrons, to facilitate spark formation (it is assumed that the spark is planned in the phase of the voltage pulse when the central electrode serves as a cathode). Since the tension of the electric field is maximum near the edge of the electrode, the spark skips between the sharp edge of the central electrode and the edge of the side electrode. As a result of this edge of the electrodes, the largest electric erosion is subjected. Previously, the candles were periodically removed and removed traces of erosion emery. Now, thanks to the use of alloys with rare-earth and noble metals (yttrium, iridium, platinum, tungsten, palladium), the need for sweeping electrodes almost disappeared. The service life at the same time increased significantly.

Gap

The gap is the minimum distance between the central and side electrode. The magnitude of the gap is a compromise between the "power" spark, that is, the dimensions of the plasma arising from the test of the air gap and between the ability to break through this gap in a compressed air-gasoline mixture.

The factors determined by the gap:

1. The greater the clearance more sizes Sparks, \u003d\u003e More likelihood of smelting mixture and more ignition zone. All this positively affects fuel consumption, uniformity of work, reduces the quality of fuel, increases power. Too increasing the clearance, too, it is impossible, otherwise the high voltage will look for more light paths - punch the high-voltage wires on the body, punch the candle insulator, etc.
2. The more the gap - the harder it is to pierce it spark. The insulation breakdown is called the loss of insulation of insulation properties when the voltage is exceeded by a certain critical value called the punching voltage U PR. Appropriate electric field strength E PR \u003d U PR / Hwhere h. - The distance between the electrodes is called the electrical strength of the gap. That is, the more gap - the greater the breakdown voltage U PR necessary. There is another dependence on the ionization of molecules, the uniformity of the structure of the substance, the polarity of the spark, the rate of increasing the impulse, but this is not important in this case. It is clear that the high voltage U PR cannot change - it is determined by the ignition coil. But we can change the g of H.
3. The field strength in the gap is determined by the form of electrodes. What they are sharper - the more the intensity of the field in the gap and lighter to the breakdown (like iridium and platinum candles with the subtle C. E.).
4. The gap penetration depends on the gas density in the gap. In our case, from the density of the air-gasoline mixture.

What it is more - the harder it is to pierce. The punching voltage of the gas gap with a homogeneous (OP) and weakly inhomogeneous (SNP) electric field depends on both the distance between the electrodes and the pressure and temperature of the gas. This dependence is determined by the Law of Pashen, according to which the punching voltage of the gas gap from the OD and the SNP is determined by the product of the relative density of the gas Δ per distance between electrodes s, u PrF (ΔS). The relative gas density is called the ratio of the gas density in these conditions for the gas density under normal conditions (20 ° C, 760 mm Hg. Art.). Clear clearance is not a constant once specified. It can and must adapt to a specific engine operation situation.

Modes of operation of candles

Spark Candles gasoline engines According to the mode of operation, it is conventionally divided into hot, cold, medium. The essence of this classification is to the degree of heating of the insulator and electrodes. When working, the insulator and electrodes of any candle should be heated to temperatures contributing to the "self-cleaning" of their surface from the combustion products of the fuel mixture - nagar, soot, etc. Therefore, the insulators of candles operating in optimal mode always color "coffee with milk".

The surface cleaning of the insulators is necessary to prevent surface leaks of high voltage through a nagar layer, which reduces the power of the spark breakdown of the gap, or does it impossible. However, if the elements of the candle are heated too much, the uncontrolled calilie can occur. The process is often manifested in large revolutions. This can lead to detonation and destruction of engine elements.

The degree of heating of the elements of the candles depends on the following main factors:

• Internal
  • construction of electrodes and insulator (long electrode heats up faster)
  • material of electrodes and insulator
  • material thickness
  • the degree of thermal contact of the elements of the candle with the case
  • the presence of a copper core CE
• External
  • degree of compression and compression
  • fuel type (more high-octane has a greater combustion temperature)
  • ride style (on large speed and engine loads Heating candles larger)

Hot Candles - The design of the candles is specifically designed in such a way that heat transfer is reduced from the central electrode and the insulator. Used in low compression engines and when using low-fuel. Since in these cases less temperature in the combustion chamber.

Cold candles - the design of the candles is specifically designed in such a way that the heat transfer from the central electrode and the insulator as much as possible. Apply in engines with high degree Compression, with high compression and when using high-octane fuel. Since in these cases there are more temperatures in the combustion chamber.

Medium candles - occupy an intermediate position between hot and cold (the most common)

Optimal candles - the design of the candles is designed in such a way that heat transfer from the central electrode and the insulator is optimal for this particular motor.

Unified candles - the calil number captures the range of cold and hot candles. It is thanks to the "half-openness" candles, the problems of ventilation and clogging by the products of incomplete combustion are not terrible.

Candles are normally self-cleaning in all modes of engine operation and at the same time do not lead to a callery ignition.

Typical sizes of spark plugs

The dimensions of the spark plug are classified by the type of thread on them. The following thread types are used:

• M10 × 1 (motorcycles, such as candles of type "T" - TU 23; chainsaws, lawn mowers);
• M12 × 1.25 (motorcycles);
• M14 × 1.25 (cars, all candles like "A");
• M18 × 1.5 (Candles of the M8 brand, installed on the "old" car engines GAZ-51, GAZ-69; "Tractor" candles; Candles for gas pipeline DVS et al.)

