Other vehicle type. What is the make and model of a car? Classification by purpose

The car brand is basic. We can say that this is a trademark, a brand. For example, the mobile phone Nokia N8 - in this case Nokia is the brand and the N8 is the model. The same is the case with cars. Skoda brand, Yeti or Octavia model. The brand of a car often determines its belonging to a particular concern. Let's say the VAZ is made at the AvtoVAZ plant.

Every car brand has a model, and more than one. A model is a type of car (body type) produced under a particular brand. For example, Forester, Outback, Impreza, XV, BRZ, Legacy, Tribeca, WRX - the lineup Subaru brands. You can draw an analogy with the surname. The Ivanov family has Masha, Igor, Alena and Stepan. They all have the same surname, but they have different names. So in the Suzuki family there are Swift, SX4 and Vitara.

What the name hides

The origin can be different. It can be an abbreviation - BMW as Bayerische Motoren Werke, which means "Bavarian Motor Plants" in German. A well-known Mercedes car named after the daughter of the head of the Daimler concern in France. If we talk about the Mercedes brand in detail, it is worth dwelling on the names of the models. All of them carry a letter and a number in the name. The letter means belonging to the class, the number - the volume of the engine (with the exception of trucks). For example, E320 or A180. This means that the body type belongs to class E, and the car itself has an engine capacity of 3.2 liters. In another example, the body type is Class A and has an engine capacity of 1.8 liters. The cars of the executive class are designated at Mercedes with the letter S, the "budget" series - with the letter A.

Mysterious numbers

There are car brands, models that carry only numbers in their name, for example, from some Chinese manufacturers. Moreover, there is a whole set of numbers, and only a sales manager in a car dealership can remember the name of this model. Some car manufacturers indicate the production sequence in the name of the car brand in numbers - for example, Toyota Land Cruiser 80, 100, 200.

If there are 4WD, AWD or 4 * 4 decals on the back of the car, this means that the car has a transmission type. But since now all automakers strive for individuality, you can see quite mysterious ones on the trunk lid - TDSi (Ford) or JTD (Fiat), denoting diesel engines.

When choosing a car, you need to study all the pros and cons of the car. Look for information on popular automotive sites where car owners share their experiences and professionals test new items. Having collected all the necessary information, you can make a decision in favor of a particular brand. But in any case, you should choose the car that suits you.

Instructions

Decide on the amount you want to spend on a car. The most popular cars are in the price range from 300 to 800 thousand rubles. For this amount, you can buy both a new and a car with a higher class. Among the new cars for this money, you can find models from most Korean and Japanese manufacturers. Kia offers a wide range of cars from small Picanto and Rio to Cerato and Magentis sedans. Budget and practical options can be found at Suzuki. Economical and city-friendly Swift, the compact SX4 with all-wheel drive.

If you are choosing between a new car and a used one for a specific amount, think about what you expect from the car. If you need comfort, prestige, and are not afraid of possible expensive repairs, take a used car from the German car industry. If you fundamentally do not want to drive the old one and are ready to put up with the shortcomings budget cars(noisy interior and engine, trim, imperfect gearbox), pay attention to Japanese and Korean cars. But new car will allow you not to think about repairs for several years if you monitor its technical condition and undergo scheduled maintenance on time.

There are brands of cars that have long established themselves as reliable, comfortable and with good technical characteristics. Plus these brands have serious service maintenance, a huge selection of additional services, affordable cost of "consumables". At the same time, the lineup itself is not so large and does not change often. Among the "Europeans" these are Audi, WV, Skoda, Citroen. Headliners Japanese stamps Toyota and Honda are considered, American - Cadillac.

If you are looking for a business class car, pay attention to European brands... As a rule, such cars have a certain status. Mercedes sedans, BMW, WV are designed for people with high incomes, for whom a car is an opportunity to show a business partner their income, and hence reliability. Naturally, if the car is new. Toyota c stands out among Japanese brands Camry sedan, Hundyi with the new Sonata.

If your goal is not to show your well-being, avoid fashionable, but not very technically reliable machines: Range rover(serious electrical problems), Opel (automatic transmission imperfect). And in the middle class there are cars that, despite all their attractiveness, both externally and at a price, it is better not to buy. First of all, these are cars made in China, which just fall apart in a couple of years. Popular Korean SUVs Ssan Yong, attracting an affordable price and maximum complete set, require constant repairs already in the first year of operation.

