Excavators: wheeled, tracked. Modern excavators: an overview

Small size, increased cross-country ability and maneuverability make the mini excavator literally a universal machine, whose services are needed in all areas of activity - construction, agricultural, utilities, etc. In general, this is a reduced analogue of tracked oversized loaders, only in this case the weight of the machine will vary within 0.5- 1.5 t.

Features of technology

All small crawler or wheelbase excavator models are designed to accommodate large loaders in tight spaces. In addition, this technique is convenient to use in combination with full-size machines. The crawler excavator is perfect for tasks in various fields of activity:

• construction of housing quarters;
• creation of road lanes;
• laying a new or dismantling an old plumbing system;
• arrangement of a garden plot, creation of landscape design in park areas;
• planting and replanting shrubs, small trees.

This technique is successfully used in production areas, in closed workshops, hangars, industrial units. Special equipment can perform all of the above functions only due to the preservation of the technical characteristics of a standard excavator on wheels or a caterpillar, but at the same time with reduced dimensions.

Rating of the best mini excavator models

Bobcat e32

The Bobcat excavator is a representative of the 3.2-T loader class with a traditional tail overhang. The model weighs 3219 kg, and its dimensions are 466.2x152x242.9 cm. power unit brand Kubota D1803M, which has a capacity of 24.2 hp.

Thanks to this indicator, the mini excavator can reach speeds of up to 4.7 km / h. The force on the bucket is 31500, and the tractive effort at the same time reaches 34132 N. When working on the ground, a pressure of 29.2 kPa will occur on it. Maximum height unloading in the Bobcat E32 - 3.6 m, and the digging depth - 3.4 m. Price - 2,800,000 rubles.

VIDEO: Overview of the Bobcat E32

Kubota RX-153S

The Japanese miniature excavator Kubota weighs 1.5 tons and has a tracked chassis. The design includes a three-cylinder engine with a capacity of 18 liters. with. or 13.2 kW. A large enough bucket is capable of unloading at a height of up to 2.9 m and sinking into the ground to a depth of 1.9 m.

The fuel tank holds up to 20 liters and the hydraulic one 16.2 liters. The volume of the bucket is 0.1 m3, its width is 35-40 cm. The equipment itself has dimensions of 330x120x220 cm. The price is from 600,000 rubles.

VIDEO: Overview of the Kubota RX-153S

Geogid 20G

This model weighs a little more than the previous one - 2.7 tons. The power of the power unit is 13.5 kW, while the travel speed can reach 5 km / h. In terms of size, this is a fairly large special equipment, they are equal to the following indicators - 420x140x240cm.

The dump width here is 130 mm, the digging depth is average, up to 3 m, and the unloading height is 330 cm. The mini excavator loader is equipped with a tracked chassis with a width of 125 cm and a length of 183 cm. The bucket can hold up to 0.08 m3 of bulk cargo. The cost of the model is 880,000 rubles.

VIDEO: Overview of Geogid 20G

This is trailed excavator wheel type. It has a boom swing angle of up to 150 °. The package includes an engine from the famous brand Honda Lifan. The power of the power unit is 11 kW, while the fuel consumption does not exceed 1.5 l / h.

During operation, the bucket lifting height is 1.9 m, and its width is 37.5 cm. The price is 250,000 rubles.

VIDEO: Overview of J8

Komatsu PC35MR-3

Mini special equipment Komatsu has an integral control system for simplified control of all mechanical units of equipment.

Komatsu PC35MR-3

Specifications:

There are various types of excavators, depending on the principle of operation, chassis design, purpose and other parameters.

Types of excavators according to the principle of operation

Excavators are divided into continuously operating (multi-bucket) and cyclic (single-bucket).

The first, associated with continuous work, are mainly used for digging trenches. They simultaneously cut into the ground, move it and load it onto a special vehicle, conveyor or dump.

The second, single-bucket, interrupt the digging of the soil for the duration of the movement. They are used mainly in construction, for basic earthworks. By design, single-bucket excavators, in turn, are subdivided into construction and quarry excavators. Quarry are used in places of development of mineral deposits.

Types of excavators by type of chassis

Wheeled excavators... They are based on an automobile wheeled or pneumatic wheeled chassis. They are distinguished by mobility, high speed of movement, and a wide area of ​​use. This technique is used mainly for work within the city, where it is possible to get to the destination on a relatively good road.

Crawler excavators... Crawler-based. They are distinguished by increased cross-country ability on terrain inaccessible to wheeled vehicles. These are loose sandy soils, off-road, waterlogged marshy soil, etc. However, they are delivered to the site using special equipment. In terms of sales, for example, tracked models exceed wheeled ones by 15-20%.

Railway excavators are based on a railway platform, floating excavators - on pontoons. The latter are used for clearing water bodies, deepening the bottom, and extracting sand.

The most popular types of special equipment and their purpose

Fully-revolving excavator, wheeled or crawler-mounted- a universal type of special equipment used on construction sites. He performs excavation work on soil development, construction of excavations, loading bulk materials, leveling sites, demolition of buildings and structures.

Mini-excavator- a solution for cases where a large machine is not applicable or redundant.

Backhoe loader carries out digging of trenches, excavation of foundation pits, movement of soil, loading of construction waste, clearing of territories, preparation of the road base for asphalt paving.

The use of additional equipment for excavators makes it possible to expand the functionality of special equipment. So, an excavator-loader combines an excavation-loading bucket with bulldozer equipment.

Excavator manufacturers

Expensive but very powerful and extremely reliable excavators from JCB, Caterpillar and Liebherr are in demand in the primary market and retain their high cost upon subsequent resale. The brands TEREX, Komatsu, Hyundai, Hydrema, Hidromek, Volvo, Case, John Deere, New Holland, Hitachi, Exmash are also very popular. Inexpensive Chinese equipment Yuchai, XCMG, Sunward, Liugon is also in demand.

How much does an excavator cost?