The second classification feature is thread Length:

• short - 12 mm. (ZIL, GAZ, PAZ, UAZ, Volga, Zaporozhets, Motorcycles);
• long - 19 mm. (VAZ, AZLK, IZH, Moskvich, Gazelle, almost all foreign cars);
• extended - 25 mm. (modern forced DVS);
• candles with shorter threads can be installed on small-sized engines (less than 12 mm)

Turnkey head size (hexagon):

• 24 mm (Candles of the brand "M8" with a thread M18 × 1.5)
• 22 mm (Candles of the brand A10, engine engines ZIS-150, ZIL-164)
• normal - 21 mm (traditional, for DVS with two valves per cylinder);
• average - 18 mm (for ICA some motorcycles)
• reduced - 16 mm or 14 mm (modern, for internal circulation with three or four valves per cylinder);

Kalil number (thermal characteristic):

• Hot candles 11-14;
• Medium candles 17-19;
• Cold candles 20 or more;
• Unified candles 11-20.

Thread sealing method:

• With flat gasket (with ring)
• With conical sealing (without ring)

The number and view of the side electrodes:

• Single-electrode - traditional;
• Multielectrode - several side electrodes;
• Special, more resistant electrodes for gas or for larger run;
• Tormetic - unified ignition candles, there is a cone resonator for symmetric fuel mixture.
• Plasma-forcar - side electrode is made in the form of a nozzle of the boiler. In conjunction with the body of the candle, the internal forkamar forms. The ignition occurs at the forecastern way.

see also

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The ignition candle is, in fact, the electrode that delivers electricity from the ignition system into the combustion chamber. The ignition system should generate the voltage value, which will be sufficient to form a spark.

What is the ignition candle?

Ignition Candle - a special device for igniting a combustible mixture in the engine cylinder. The process of operation of one cylinder can be divided into 4 points:

• Filling the cylinder with a combustible substance.
• Compression of a combustible substance piston and inflammation of the substance of the candle.
• The process of expanding the volume of the cylinder due to the movement of the piston in the opposite direction (with ignition, pressure increases significantly, which is why the inverse movement of the piston occurs and due to this force the car can ride).
• Pushing combustion products through exhaust pipe cars.

The process of operation of the engine - circular, in the engine of any machine is not one cylinder, the amount of candles is always equal to the number of cylinders. Because of this, huge engine problems may arise. After all, if you break the candle in one cylinder, or breakdown in the cylinder itself, you will not be able to distinguish these nuances. In case of any problems with the engine, most of the first thing changes the candles, partly this is the right course. After all, the engine repair and even his analysis is more expensive than new candles.

Deviations from the normal combustion process

Deviations in the work of the candle on the normal combustion process are different, with defective candles, ignition can be skipped, which is fraught with the failure of one cylinder chamber. One of the frequent deviations is the rolling ignition, it is accompanied by an early output of the spark or the deletion, as a result of which the engine will not work on full power. Very common problem is also detonation. It occurs in the most remote from the candle in the cylinder and occurs due to a strong compression of fuel.

Signs and causes of malfunction

Now let's talk about the fault of the candles, if you do not want to buy new candles or just want to understand the problem, then the first thing you need to take out each of the candles and examine it for any tax or wet deposits. If the resistance between the land and the grounding electrode drops to zero, the end of the candle can be contaminated with soot. What is this happening? Most often it is a contamination of air type filter and a weak spark. Sent deposits lead to the fact that the candle will sometimes skip inflammation.

Due to the sharp growth of temperatures in the cylinder chamber with enhanced operation of the cylinder, the candle can partially melt, a lead flare appears on the candle. The temperature increases very strongly affects the fuel itself, which uses the machine. It occurs due to the galloping of the candle. Here the problem can be in the exhaust valve, piston, piston ringsAs a result, an insulator of the candle can be melted.

In the presence of metal stuffs while driving, vibrations, increasing fuel consumption, possible detonation of fuel in piston. More often, detonation occurs at relatively small speeds when lifting. The causes of detonations a lot:

1. this is too fast piston work (the piston compresses the mixture very quickly and the pressure increases to the maximum allowed);
2. a very large delay in the work of the candle (the candle works with a huge delay, during this time the piston increases the pressure to the maximum allowed);
3. malfunction of the entire cylinder or engine.

When choosing a candle on your car, you need to consider two basic parameters:

• dimensions of the candle;
• kalil number.

Dimensions of the candle are very important, because the candle with other dimensions can simply not approach your car and in the store you may refuse to return the goods. The gallinal number also plays a huge role:

1. Candles with low caliling numbers are most often used on passenger carswhich are not intended for high-speed driving.
2. Candles with an average caliling number are designed for slow and quiet ride, as well as low load.
3. Candles with high calillers are used for sports carsSuch candles have a large margin of safety and more racks to work in conditions of elevated temperature.

It is also necessary to take into account your location, closer to the south, where the temperature significantly exceeds other areas, the load on the candle increases significantly.

Before buying, it is necessary to take into account all the nuances, go to several stores and ask the sellers, but most importantly, the final choice should be done, the performance of your engine and its durability depends on it.