When buying an expensive car, consider its content. It is not difficult to buy a prestigious car - the car loan system is available to many. But the cost of maintaining it can exceed the monthly payment on the loan. As a rule, business class cars have powerful engines and, accordingly, consume a lot of gasoline. When buying a car, you will need to install a serious alarm and be sure to insure under CASCO. After all, such cars always top the list of the most stolen cars, and in the event of an accident, repairs will be very expensive. And if we add to this the passage of mandatory maintenance, the annual amount of maintenance for a pretentious car will be quite big.

Sources:

• how to choose the right car brand

It is very difficult to choose a car that suits your needs in all respects. Price, engine volume, interior, trunk capacity, type of gearbox, fuel consumption, maximum speed - far from full list features vehicle important to the buyer. But the basis for choosing the right make and model of the car is usually financial and ergonomic factors.

Instructions

First, consider how much you are willing to spend pursuing your dream of a car. Decide if you can afford an expensive, prestigious brand. Do you need it? Such cars are usually chosen by wealthy people to emphasize their social status. Try to approach this issue based on your capabilities and real needs.

Having allocated the necessary suum from your budget, start choosing the type of car body. To do this, consider what role the machine will play. For frequent trips with friendly company or a family can safely purchase a minivan (from the English. Minivan "small van"). This a car has a large passenger capacity (usually three rows of seats) and a convenient location luggage compartment(combined with the salon).

If the vehicle will serve for the transportation of both passengers and goods, then it is better to choose a pickup (from the English Pick-up - to lift, tear off, deliver). It is a modification of a passenger car or SUV with an open platform with a carrying capacity of up to 1.5 tons. There are also body options that combine two functions. For example, minibuses with a cargo-passenger layout and various types of station wagons (fastbacks, hatchbacks), which can carry up to 500 kg and 5 passengers. And in the case when you plan to transport only gravity, then buy a truck or micro truck (considered a passenger car).

For off-road lovers and hunters, SUVs are quite suitable. Those who are not indifferent to speed often choose sports cars with a coupe body (they have two side doors and the cramped dimensions of the rear landing seats). And in a convertible, you can ride with the breeze in hot weather, throwing back the soft roof. If you are a supporter of the classic style, then get a sedan (a body with a separate trunk and a regular engine compartment). Such cars will emphasize your individuality.

After choosing a brand, visit the salon. There they will help you to choose a car model. Listen to the opinion of a manager who will tell you about the advantages of a particular model.

Buying a car is quite a responsible business - the wrong choice can not only bring disappointment, but also lead to financial losses. In order for the purchase to be satisfying, it is necessary to take into account fairly simple rules.

In the event that you are a resident of a rural area and you often have to travel around bad roads, or you like fishing and hunting and often go out of town, you should think about purchasing a crossover or a full-fledged SUV.

Selecting the make and model of the car

The next step is to choose a car manufacturer. Someone gives preference domestic cars, someone prefers foreign cars. It should be noted that many foreign cars are now assembled at Russian factories.

What is the advantage of Russian cars? Buyers are attracted by their relatively low price and low cost of service. Spare parts are inexpensive, and most repairs can be done by yourself.

Foreign cars are of higher quality and comfort, but their repair is more expensive. Many types of repairs are carried out only in a car service.

The choice of a car, of course, is also influenced by the amount you have. When planning a purchase, spend no more than 80% of the funds planned for its purchase on a car. The remaining 20% ​​will be spent on equipping it with the necessary accessories, possible repair(if the car is not new), etc.

The choice of a particular brand depends largely on your personal taste. Among domestic cars, it is worth taking a closer look at the products of JSC AVTOVAZ. The most popular today are Lada Granta, Lada largus and Lada Kalina... In addition, there is a constant demand for SUVs Niva and Chevrolet Niva.

Among the foreign cars assembled in Russia deserve attention Renault Logan, Hyundai solaris, Toyota Camry, Chevrolet cruze, crossover Renault Duster, SUV Nissan x-trail.

Many excellent cars are also offered by foreign manufacturers, detailed information on the models offered can always be found on the dealers' websites. When buying a car, be sure to consider the feelings it evokes in you. You should like the car - both externally and while driving. If you love your car, then it will pay you the same and will never let you down on the road.

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On this page we will try to answer the question about STS of a car

Decoding STS for a car

STS - Vehicle registration certificate, issued when registering a vehicle with the traffic police (GAI). It has a format of 75 x 105 mm and contains the following information:

1) Vehicle registration plate

In accordance with the current GOST (GOST R 50577-93 STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION STATE REGISTRATION SIGNS OF VEHICLES), registration plate of the vehicle of private vehicles of citizens Russian Federation, consists of two fields. In the left margin, the number and series of the state registration plate, which is a combination of a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, has an analogue in the Latin alphabet, three numbers (from 001 to 999) and two letters denoting the GRZ series. The right field indicates the region code (from two to three digits), as well as the Russian flag and international designation our country RUS.