• Backhoe loader DEM-310 with both axles manufactured by the Italian company Carraro and a Perkins 1104D-44T engine with 100 hp. costs 2,210,000 rubles.
• Chinese model LiuGong excavator with 92.5 hp engine. and all-wheel drive has a price of 2,250,000 rubles.
• The EO2626 wheeled excavator, which is based on the Belarus tractor, is estimated at 990,000 rubles, and the EO3223 tracked model with an increased support surface and an engine power of 100 hp. costs 3,000,000 rubles.
• Japanese crawler compact excavator Kubota KX1213G with a 40 hp diesel engine. costs 2,120,000 rubles.
• The Kubota KX080AC model already has an engine power of 65 hp, but it costs 3,700,000 rubles.
• Chinese wheel excavator XCMG WZ30-25 with 88 hp. has a price of 2,010,000 rubles.

The mini excavator market is emerging where, under pressure from labor and immigration laws, it becomes more profitable and legally safer for an employer to buy or rent a car than to hire people with shovels. Japan remains the largest market for m (over 100 thousand cars a year). Nevertheless, mini-excavators are gradually penetrating and spreading where manual labor is still more accessible and cheaper, including in Russia.

GOST 30067 93 "Single-bucket universal full-revolving excavators" distinguishes machines weighing up to 6.3 tons into the 1st size group. Western engineering companies adhere to approximately the same "weight" principle, although not all. For example, Caterpillar separates mini-excavators into a separate product group. According to tradition, they call a compact single-bucket full-revolving excavator weighing up to 6-8.5 tons, mainly on a tracked chassis, although there are also wheeled ones, for example, from Volvo CE and Doosan. Great importance is attached to such a parameter as dimensions... "Younger" models are so miniature that they pass through the doorway, and the variable track crawler unit contributes to better stability in the working position. The operator's seat is located directly above the engine and is enclosed by a ROPS-frame with a visor, and on the smallest - micro-excavators - by an arch.

The "older" models have their own merits. When turning the platform, their counterweight does not extend beyond the dimensions of the tracked vehicle, so the machine can work standing close to the wall. This layout concept is called Zero Tail Swing. These machines have enough room for a full-fledged closed cab with an integrated ROPS-FOPS frame and a large glass area, heating, and, if desired, air conditioning. Their cab is as comfortable as that of a full-size vehicle.

Distinctive features of modern "minibuses" are: classic "excavator" layout, full functional similarity to full-size excavators, tracked undercarriage, working equipment"Backhoe", rotation of the boom relative to the turntable in the horizontal plane. The following have also become common to the machines of almost any model: joystick control of all working operations, self-adjustment of the hydraulic system to work loads, enhanced soundproofing of the cab and engine compartment, increased cab glazing area, additional high-flow hydraulic line with quick-release hydraulic couplings, bulldozer blade for clearing the site and increasing stability, replaceable buckets, hydraulic breakers, drill rods. In addition, the general features of the technique include: "Backhoe" working equipment with a swivel base of the boom (at an angle of up to 140 °), due to which it is possible to drive the trench close to the foundation without turning the platform; rubber tracks that do not damage the road surface; dozer blade. The light versions are operated in the same way as the full-size ones. Both excavator manufacturers and third-party suppliers offer a wide selection of equally miniature attachments- buckets, hydraulic breakers, hydraulic shears, grabs, drill rods, etc. The machine leaves the conveyor, as a rule, ready for work with a hydraulic hitch. For transportation, special trailers are produced that can be towed by a passenger car. We come across a method of transporting small-sized equipment, including mini-excavators, on a tow truck.

It is difficult to trace a clear pattern in the formation of model series. Conventionally, the series can be divided into size subgroups with a step of 1 ton, while in other subgroups there will be one model each, in some there will be several with a minimum, up to 50 kilograms, weight difference, and some subgroups are generally empty. Probably, it is demand that dictates the conditions here, and not scientific and theoretical considerations. Develop the lineup in the mass range for which there are more applications.

The promotion of compact equipment on the Russian market is gaining momentum. Of the 50 largest companies producing construction equipment, fifteen are engaged in mini-excavators, almost all of them are represented here, and this is not counting smaller suppliers.

At the same time, each of the companies, spurred on by fierce competition, strives to make their products more attractive and constantly improves the design of machines by improving technical characteristics and design, expanding the range of replaceable working bodies, increasing the level of comfort and safety and facilitating the working conditions of the operator. Endlessly increases the reliability and resources of metal structures - tracked chassis, turntable, working equipment, while improving their functionality, for example, turning the boom in plan by 140 °, improving the convenience and ease of operation, comfort, safety and conditions of the operator's workplace. Joysticks have become the norm for a long time, the interior of cabins and platform panels are acquiring a modern, stylish look. Comfortable items such as cupholders, drawers and niches for storing personal belongings are provided. Work is underway to improve access to units and simplify maintenance. The flagship of the world mechanical engineering Caterpillar (in sales of Caterpillar excavators in the first positions among world manufacturers) did not stay away from the promising direction. In the range of 1.5-5.4 tons, the company offers seven basic models.

The Hydraulic Caterpillar 301.5 is the first model in the family of compact machines from this company. It is equipped with diesel engine Caterpillar 3003 s air cooled with a power of 13 kW. The three-pump hydraulic system provides maximum reliability, controllability and performance, offering the optimum balance between speed and power. The two-speed drive allows the machine to move around work sites at speeds up to 4.4 km / h. The 301.5 model has a maximum pulling force of 6.4 kN and is capable of operating in slopes up to 30 degrees. Each track is driven by an independent two-speed motor, and track drive modules are integrated into the drum frame to provide reliable protection... The track width is 230 mm, and for work in different conditions both steel and rubber tracks can be used. The width of the dozer blade installed on the 301.5 excavator is equal to the total width of the machine and is 980 mm. The dump has a floating function, which allows achieving high efficiency when working on cleaning surfaces, especially those that have already been worked out. The 301.5 boom pivot system is driven by a hydraulic motor, and the boom itself is capable of pivoting 90 degrees to the left without stopping and 54 degrees with a stop. The maximum swing angle of the boom to the right is 50 degrees. The automatic swing brake is spring-operated and has a hydraulic release mechanism. The swing speed of the machine is 9.7 rpm.