2) Identification number (VIN)

Vehicle identification number (eng. Vehicle identification number, VIN) - a unique vehicle code consisting of 17 characters. The code contains information about the manufacturer and characteristics of the vehicle, and the year of manufacture. The structure of the code is based on the standards ISO 3779-1983 and ISO 3780. Identification numbers are printed on one-piece body or chassis components and on specially manufactured number plates (nameplates).

Only the following characters of the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals are allowed in the VIN:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H J K L M N P R S T U V W X Y Z

It is forbidden to use the letters I, O, Q, since they are similar in outline to the numbers 1, 0, as well as to each other.

VIN consists of 3 parts:

1. WMI (World Manufacturers Identification) - worldwide manufacturer's index
2. VDS (Vehicle Description Section) - descriptive part
3. VIS (Vehicle Identification Section) - a distinctive part

3) Make and model of vehicle

Brand - manufacturer.

Model - designation of a specific product.

4) Vehicle type

Currently, the establishment of the type of vehicle is carried out by the certification body when issuing "vehicle type approval" in accordance with the Rules for Carrying Out Works in the Certification System of Motor Vehicles and Trailers, approved by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated 01.04.1998 No. 19 and registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia 15.05.1998 No. 1522, as well as other regulatory documents of the certification system for motor vehicles and trailers.
When determining the type of vehicle, the certification body takes into account the technical characteristics and design features and uses the classification established by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (hereinafter referred to as the UNECE ITC) and GOST R 51709-2001, adopted and introduced by the Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated 01.02. 2001 No. 47-st.

The main types of vehicles are:

- passenger,

- cargo,

- bus ,

- motorcycle,

- trailer,

- semitrailer.

Variations of vehicles and combinations may also be indicated. Example: a car station wagon.

The categories of vehicles established by paragraph 5 of Annex 6 of the Convention on road traffic, concluded in Vienna on 08.11.1968 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention), are determined for the issuance of appropriate licenses for driving such vehicles.
In accordance with the Regulation on vehicle passports and vehicle chassis passports approved by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 496 (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation on PTS), Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia No. 192, Ministry of Economic Development of Russia No. 134 of 23.06.2005, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 29.07.2005 No. 6842, in line 4 “Vehicle category (A, B, C, D, trailer) of the vehicle passport, the category is indicated that corresponds to the classification of vehicles.
As follows from clause 28 of the Regulation on TCP, the definition of the category of vehicles is carried out according to the classification of the ITC UNECE.
An indication in the passport of a vehicle, for example, category "B", does not yet indicate that the vehicle is a passenger vehicle.
When determining the types of vehicles and assigning them to a particular type, we recommend that you follow the designation system vehicles(ATC), adopted by the standard ОН 025 270-66 (hereinafter referred to as the Normal) and reflected in the document "Norms of fuel consumption and lubricants on road transport ", approved by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation on April 29, 2003.

6) Year of manufacture of the vehicle

Indicated in accordance with TCP. In the absence of this information, it can be installed in accordance with the model year indicated in the VIN

7) Engine model

8) Engine number

!!! Clauses 7 and 8 at the moment, in accordance with the current rules, are not indicated in the JTS

9) Chassis number (frame)

Consists of 17 characters and can be decoded as VIN.

Land vehicle chassis - an assembled set of transmission units, chassis units and control mechanisms.

• A vehicle chassis using a frame is a complete structure that can be moved on its own wheels or tracks. Frame chassis are mainly used for tractors and trucks... The structure of the frame chassis depends on the propulsion device used. In wheeled vehicles, the chassis structure is determined by the total number of axles and the number of driving axles. The chassis of the machines, designed for off-road driving, are equipped with means of increasing cross-country ability.
• The chassis of a vehicle with a monocoque body is the base of the vehicle that connects transmission units, chassis units and control mechanisms.

FRAME - the carrying system of the vehicle, which is beam structure.

10) Body number (sidecar)

The body is a part of a car or other vehicle, designed to accommodate passengers and cargo. The body number consists of 17 characters and corresponds to the VIN of the vehicle.

Types of carbodies

11) Vehicle color

Applied to the vehicle body different ways a structure that allows you to subjectively distinguish electromagnetic radiation in the optical range, determined on the basis of the emerging physiological visual sensation and depending on a number of physical, physiological and psychological factors.

The colors indicated in the CTC are basic: black, white, gray, silver, green, blue, red, etc. without specifying shades and factory names.

12) Engine power

Power is a physical quantity equal in the general case to the rate of change, transformation, transmission or consumption of energy in the system.

The units of measurement used to reflect the physical power of the engine are 1 kW, which is 1000 J / 1 sec., And horsepower, which is 735.5 W. Horsepower used to determine the basis for calculating taxes and payments.

13) Environmental class

Characterizes automotive equipment depending on the level of emissions of harmful (pollutants) substances, which are engine exhaust gases internal combustion and vapors of automotive fuel containing harmful (polluting) substances (carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (Cm Hn), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter).

The Euro-1 standard was introduced in Europe in the early 90s. At the moment there are 5 standards. the Euro-4 standard was introduced in Russia on January 1, 2010. At the moment, a government decree has been adopted, which introduces the Euro-5 standard from January 1, 2014.

14) Vehicle passport.

A document containing information about the main technical characteristics vehicle, identification data of the main units, information about the owner, registration and deregistration.

Classification transport funds Is the distribution different cars into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of structure, the parameters of the power unit, the purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.

Vehicle(TC) is a technical device for transporting people and / or goods. Unlike hoisting and hoisting-and-transport devices, vehicles are used, as a rule, for transportation over relatively long distances.

According to the classifier of types of vehicles for international transport, trailer Is a vehicle without an engine, designed to carry passengers or goods, the vertical load of which is transferred to the supporting surface through the wheels and which is adapted to be towed by a car.

Rolling stock road transport currently represents a wide range of vehicles, different in technical characteristics and purpose. In order to streamline the classification of vehicles⭐ a number of criteria have been adopted to serve their characteristic features... Based on these features, vehicles are divided into groups that have common properties and characteristics.

In order to highlight the area of ​​vehicles subject to this classification, the term "road transport" was defined, highlighting from the entire range of vehicles those that are operated mainly on highways common use of all categories. Outside of this classification, other wheeled trackless vehicles remain, which, in terms of their mass and dimensional characteristics, are not intended for movement on public roads. These are, for example, quarry transport, all-terrain vehicles, airfield and mine tractors, etc.

According to the current Traffic Regulations, the following dimensions are currently adopted for road vehicles:

• in height - no more than 4 m from the road surface
• in length - no more than 12 m for a truck, bus, trolleybus and trailer, no more than 15.18 m for an articulated bus or trolleybus
• in width - no more than 2.60 m for vehicles with an insulated body, no more than 2.63 m for a KrAZ vehicle, MAZ-509A, MAZ-543 timber trucks, no more than 2.55 m for other vehicles

The total length of the road train should be no more than 20 m.

Currently, two types of classification are used - by type and by category of vehicles. Classification by type is the most common in our country, it was used for many years on the territory of the USSR, it continues to be used in many regulatory documents related to vehicles (state standards, traffic rules, etc.). In addition, this classification is applied when registering vehicles. The classification scheme for vehicles by type is shown in the figure.

Fig. Vehicle classification scheme by type

The presence of an engine is used as the criterion for the most general division of vehicles. In this case, vehicles are divided into mechanical, equipped, and towed, not equipped with an engine.

A mechanical vehicle and one or more towed vehicles can create a combined vehicle, which is called a road train if it consists of a car and is connected to it using coupling device one or more trailers.

Power-driven vehicles are subdivided:

• on cars
• for motor vehicles
• on tractors

Car- this is a power-driven vehicle that is powered by an energy source, has at least four wheels located on at least two axles, is designed to travel on trackless roads and is used to transport people and (or) cargo, tow vehicles intended for transportation of people and (or) cargo, performance of special work. This term also applies to vehicles whose engines are powered by direct electric current from an overhead catenary (trolleybuses), as well as to three-wheeled vehicles, the curb weight of which exceeds 400 kg.

The curb weight means the total unloading weight of the vehicle together with the mass of coolant, lubricants, windscreen washer fluid, fuel (tank filled at least 90% of the rated capacity), spare wheels, fire extinguishers, standard spare parts, wheel chocks, standard set of tools.

Motor vehicle is a single-track two-wheeled motor vehicle.

Tractor Is a power-driven vehicle used for the implementation of a thrust or tractive effort by means of equipment mounted on it.

Towed vehicles are subdivided:

• on trailers
• on semi-trailers

Trailer is a vehicle without an engine, designed to carry passengers or goods, in which all the vertical load is transferred to the supporting surface through its wheels, and is adapted for towing by a car.