Last year, three updated models- 301.6C, 301.8C and 302.5C, in which many innovations have been introduced. In design, especially in the interior of the cab, the corporation strives to follow the general style consistently introduced on new generations of equipment - backhoe loaders, front loaders of the H series, mining dump trucks. The interior is decorated in light gray tones, the panels are lined with plastic, a heater is hidden in the compartment under the chair, there is also a glove compartment, and the floor area is increased. Instead of dashboard a multifunction display is installed. The 301.6C and 301.8C are very similar, with the 301.8C featuring a variable track track. Engines - Mitsubishi 13.5 and 18.6 kW. Variable speed pumps offer better controllability, 10% more bucket force and 10% faster cycle times, and engine overload protection. The design of the working equipment was revised - the angle of rotation of the bucket was increased to 200 °, the side surfaces of the boom were freed from pipelines. Cars Available with standard or extended stick attachment points that are compatible with all previous Caterpillar mini excavator attachments. To improve stability, the tracked carriage of excavators 301.6C and 301.8C was lengthened by 100 mm. Undoubtedly, the rest of the models will be updated in the same spirit. Schaeff TC48.

The New-Holland range was developed in cooperation with Kobelco. The E9SR micro excavator weighing 1 ton and 750 mm wide (without blade) offers a comprehensive package - a 6 kW Yanmar engine, a load-sensing hydraulic system with two axial piston pumps, two-speed travel motors, and a variable track crawler track. A canopy or a cabin has been added to the equipment of the following E16 and E18 (1645 and 1720 kg). This is followed by the Zero Tail Swing excavators. A dense group of E20.2 (with a canopy), E22.2 (with a cab) and E27.2SR weighing 2230-2760 kg has a common turntable and an engine. The E27,2SR features a longer track unit and extended attachments. A third axial piston pump has been added to the hydraulic system of these excavators, which feeds the swing drive of the platform and dozer blade. E30.2SR and E35.2SR (3250 and 3840 kg) differ in size, but are built on common units. The “older” model E50.2SR (4870 kg) has the same units and a turntable as the E40.2SR (4440 kg), but differs in an extended bogie and working equipment.

Case lineup is similar program New Holland, and this is not surprising, since the CNH corporation is consistently pursuing a policy of unification, and the same factories produce equipment under the Case and New Holland brands. The Case company attributes to the advantages of its machines an increase of 70-80% of the angle of rotation of the boom to the right, the use of a caterpillar track with a variable track, the presence of two transport speeds and two speeds of rotation of the slewing platform, equipment of the travel hydraulic system stand-alone device control over the straightness of the machine movement, a noticeable decrease (in comparison with competitors) in the radius of rotation of the turntable, increased protection of the boom hydraulic cylinder from damage during operation. At the request of the customer, the package of mini-excavators can include a high-strength cab, a rotating beacon, blade supports, a long handle, as well as work lights on the boom. It should also be noted that as standard, all Case mini excavators are equipped with two work lights on the cab or on the canopy. In addition, a wide range of detachable attachments are available for these machines, making them versatile.

One of the trendsetters in construction equipment, JCB has produced several generations of machines. The lineup has been updated almost entirely over the past two years, and it starts with the Micro, Micro Plus and Micro 8008 micro excavators, moreover latest model- a novelty of INTERMAT 2006. These babies weighing 1108, 1276 and 950 kg, respectively, are intended primarily for work in buildings - opening floors, demolishing walls and ceilings. The version with the Plus attachment is distinguished by its extended working equipment. For protection, a vertical arc is provided to prevent the machine from overturning. The company offers 11 models in the mass range of 1.5-8.5 tons. In 2005, three updated models of the 801 series are presented: 8014, 8016 and 8018 weighing about 1.5 tons. They feature a new turntable design, tubular boom with piping, new cab, hydraulic and control system; the turning radius of the counterweight was reduced by 10% - to 1028 mm. The 8016 and 8018 have an optional auto-shift two-speed drive motors and extended tracks for better stability. The cab tilts back to access the hydraulic units. In 2006, a whole range of new products was presented - 8025ZTS (2700 kg), 8030ZTS (3000 kg), 8035ZTS (3500 kg), 8040ZTS (4000 kg) and 8045ZTS (4500 kg). ZTS stands for Shortened Counterweight Turning Radius. Cabins with a swing door are made in the same style as the 801 series, in the traditional black and gray colors for the company, lined with high-quality plastic and equipped with an adjustable seat. The box boom is available in standard and extended versions. The "older" model 8080ZTS with a maximum mass of 8.6 t has a counterweight that does not extend beyond the dimensions of the tracked vehicle when turning, and it is equipped with electronic system AMS controls with display like a full size excavator.

JCB has improved such specifications their machines, such as loading height, reach, vertical digging height, bucket angle, rotation speed and torque of the turntable. Silent and jerk-free brakes are installed on the turntable. The cleaning system protects working fluid in the hydraulic system from contamination, and the hydraulic system test ports are more accessible.

The cooling radiator is better protected from vibration and damage from foreign objects and is more efficient. Bucket slewing cylinder hoses are routed inside the stick to reduce the risk of damage. System preheating reduces preparation time by 75%. The view of the working area was improved due to the glazing of the roof part and the lower right wall of the cab, a new, more informative and convenient instrument panel was installed. Komatsu's European lineup includes 11 models. Five of them weighing from 880 to 1570 kg are miniature machines, the overall width of the largest of them - РС16R-2 - is 1000 mm, and six models weighing 1-5 tons correspond to the Zero Tail Swing concept. Komatsu has developed an original hydraulic system with two axial piston hydraulic pumps and a control system that allows operations to be combined regardless of the load. The interior of the cabins is simple and free space... Access to the units - through hinged doors on the sides and aft, workplace the operator leans forward with the cab.