Semitrailer is a trailer, which, by its construction, is intended for use with a semitrailer tractor and part of the total weight of which is transferred to truck tractor through the fifth wheel.

A characteristic feature of the car division is their main purpose. It can serve to transport passengers or transport goods ( special equipment).

Passenger car is a car, which, by its design and equipment, is designed to carry passengers and luggage with the necessary comfort and safety. Wherein passenger car with the number of seats not more than nine, including the driver's seat, is called a passenger, and more than nine - a bus.

For the carriage of goods a truck is applied. If the chassis of a truck is used to transport special equipment (truck crane, aerial platform, drilling rig, etc.), certain cargo (tank truck, concrete mixer truck) or is equipped with means of loading and unloading, then such a vehicle belongs to special ones.

For the transportation of goods, towing vehicles and truck tractors are also used, which perform their function by towing trailers and semi-trailers.

There are a number of intermediate vehicle types with a specific feature. For example, a single-decker bus with no more than 17 seats, including the driver's seat, is called a minibus; a car that, by its design and equipment, is intended for the carriage of passengers and goods, is called a cargo-passenger car; trailer intended for use in road conditions during parking as mobile living quarters, it is called a caravan.

Despite these vehicle type specifications, they still refer to bus, truck and trailer types, respectively.

The classification of vehicles into categories is more specific in terms of the clarity of the division of vehicles according to criteria and is in line with the UNECE “Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles”. It is according to this classification that the requirements of international regulatory legal acts are imposed on vehicles.

Vehicles are categorized as follows:

• category L1 - a two-wheeled vehicle in which the engine displacement in the case of an internal combustion engine does not exceed 50 cm3 and the maximum design speed for any engine does not exceed 50 km / h;
• category L2 - a three-wheeled vehicle with any wheel arrangement in which the engine displacement in the case of an internal combustion engine does not exceed 50 cm3 or the maximum design speed for any engine does not exceed 50 km / h;
• category L3 - motorcycle - a two-wheeled vehicle in which the engine displacement in the case of an internal combustion engine exceeds 50 cm3 or the maximum design speed for any engine exceeds 50 km / h;
• category L4 - motorcycle with a sidecar - a vehicle with three wheels, asymmetrical with respect to the median longitudinal plane, in which the engine displacement in the case of an internal combustion engine exceeds 50 cm3 or the maximum design speed for any engine exceeds 50 km / h (motorcycles with a sidecar );
• category L5 - tricycle - a vehicle with three wheels symmetrical with respect to the median longitudinal plane, in which the engine displacement in the case of an internal combustion engine exceeds 50 cm3 or the maximum design speed for any engine exceeds 50 km / h;
• category C6 - light quadricycle - a four-wheeled vehicle, the unloaded mass of which does not exceed 350 kg, excluding the mass of batteries for an electric vehicle and the maximum design speed does not exceed 50 km / h, characterized by:
  • when installing an internal combustion engine with a forced ignition - an engine displacement not exceeding 50 cm3, or
  • when installing an internal combustion engine of another type - maximum effective power not exceeding 4 kW, or
  • when installing an electric motor - with a rated maximum power in continuous load mode, not exceeding 4 kW;
• category L7 - quadricycle - a four-wheeled vehicle, the unladen mass of which does not exceed 400 kg (550 kg - for a vehicle intended for the carriage of goods), excluding the mass of batteries for an electric vehicle and the maximum effective engine power does not exceed 15 kW;

• category M1 - vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, which, in addition to the driver's seat, have no more than eight seats;
• category M2 - vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, which, in addition to the driver's seat, have more than eight seats, the maximum mass of which does not exceed 5 tons;
• category M3 - vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, which, in addition to the driver's seat, have more than eight seats, the maximum mass of which exceeds 5 tons;

• category N1 - vehicles intended for the carriage of goods, the maximum mass of which does not exceed 3.5 tons;
• category N2 - vehicles intended for the carriage of goods, the maximum mass of which exceeds 3.5 tons, but does not exceed 12 tons;
• category N3 - vehicles intended for the carriage of goods, the maximum mass of which exceeds 12 tons;

• category O1 - trailers, the maximum mass of which does not exceed 0.75 tons;
• category O2 - trailers, the maximum mass of which is more than 0.75 tons, but does not exceed 3.5 tons;
• category O3 - trailers, the maximum mass of which is more than 3.5 tons, but does not exceed 10 tons;
• category O4 - trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 10 tons.

In this classification, there is a certain difficulty in clarifying the requirements according to which vehicles of category M1 can be categorized.This can be done if the following conditions are met:

• the number of seating positions does not exceed six, while seating is considered to be available if the vehicle is equipped with “accessible” seat anchorages. "Available" refers to mounts that can be used to mount the seats. To prevent fasteners from being “accessible”, the manufacturer must prevent them from being used, for example by welding butt plates onto them or by installing similar fixed parts that cannot be removed with conventional tools;
• the condition P- (M + N 68)> N 68 is provided, where P is the technically permissible mass of the vehicle, kg; M is the mass of the vehicle in running order, kg; N is the number of seats other than the driver's seat.

Since 68 kg is the average estimated weight of a passenger without baggage, last condition should be understood in this way: the carrying capacity of the vehicle must be more than twice the mass of all passengers on board, or the maximum permitted weight of the cargo on board the vehicle when fully loaded with passengers must be greater than the total weight of all passengers on board ...

The technically permissible maximum mass is understood as the maximum mass of the equipped vehicle with cargo (passengers), established by the manufacturer as the maximum permissible according to the operational documentation.

Under the state technical inspection situations often arise when it is necessary to determine the correspondence between the types and categories of vehicles. The belonging of the categories to the main types of vehicles located in the registration database of the GAI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus is presented in the table:

Table. Matching categories to vehicle types

Is the distribution of various vehicles into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of structure, the parameters of the power unit, the purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.

Classification by purpose

Vehicles vary in their purpose. It is possible to distinguish passenger and cargo vehicles, as well as special purpose vehicles.

If with a passenger and cargo car everything is very clear, then special transport not intended for the transport of people and goods. These vehicles transport the equipment that is attached to them. So, such means include fire trucks, aerial platforms, truck cranes, truck shops and other cars that are completed with one or another equipment.

If a passenger car can accommodate up to 8 people without a driver, then it is classified as a passenger car. If the capacity of the vehicle is more than 8 people, then this type of vehicle is a bus.

The transporter can be used for general purpose or for the transport of special cargo. General purpose cars have in their design a body with sides without a tipping device. They can also be equipped with an awning and arches for installation.

Special-purpose trucks have various technical capabilities in their design for the transportation of certain goods. For example, a panel truck is optimized for easy transport of panels and building boards. The dump truck is used for mainly bulk cargo. The tanker is designed for light oil products.

Trailers, semi-trailers, dismantling trailers

Any vehicle can be used with additional equipment... These can be trailers, semi-trailers or dismantling.

A trailer is a type of vehicle used without a driver. Its movement is carried out by means of a car using towing.

The semitrailer is a towed vehicle without the participation of the driver. Part of its mass is given to the towing vehicle.

The dismantling trailer is designed for the transportation of long loads. The design provides for a drawbar, the length of which may change during operation.

The vehicle that is being towed is called a towing vehicle. Such a car is equipped with a special device that allows you to couple the car and any of the trailers. In another way, this design is called a saddle, and the tractor is called a truck tractor. However, the semitrailer tractor is in a separate vehicle category.

Indexations and types

Earlier in the USSR, each vehicle model had its own index. It denoted the plant where the car was produced.

In 1966, the so-called industry standard ОН 025270-66 "Classification and designation system of automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and assemblies" was adopted. This document not only made it possible to classify the types of vehicles. Based on this provision, trailers and other equipment were also classified.

Under this system, all vehicles whose classification was described in this document had four, five or six digits in their index. According to them, it was possible to determine the categories of the vehicle.

Decoding of digital indices

By the second digit it was possible to find out the type of vehicle. 1 - light vehicle, 2 - bus, 3 - general purpose truck, 4 - truck tractor, 5 - dump truck, 6 - tank, 7 - van, 9 - special purpose vehicle.

As for the first digit, it denoted the vehicle class. For example, light vehicles, the classification of which was carried out by engine volume. Trucks are divided into weight classes. Buses were differentiated in length.

Classification of passenger vehicles

According to the industry standard, light wheeled vehicles were classified as follows.

• 1 - especially small class, engine volume was up to 1.2 liters;
• 2 - small class, volume from 1.3 to 1.8 liters;
• 3 - middle class cars, engine volume from 1.9 to 3.5 liters;
• 4 - large class with a volume of more than 3.5 liters;
• 5 - the highest class of light vehicles.

Today, the industry standard is no longer required, and many factories do not adhere to it. but domestic manufacturers autos still use this indexing.

Sometimes you can find vehicles whose classification does not fit the first digit in the model. This means that the index was assigned to the model at the development stage, and then something changed in the design, but the figure remained.

Foreign cars and their classification system

Indexes of foreign cars that were imported into the territory of our country were not included in the list of vehicles according to the accepted standard. Therefore, in 1992, the Motor Vehicle Certification System was introduced, and since October 1, 1998, its modified version has been in effect.