Komatsu has developed a new Integral Work Control System that adjusts the actuation speed of the hydraulic cylinders regardless of load and makes it easier to control the joint operation of the boom, stick and bucket cylinders. When changing steel tracks with rubber ones and vice versa, changing rollers is not required. Melroe (Bobcat trademark) is one of the most famous manufacturers of compact construction equipment... Bobcat began manufacturing mini excavators in 1986, starting with a licensed assembly, and then moved on to its own development and built a plant in Bismarck (USA). Bobcat was far from the first in this market, but it managed to win back 8% share. Today the company offers cars with improved sound and vibration isolation of the engine compartment and cab, cabs equipped with the Rops system. The operator can operate the undercarriage with both levers and pedals, which greatly simplifies the work when loading and unloading machines from vehicles. The machines are characterized by a robust construction, in particular, the turntable frame is made of cast steel. All service points can be accessed by lifting the engine hood. Since 1991, more than 80,000 Fiat-Hitachi babies have been sold worldwide. This corporation produces cars at factories in Japan and Europe, and the model lines differ. All the cream, as you would expect, goes to the Land of the Rising Sun. The Japanese line is two models longer and consists almost entirely of new generation cars. In the European series, the new generation is represented by Zero Tail Swing machines - Zaxis27U-2, Zaxis30U-2, Zaxis35U-2, Zaxis40U-2 and Zaxis50U-2 weighing 3140 ... 5100 kg. The rest of the machines are of the previous generation, with less weight and dimensions - from EX8-2B weighing 810 kg to Zaxis50 weighing 4510 kg. Many original solutions have been used in the design of the new generation machines. The slewing platform consists of a triangular box-section supporting frame and a D-shaped frame welded to it around the circumference, on which the cab and superstructure rest. Due to the balanced distribution of the masses of the frame, aggregates and an increased counterweight in area, it was possible to reduce the center of gravity of the machine. The cab is mounted on four rubber cushions. The door is hinged and consists of two vertical leaves, so that when open, the door seems to flow around the contour of the platform.

A distinctive feature of the cabin is an air conditioner with air ducts and diffusers. To access, raise the starboard panel and tilt the cab forward. The original design of rubber track links is used with an additional inner insert made of high-strength rubber, which reduces the load on the steel base of the track.

Fiat-Hitachi believes that the advantages of its machines include a comfortable cab with an electronic display, automatic braking of the turntable, which reliably fixes it during work and transport operations, a safety lever that blocks control systems and activates the brakes when the operator leaves the cab, increased soundproofing of the engine compartment and the cab, self-lubricating joints of the boom, stick and bucket, providing a service interval of up to 500 hours (for a bucket - 50 hours), a reduced swing radius of the platform.

Volvo CE entered the segment in 1995 by taking over the French company Pel-Job. Since 2000, the cars have been supplied under the Volvo brand, and the line has been expanded with four more models. Today the lineup includes 12 tracked models weighing 1.2-8.6 tons and one wheel - EW55B weighing 5.5 tons. Distinctive feature the smallest excavator EC13 - the upper arrangement of the hydraulic cylinder of the boom. This is to protect the cylinder when the boom hits the blade. For the rest, the cylinder is located, as usual, at the bottom and is protected by a special overlay; a complete set with a cab is also available for them. The larger "older" models ECR28, ECR38, ECR58 Plus and ECR88 Plus are made in accordance with the Zero Tail Swing concept - the counterweight does not extend beyond the dimensions of the tracked vehicle. Among the distinctive features of mini-excavators manufactured by Volvo-Pel-Job is the hydraulic system, which consists of three autonomous circuits powered by independent hydraulic pumps. The combined flow of the two main pumps is used to feed the auxiliary circuit (for example, when the hammer is operating). New hydraulic valves provide increased accuracy of movement of the working elements and the sensitivity of control of the hydraulic system as a whole.

Rent of excavators Caterpillar, New-Holland, Komatsu and other global manufacturers is currently a very popular service sector.

In general, it can be noted that the power-to-weight ratio compares favorably with JCB, Fiat-Hitachi and Case machines, in terms of specific bucket digging force - Bobcat and Fiat-Hitachi, in digging depth - Pel-Job, in unloading height - Pel-Job and Fiat-Hitachi, on the turning radius of the platform - JCB. However, the final judgment about the advantages of certain models can be made only after comparing their effectiveness in comparable operating conditions. Of course, it is impossible to encompass all the diversity of the market, even such a relatively narrow one as the mini-excavator market. In addition to those listed, we have machines of less famous brands, and the market capacity, although slowly, will increase. At the same time, do not forget about our "Chinese friends" who are also mastering the production of this type technology.

Serafima Antipanova

Since ancient times, people have been engaged in earthworks. The modern volumes of such procedures are simply colossal (construction sites, quarries, roads). It is simply unrealistic to do all the processes manually and takes too long. Special equipment comes to the rescue. Let's consider further what an excavator is and what is its role in the industrial economy.

Introduction

Leonardo and many other scientists tried to mechanize the process of developing the land more than five hundred years ago. Modern machines differ in many ways, depending on the modification and direct purpose. The main classification is carried out according to the following parameters:

• The type of running gear (wheels, tracks, railroad tracks, etc.).
• Operational features (for construction, quarrying, mine development, etc.).
• Power unit.
• By the principle of action.

All these indicators can be combined in various variations, in connection with which a huge number of modifications of the considered technique have been developed.

Crawler

What is a crawler excavator? This is a car that will pass on roads with any surface, as well as without it. The overwhelming majority of self-propelled excavator equipment is placed precisely on the tracked base. An exception is made by analogs operating within the city. The models under consideration will easily overcome loose soil, peat bogs, off-road terrain, forest and stone obstacles.

Other chassis types

Excavators on pneumatic wheels have proven to be excellent for work in urban environments. Tracked counterparts are not suitable here, since they will simply destroy the asphalt pavement. Wheeled models are not only gentle on the road design, but also have excellent shock absorption, and also have a minimum noise level.

What is a walking excavator? Such a modification is devoid of tracks or wheels. At the bottom of the unit there is a base plate that serves as a platform during operation. The machine is moved using special hydraulic shoes. She ascends on them, transfers herself and again descends onto the base plate. Speed ​​mode movement can be up to 80 km / h.

Rail-mounted excavators are typically used in mining operations. Chain models are placed on rails that are widely spaced among themselves. This distance is called a portal; it is convenient for trucks to enter it for loading.

Earthmoving universal devices can be mounted on almost any chassis. Combined modifications can be equipped with wheels and rail lowered pairs if necessary to move on rails. There are floating analogs (dredgers).

Operating principle

One-bucket variations work in a cyclic mode: typed - transferred - poured. The devices of continuous action include rotary and trench excavators. The first models include units with several buckets, which are fixed on a large rotating wheel. An example of a trench analog is lightweight cable laying units. Dredgers collect sand under water according to the vacuum-suction principle.

It is impossible to determine one optimal and universal way of working. It all depends on the type of material being mined and the environment. In each specific case, a specific type of technique is required.

Peculiarities

We will continue the review of excavators with wheeled models for construction. Despite the fact that tracked modifications are leading in the field of soil development, for construction sites the best option there will be units on wheels. They are more mobile, faster, do not spoil the asphalt and are quickly transferred from one object to another.