For all types of vehicles that came into circulation in our country, it was necessary to draw up a special document called "Vehicle Type Approval". It followed from the document that each vehicle should have its own separate brand.

To simplify the procedure for passing certification in the Russian Federation, the so-called International Classification System is used. In accordance with it, any road vehicle can be attributed to one of the groups - L, M, N, O. There are no other designations.

Categories of vehicles according to the international system

Group L includes any vehicles with less than four wheels, as well as ATVs:

• The L1 is a moped or vehicle with two wheels that can reach a maximum speed of 50 km / h. If the vehicle has an internal combustion engine, then its volume should not exceed 50 cm³. If as power unit used by Electrical engine, then the rated power indicators must be less than 4 kW;
• L2 - a three-wheeled moped, as well as any vehicle with three wheels, the speed of which does not exceed 50 km / h, and the engine volume is 50 cm³;
• L3 is a motorcycle with a volume of more than 50 cm³. Its top speed is higher than 50 km / h;
• L4 - a motorcycle equipped with a sidecar to carry a passenger;
• L5 - tricycles, the speed of which exceeds 50 km / h;
• The L6 is a lightweight ATV. The mass of the equipped vehicle must not exceed 350 kg; Maximum speed no more than 50 km / h;
• L7 is a full-fledged ATV weighing up to 400 kg.

• M1 is a vehicle for the carriage of passengers with no more than 8 seats;
• M2 - a vehicle with more than eight seats for passengers;
• M3 - a vehicle with more than 8 seats and weighing up to 5 tons;
• M4 is a vehicle with more than eight seats and a weight over 5 tons.

• N1 - trucks weighing up to 3.5 tons;
• N2 - vehicles weighing from 3.5 to 12 tons;
• N3 - Vehicle with a mass of over 12 tons.

Vehicle classification according to the European Convention

In 1968, Austria adopted the Convention on Road Traffic. The classification provided in this document is used to refer to the different categories of transport.

Types of vehicles under the Convention

It includes several categories:

• A - these are motorcycles and other two-wheeled motorized vehicles;
• B - cars weighing up to 3500 kg and the number of seats is not more than eight;
• C - all vehicles, except those that belong to category D. The mass must be more than 3500 kg;
• D - passenger transport with more than 8 seats;
• E - freight transport, tractors.

Category E allows drivers to drive road trains, which consist of a towing vehicle. Also, any vehicles of classification B, C, D can be included here. These vehicles can operate as part of a road train. This category is assigned to drivers along with the rest of the categories, and it is put when registering a car in the vehicle certificate.

Informal European classification

In addition to the official classification, there is also an unofficial one, which is widely used. It is quite popular among vehicle owners. Here, categories can be distinguished depending on the design of vehicles: A, B, C, D, E, F. Basically, this classification is used in reviews by automotive journalists for comparison and assessment.

Class A contains small vehicles of low cost. F are the most expensive, very powerful and prestigious car brands. In between are classes of other types of machines. There is no clear framework here. This is a wide variety of passenger cars.

With the development of the auto industry, new cars are constantly being produced, which subsequently occupy their niches. With new developments, the classification is constantly expanding. It often happens that different models can occupy the boundaries of several classes, thereby forming a new class.

A striking example of such a phenomenon is a parquet SUV. It is designed for paved roads.

VIN codes

In fact, this is a unique vehicle number. In such a code, all information about the origin, manufacturer and technical characteristics of a particular model is encrypted. Numbers can be found on many one-piece units and assemblies of machines. They are mainly found on the body, chassis elements or special nameplates.

Those who developed and implemented these numbers introduced the simplest and most reliable method, which greatly facilitates the process of car classification. This number allows you to at least slightly protect cars from theft.

The code itself is not a jumble of letters and numbers. Each sign carries certain information. The cipher suite is not very large, each code has 17 characters. These are mainly letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers. This cipher provides a position for a special check number, which is calculated based on the code itself.

The process of calculating the control number is a powerful enough protection against broken numbers. It is not difficult to destroy the numbers. But making such a number so that it falls under the control number is a separate and rather difficult task.

In conclusion, I would like to add that all self-respecting car manufacturers use general rules to calculate the check digit. However, manufacturers from Russia, Japan and Korea do not adhere to such protection methods. By the way, using this code it is easy to find original spare parts for a particular model.

So, we found out what types of vehicles are, and considered their detailed classification.