Mining excavators have compact dimensions, which is important in confined spaces. They are typically used in horizontal workings underground and in rock loading tunnels.

In the open pit, modifications are being operated that can provide maximum material movement and loading. Several types of machines are used in such works. The main requirement for them is that the excavator bucket is as spacious as possible. Career models include:

• Draglines. The design of these units does not provide for a rigid connection between the bucket and the boom. The ladle is held by a chain, an analogue of which pulls or lowers it.
• Tracked cross-country ability.
• Hydraulic versions with the ability to increase the pressure on the rock. They are usually used for stripping operations.
• Rotary modifications, providing the most complete supply of minerals.

Power plants

We will continue to study the technical characteristics of the excavator in terms of engines. The first machines worked from steam engine, then they were replaced by diesel, gasoline and electric motors. The most popular power units are diesel ones and are due to their economy.

The diesel version is mobile. This technique allows you to move a lot around the object being processed and beyond. If the process involves movement over short distances, it is wiser to use an electrical analogue. For quarry workings, just such a technique is just suitable.

Light excavators are being developed that are powered by rechargeable batteries... In this case, the machine is controlled by the operator remotely or in a traditional way.

Application

What is an excavator and why is it needed? First of all, the considered technique is an earth-moving machine, the main task of which is excavation, transfer of soil and rock. At the same time, excavators can work not only on the sites where they are located, but also on sites, at a level below or above. In addition, the material can be extracted without problems from under the water layer.

The equipment loads the resulting rock into transport units (cars, barges, wagons). If necessary, the soil can be poured into the dump. The hydraulic excavator allows you to quickly and efficiently provide the digging of canals, trenches, ditches, clearing the territory with maximum accuracy. The machines under consideration made it possible to completely mechanize earthworks, significantly facilitating the work of people. An ordinary building model is capable of transferring up to 4 cubic meters of earth or sand in one go.

The largest excavators

The most in this category has impressive dimensions. The giant was designed and assembled by the German firm Thyssen Krupp Fordertechnik in 1978. The equipment was assembled for 5 years, its cost exceeded 100 million Euros. "Monster" is still working in the Gambakh coal mine.

The machine operates about 20 hours a day, its capacity is 240,000 cubic meters. m of coal. It is quite difficult to load and export such volumes, but this is not required. Such large excavators are required for stripping a mass in which more than half of the material is unusable rock. Dimensions of the giant: length / width / height - 240/46/96 m. Weight - 13.5 thousand tons. Boom length - 200 m. The volume of each bucket - 6.6 cu. m.

Hitachi excavator

Below are the technical specifications one of the most productive excavators - "Hitachi ZX200":

• Length / width / height - 8.94 / 2.86 / 2.95.
• Weight - 19.8 tons.
• The wheelbase is 3.37 m.
• Clearance - 45 cm.
• Soil pressure - 0.47 kg / sq. cm.
• Working depth - 6.05 m.
• Excavator bucket volume - 0.51 cubic meters. m.
• Ultimate tractive force - 203 kN.

Power unit "Hitachi ZX200"

The equipment is equipped with a four-stroke diesel engine with 4 cylinders. The motor has direct fuel injection, camshaft in the top location and water-type cooling. New excavators of this modification are equipped with a power unit, which is aggregated with a modern hydraulic system of the HIOS III type, which provides the ability to program manual and automatic operating modes. In addition, this unit allows the most efficient use of hydraulic pressure, increasing production with economical fuel consumption.

Main engine parameters:

• Working volume - 5.19 liters.
• Rated power - 166 Horse power.
• Maximum torque - 550 Nm.
• The size of the cylinder in diameter is 105 mm.

Device

Equipped with boom (length - 5.68 m) and stick with increased tractive effort and turning moment (2.91 m). Designers have redesigned propulsion control so that engine speed is automatically increased when maneuvering or climbing when more tractive effort is required.

The dimensions of the brackets on the upper carrier rollers are increased. This has a positive effect on the working resource of the node. Additional rigidity to the unit is given by the modified configuration and reinforcement of the tracks. In addition, the box-section frames and the X-type center beam have been enlarged. The whole set of improvements added almost 35% to the strength. The X-beam plates are made in the form of monolithic elements, which significantly strengthened the central part of the frame.

Outcome

Modernization and constructive improvement of excavators goes on as usual in continuous mode... Designers continue to strive to improve the quality of work, which is due to the growth in construction and mining.

█ WORLD'S BEST MINI EXCAVATORS. BUY AND CHOOSE. (TOP-10 REVIEW)

A mini excavator is a small and fairly light machine that allows you to quickly reach the construction site. However, despite its compactness, the equipment becomes a real assistant in organizing earthworks. Today, the development of hydraulic systems, improved technical characteristics allow mini-excavators to come as close as possible, and in some cases surpass, their older counterparts.

In certain situations and on a number of specific construction projects, not only the small weight of a small excavator can play into our hands, but also its compactness, which directly affects its maneuverability and accuracy in work. For example, in narrow city streets, in low-rise (cottage) buildings, when digging a foundation on an aesthetic garden lawn. Mini excavators with the so-called "Zero Tail Swing" allow you to work in tight spaces without clinging to obstacles. Plus, the low weight of the machine will preserve your lawn and other landscape aesthetics. Unfortunately, in the case of imported mini excavators, including used ones, there is a problem with the cost of customs clearance, utilization fee, which in turn makes the price sky-high. Business on a mini excavator is an interesting thing, and if you approach it wisely, you can make good money. So which mini excavator is better?

Mini excavator: what to look for when choosing?

Despite the fact that miniexcavators are the most compact among earthmoving equipment, their mass is quite significant. This class of equipment includes machines up to 10 tons. Despite the outward resemblance to heavier models, their functions can sometimes differ significantly from the "giants". Let us turn to the parameters of this type of technology, which primarily characterize it.

- Boom configuration and cockpit outreach

The excavator boom attaches directly to the excavator body or cab and holds the shoulder with the bucket and attachments. There are different boom mounting configurations. For example, if the boom is fixed, then it is attached directly to the body of the excavator, and moves only when the machine turns. If the boom is movable in a horizontal projection, it gives more mobility and maneuverability when digging.

In addition, there are three options for the departure of the tail of the mini excavator cab: zero (zero departure of the tail of the cab), minimum reach and full reach. Full reach vehicles are difficult to use in tight spaces. In contrast, a zero tail cab system is ideal for confined spaces. Although cabins with a minimum reach give good results when maneuvering in a confined space.

- Engine power and cab design

Mini-excavators are mainly equipped with diesel engines, the power and thrust of which, in turn, determine driving performance as well as strength and hydraulics. In addition to the engine horsepower (kW), the number of cylinders and the torque matter. Mini excavator cabins are open and closed. Of course, a closed cab is more popular, as it protects the operator from bad weather, dust and dirt at the construction site, however, the cost of such models is in most cases higher.

- Chassis and caterpillars

Note that the vast majority of mini excavators have caterpillars as a propeller (with the exception of a narrowly specialized segment of non-self-propelled towed trailed mini-excavators, which we wrote about earlier.

The tracks are rubber and steel. Both types of caterpillars have their own advantages and disadvantages. For example, steel tracks provide more flotation and are more durable. However, rubber (due to its relative softness) does less damage to lawns, sidewalks, paving stones when landscape works... The undercarriage is located under the excavator body, driving the tracks and the machine.

The undercarriage of small excavators is of two types: fixed and movable. The first is much wider than the excavator body, which gives additional stability. However, in some cases, this setting will limit maneuverability and mobility in confined spaces. Movable chassis makes it possible to change wheelbase using hydraulics, narrowing it down to the width of the machine body.

- Attachments

Beyond a wide range of buckets different sizes and shape, the operator can use attachments powered by the hydraulic system of an excavator, for example, a hole drill or a drilling rig with various augers, a hydraulic hammer for crushing stone, asphalt or concrete, and other attachments. Also, special cargo grips are used to move logs, stones, construction waste. In addition, sometimes a mini excavator is used in the form of a mini crane.

If your choice fell on a mini-excavator, and you want to buy or rent it, lease, credit, this technique will pleasantly surprise you with its capabilities. As mentioned above, such a machine will perform well in narrow streets and will preserve the lawn, performing a wide range of earthworks.

And if you are on a budget and cannot afford new equipment, then our review on how to choose a used mini excavator will help you.

MINI EXCAVATOR BOBCAT E32i T4

This model is a traditional tail swing mini excavator. It is available in three configurations: standard, long boom and telescopic boom.

This unit weighs 3260 kg when fitted with a basic boom. The dimensions of the basic version are: 4.66 meters - length; 1.52 meters wide and 2.43 meters high, the excavators are equipped with a 24.8 hp diesel engine. at a maximum speed of 2200 per minute. The heavier-weighted versions with an extension and telescopic boom are equipped with turbocharged power units due to the increased weight of the machine.

The speed of the described mini-excavator model is 4.5 km / h. The boom swing angle is 75 degrees to the left and 55 degrees to the right, due to the design of the pivot joint. Digging depths range from 3.1 meters to 3.9 meters depending on the boom design in the version you choose.

All three versions are offered as standard to customers with rubber tracks, but steel tracks are available for those who wish. As previously mentioned, the undoubted advantage of rubber tracks is their "vandalism" on lawns, fragile paving stones and on some other surfaces. However, steel tracks provide better flotation and by themselves are significantly superior to rubber tracks in strength and durability.

The Bobcat mini excavator is available with an open cab with a roof or a fully enclosed cab. The cabin has an air conditioner with a stove, a radio, a comfortable seat. The dashboard informs the operator about engine speed, coolant temperature, there is a fuel level indicator, an hour meter, and so on. As an option, it is possible to install a more technological dashboard with a color display, keyless start and a throttle position indicator.

The well-developed hydraulic system of the E32i provides quiet and smooth control of the equipment, allows you to easily switch between different functions in accordance with the attachment mounted on the boom (for example, a hydraulic drill, a hydraulic hammer, etc.). The hydraulic control mode is determined by the miniexcavator operator, based on the installed equipment and allows the machine to react differently to the movements of the pilot's joystick.

Bobcat offers various types of mounting. These are a drill, buckets of various types and sizes, a bump stop, a special grapple for logs and debris, a dozer blade, hydraulic shears and others. Quick disconnect hydraulic couplings and the “X-Change Bobcat” system will allow you to conveniently and quickly change the necessary attachments.

The E32i long boom models certainly provide additional options for the miniexcavator, but the standard tail reach of these models limits the machine's maneuverability, unlike competitors' models with a minimum or zero tail.

MINI EXCAVATOR CATERPILLAR 301.5

The described model is a mini-excavator of the so-called starting (entry) level. This mini excavator weighs 1672 kg. It is lightweight and compact, it can work on easily damaged surfaces (lawn, paving stones), as well as at an incline of up to 30 degrees, which certainly provides additional opportunities. The gearbox has two speeds, reaching 2.25 km / h and 4.34 km / h, respectively. Obviously, the first speed is essentially a working speed, and to move around the work site from object to object, it is more convenient to switch to the second, if the landscape allows you to "accelerate" of course. In addition, the presence of two speeds allows the use of variable thrust depending on the type of surface and soil properties.

The machine is equipped with a 17.4-horsepower Caterpillar 3003 water-cooled diesel atmospheric power unit with 4 cylinders, reaching 2300 rpm.

The boom has such an angle of rotation at which the operator can clearly see the digging process. The Cat 301.5 has a standard tail overhang. With a track length of 1.4 meters, a significant cab tail overhang can interfere when working in confined spaces.

The buyer is offered two options for arranging the operator's space - an open canopy and a full-fledged closed cabin. The oyooi versions include a robe hanger, a glove compartment, working gauges and indicators on the dashboard. The seat is available in vinyl and fabric. Obviously, the vinyl seat is more resistant to the vagaries of nature and is suitable for the canopy version. In contrast, a more comfortable fabric seat is an option for an enclosed all-weather cab. Of course, the more expensive version of the mini-excavator with a cab has additional options, in particular: stove, defroster, interior lighting and windshield wiper. Some of the options available from competitors are missing, for example, no air conditioning, radio, keyless start, color screen. However, whether such "gadgets" are needed in an earth-moving machine is a big question.

The model provides for the use of additional attachments. These include of various kinds buckets, drills, hydraulic chippers. The system for connecting additional hydraulic equipment is original, called the Quick Coupler Caterpillar. However, this "originality" will not allow you to freely connect without modifications optional equipment other than the Cat brand.

While the 301.5 is not the lightest or most powerful of the competition, it is powerful enough to get close to the performance of a full-size machine, and its relative lightness will allow you to safely drive the excavator into your landscaped suburban area. Its significant drawback, as mentioned above, is its significant cockpit overhang. However, this design feature typical for many of its other brothers of neighboring brands.

MINI EXCAVATOR HITACHI ZX10U-2

The model is a small excavator with Zero Tail Swing, Yanmar motor and adjustable track base. This is a fairly light excavator weighing just over 1100 kilograms, having the following dimensions: 2.96 meters in length and 1.46 meters in width.

This small excavator is powered by a powerful turbocharged Yanmar engine. The diesel power unit has three turbine-reinforced cylinders. Engine capacity - 845 cm3, power - 12.7 hp, maximum speed - 2100 per minute. Such parameters of the power plant allow reaching a speed of 4 km / h, while the minimum speed of movement is 2 kilometers per hour. The fuel capacity in the tank is 19 liters, the hydraulic system has a volume of 25 liters.

Hitachi ZX10U-2 has a cab tail radius of 0.8 meters, which allows it to be classified as a vehicle with zero cab tail offset, since with such parameters the cab does not go beyond the tracked propeller. As mentioned in the introduction to our review, this configuration is ideal for working between walls, trees, that is, in any confined space. In addition, this convenience is complemented by an adjustable track base, which allows you to change the actual width of the machine from a maximum of 1 meter to a minimum of 90 centimeters. Of course, a wider base gives more stability, but in some cases, for example, when you need to drive through a narrow doorway, this function is simply irreplaceable.

This mini excavator is quite limited in terms of operator convenience. The car does not even have a canopy, not to mention a full-fledged closed cockpit. There is only a rear folding roll bar. With such features, keep in mind that there is essentially no protection against bad weather and construction dust, which is quite significant for Russian latitudes.

From the convenience of the pilot, there is a seat belt, a 12-volt socket, and lighting. At the same time, there is no stove and air conditioning, no radio, no hangers for work clothes. Not even a cup holder is available. In fact, in addition to levers (joysticks), pedals and triggers, there is only an analog instrument panel in the operator space. The excavator blade is mechanically adjustable and does not have a hydraulic drive. The machine has a tractor-type chassis on a rubber-tracked propeller, which is convenient when working on easily damaged surfaces - lawn, sidewalk, paving stones. The undercarriage has three support rollers.

With the significant lightness of this excavator, the Hitachi model does not lack power, and the zero tail of the cab allows you to work in confined spaces. In addition, the variable base width allows you to navigate particularly narrow sections on the construction site. Renting an excavator will most likely cost you less, since the machine is easily transported in a simple car trailer. In fact, the only significant drawback of this Japanese excavator is, in fact, the lack of any convenience for the operator of this mini-excavator, however, the price of the mini-excavator significantly outperforms its counterparts.

MINI EXCAVATOR JOHN DEERE 50G

This mini excavator brand John deere has a mass of 4790 kg, which is not so small for an excavator of this class. However, this feature is more than offset by a spacious and comfortable operator's cab, large and efficient working tools, and the powerful high-torque engine of the world leader Yanmar.

Let's turn our attention to the power plant, which breathes life into this rather heavy construction among fellows. So this is diesel engine Yanmar with a volume of 1.6 liters, having 4 cylinders, corresponding to all the world's environmental and technical standards and belonging to the class of heavy engines. This unit produces 36 "horses" of power at 125 Newton / meters of torque and up to 2400 rpm.

Other features follow from the engine power, in particular, despite the rather large mass of the excavator, it has a rather high speed, which our hero's "classmates" can hardly boast of. Take a breeze with this compact excavator at a top speed of 6.77 km / h. At the same time, its minimum speed is 4.18 km / h, which exceeds maximum speed any closest analogue.

We also pay special attention to the tail overhang of mini excavators, which in our case is zero (or minimal, depending on the configuration), which, you must agree, is an extremely important indicator for such an impressive machine. This reduces the risk of damage to the tail of the cab at the construction site, and also allows our mini excavator to maneuver comfortably in tight spaces.

Rubber tracks are installed on John Deere 50G, however, unlike analogues, they carry steel cores, which significantly increases their service life. At the same time, the rubber propeller retains all its advantages on delicate lawns or historic fragile paving stones. This is especially true, given the weight of our hero - almost 5 tons! In addition, you can install pure steel tracks, but it is better not to meddle with them on the lawn unless absolutely necessary. There is also an option of steel tracks with rubber softeners.

A comfortable cab is our case, as the 50G offers all the convenience the operator needs. The "wheelhouse" is spacious, has a convenient entrance, an anti-slip case. There is a cup holder, a 12-volt "cigarette lighter", climate control (!) And a display showing engine hours, as well as sensors indicating the level of engine and hydraulic oil. The cab contains both mechanical and hydraulic control of the machine.

The compact excavator has short-travel control levers, pendulum-style boom and folding pedals, a downshift lever and other amenities within easy reach. To install attachments, the mini excavator has an original quick coupling system, which unfortunately allows you to work only with John Deere brand hinges.

In conclusion, I would like to say that the John Deere 50G mini excavator is a powerful multi-functional device, which in terms of its functionality and capabilities is very close to the class of large excavators, in fact, it belongs rather to the medium-sized class of midi excavators (the Strong & Heavy mini excavator ). Attention is drawn to its absolute versatility. This is supported by the powerful engine, zero tail of the cab, rubber or steel tracks. However, its size, weight and cost are still high for a compact excavator. But if you nevertheless decide to buy this mini excavator, and not to rent it, for example, you will not regret it. This is great car!

MINI EXCAVATOR KOBELCO SK35SR-5

The Kobelco SK35SR-5 mini excavator is a small zero tail excavator powered by a Yanmar engine. This device has a complete set with a canopy and a full-fledged cabin.

Its weight is 3580 kg in the canopy version and 3720 kg with the cab. Machine dimensions: Length - 4.72 meters, height 2.56 meters. Volume fuel tank 45.5 liters tank, the volume of the hydraulic system is also 45.5 liters. If we compare this excavator with most other mines, then it is quite heavy and very powerful for its category, belonging to the category of the so-called. mini excavators Strong & Heavy.

This unit is powered by a water-cooled, direct injection, three-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. This power unit produces 28.4 hp. at a revolving maximum of 2400 / minute. The achieved power allows this heavy machine to move around the construction site at a speed of up to 4.5 km / h. In normal driving mode, the vehicle maneuvers at a speed of up to 2.6 km / h.

Thanks to zero departure tail, the cabin of this mini excavator does not extend beyond the hull, which allows it to turn freely in tight spaces without fear of damage to the cabin and walls or trees. The excavator boom is slightly off-center, allowing it to dig parallel to the tracks without changing the track base width. This arrangement makes it easier to cuddle up against the wall and dig a trench with minimal maneuvering. The undercarriage of the SK35SR-5 is not adjustable (fixed base along the track width), which can in some cases make it difficult to pass in narrow places.

You can buy a mini excavator with soft rubber tracks, as well as steel tracks with special rubber inserts. The second option is essentially a compromise solution between softness and strength.

The excavator cabin has all the necessary amenities, such as a comfortable seat, seat belt, lighting, a coat hanger and an additional armrest. However, the stove, air conditioner and radio are definitely missing.

As the practice of using this machine has shown, the equipment is reliable, unpretentious, copes with a wide range of tasks in cramped conditions. In fact, its only drawback is stability problems, which are offset by the presence of counterweights. The price of a mini excavator makes you think about the advisability of purchasing it. See how much a mini excavator costs, and perhaps you will be satisfied with an alternative option - renting a mini excavator. Or try to find such a used device, however, taking into account customs clearance, utilization fee, the price can also bite. However, this dilemma is relevant for most of the small excavators presented in our article.

ULTRA-COMPACT MICROEXCAVATOR KUBOTA K008-3

The K008-3 Ultra-Compact weighs 997 kg. Its length is only 2.74 meters, height - 2.23 meters, width - 86 cm, which in general is not much even for our compact family. This micro excavator is lightweight, agile, yet powerful enough for small construction sites.

The width of the caterpillar base is adjustable in the range from 72 to 86 cm. As already mentioned with respect to other models of mini excavators of this class, the variable base of the propeller has a beneficial effect on maneuverability in doorways, between trees, in narrow corridors. You can also narrow the excavator blade by making it narrower than the track base width, which will also add to your maneuverability.

The simple linkage system allows you to easily switch from blade width changes to track base width changes. The excavator is equipped with rubber tracks without the possibility of installing steel ones, which, on the one hand, together with its low weight, makes it indispensable in a refined area, but on the other hand, reduces the durability of the undercarriage (wear of rubber tracks).

Our mini excavator is equipped with a 10hp three-cylinder diesel engine. Of course, at first glance, such insignificant power may seem insufficient to us, but with such a small mass of the car, this is quite enough. The excavator has the ability to quickly access the radiator, battery, fuel filter, coolant and air cleaner.

The K008-3 model has a two-speed transmission with travel speeds of 2 and 4 km / h, respectively, with each speed having a separate pedal. The equipment is delivered without a cab or canopy. One gets the feeling that the Japanese consider these options unnecessary on their excavators, which we can observe on other excavators from the Land of the Rising Sun. As a safety measure, there is a folding arch that does not have a roof. The dashboard itself has only a coolant temperature indicator in the form of a warning light. The technique is certainly interesting, but would anyone want to buy a mini-excavator with too little weight and without much convenience for the operator, when there are more powerful and productive competitors?

New Holland E18B Compact

The E18B New Holland Small Excavator is a mini excavator with a minimum cab overhang. It is supplied in a budget configuration with a canopy and in a top-end configuration with a cab. The weight is about 1.8 tons, and what the name of the model transparently hints at. Such a mass is unlikely to allow the delivery of a mini excavator to the object on an ordinary light trailer. You will be able to drive the excavator into a trailer in terms of dimensions, but how far will you go like that? Here you obviously need a platform for transporting a mini excavator or a light car transporter trailer. Dimensions with a cabin: 235 cm - height and 365 cm - length.

Three-cylinder, four-stroke, diesel power Mitsubishi unit with direct injection produces 15 horsepower at 2100 rpm. This sets it apart from most of its fellow Yanmar engines. The hydraulic system holds 15 liters of oil and operates under three pumps. The hydraulic motor, mounted on the excavator's rotary support (crown), allows 9 rpm. The boom angles relative to the cab are 80 degrees to the left and 45 degrees to the right.

The mini-excavator has a caterpillar drive (in basic configuration This is a rubber track excavator). As mentioned above, rubber tracks are vandal-proof to preserve the lawn or paving stones. In mathematical terms, the pressure of the excavator on the surface is one kilogram per square centimeter. However, the durability of a rubber track propeller, compared to a steel one, leaves a lot to be desired. Replacing tracks is not such a big deal. The main difficulty is their high cost. However, you can always find Chinese counterparts by size. The base speed is 3.54 kilometers per hour, but there is also a low gear - 1.8 kilometers per hour.

Unfortunately, we have to admit that the New Holland E18B is a rather slow excavator (both in terms of travel speed and turret traverse speed). In addition, the presence of a cabin overhang, although minimal, hinders him in movements. However, the compactness and relative lightness of the model will allow you to perform a wide range of earthmoving tasks. Among the advantages, we can note a variable tracked base in width (which, however, is not unique for this segment of mini-vehicles) - the transverse dimension will vary from 133 cm to 99 cm, but when this parameter is reduced, you lose stability.

Of course, the version with a canopy differs in comfort from the "cab modification", but the version with a cab does not, for example, have an air conditioner, a stand for a robe, a work light, a radio and a seat belt. However, opening the window is not such a problem, but the stove, which is certainly installed in the cockpit, will play important role in the Russian open spaces. In addition, instead of a dashboard, the E18B has external hydraulic and fuel gauges. Attached additional equipment for quick-release (BRS) is provided by the manufacturer.

You can't buy such a mini-excavator cheaply. The price of the mini-excavator on the official website, I must say, bites. The market for such equipment is quite small. The service will not come cheap, however, as for all the models listed in the article. However, this is offset by the high reliability of our kids.