Description of the situation:

The organization purchased a GAZ-2705 vehicle. The vehicle passport indicates: brand, model of the vehicle - GAZ 2705, name (type of vehicle) - all-metal cargo van (7 seats), vehicle category - "B", engine power - 106.8 hp, permissible maximum weight - 3,500 kg. The car is registered, the vehicle tax is paid in respect of it with the application of the rate of 14 rubles. as "Passenger cars, engine power over 100 hp". The organization uses a car to transport employees working in shifts; goods are not transported by car, since there is not enough space for the carriage of goods.

The tax inspectorate believes that the tax is being paid incorrectly and attaches this car to freight, proposing to recalculate the tax at a rate of 68 rubles, citing the fact that the TCP indicates that the car is a freight van.

Question:

Is the claim of the tax inspectorate for the accrual of transport tax in relation to the GAZ-2705 car at the rate provided for trucks?

Answer:

In accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Art. 361 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, transport tax rates are established by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, depending on the engine power of vehicles. At the same time, Art. 361 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the minimum rates of transport tax are established in relation to the type of vehicle (including cars and trucks) and the power of its engine.

The provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation do not establish the definition of a truck or a car.

In the opinion of the tax authorities, reflected in clause 16 of the Methodological Recommendations on the Application of Chapter 28 "Transport Tax" of the second part of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of Russia dated 09.04.2003 No. BG-3-21 / 177, when determining the types of motor vehicles and assigning them to the category of trucks or cars should be guided by:

All-Russian classifier of fixed assets OK 013-94 (OKOF), approved by the Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated 26.12.1994 No. 359;

Convention on Road Traffic (Vienna, 11/08/1968), ratified by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated 04/29/1974 No. 5938-VIII ( hereinafter - the Convention).

However, it should be noted that in the text of the Convention and in its annexes there is no definition of the concepts of "passenger car", "truck".

As for the OKOF, this document also does not contain criteria by which it would be possible to distinguish between cars and trucks, since for cars in the Classifier, the engine displacement and functional purpose are given as the defining criterion, and for trucks - the carrying capacity and functional purpose. ... Guided by OKOF, the car in question can be equally attributed to both trucks and cars.

Thus, in the Letter dated November 22, 2005 No. 03-06-04-02 / 15, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation noted that OKOF is not normative document and does not contain criteria sufficient to classify the vehicles listed in it in the corresponding categories provided for in Ch. 28 "Transport tax" of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Likewise, the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, in Resolution No. 2965/07 of 17.07.2007, concluded that OKOF is intended for the purposes of accounting and statistics of fixed assets and cannot be used in calculating the transport tax.

In the opinion of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, set out in Letters dated 10.12.2013 No. 03-05-06-04 / 5411113.08.2012 No. 03-05-06-04 / 137, dated 28.06.2012 No. 03-05-06-04 / 111, dated 21.10.2010 No. 03-05-06-04 / 251, dated 19.03.2010 No. 03-05-05-04 / 05, dated 17.01.2008 No. 03-05-04-01 / 1, type (category) of motor transport means for taxation purposes, transport tax must be determined on the basis of the type of vehicle and its purpose (category) specified in the vehicle passport ( further - PTS) (Regulations on vehicle passports and vehicle chassis passports, approved by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 496, Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia No. 192, Ministry of Economic Development of Russia No. 134 of 23.06.2005, hereinafter - Regulations).

In accordance with the Industry standard ОН 025 270-66 "Classification and designation system of automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and assemblies produced by specialized enterprises" and clause 26 of the Provisions in the TCP line "2. Brand, model of the vehicle", the symbol of the transport means consisting of an alphabetic, numerical or mixed designation. Second digit digital designation vehicle model indicates its type (type of car), for example: "1" - a passenger car, "2" - a bus, "3" - a cargo (flatbed), "7" - a van, "9" - a special vehicle. Paragraphs 27-28 of the Regulations establish that in the TCP line "3. Name (type of vehicle)" the characteristic of the vehicle is indicated, determined by its design features and purpose (passenger, truck, bus, etc.), and in the line "4. Vehicle category "indicates a category that corresponds to the classification of vehicles established by the Convention on Road Traffic, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Road Traffic in Vienna on November 8, 1968 and ratified by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 5938-VIII dated April 29, 1974 ( hereinafter - Convention on Road Traffic). Moreover, it is necessary to apply simultaneously to all the specified lines of the passport, since in some cases their separate application does not allow establishing the type (category) of a motor vehicle.

At the same time, according to the presented TCP, the second digit of the digital designation of the analyzed vehicle model is 7 - means belonging to vans, which does not make it possible to draw an unambiguous conclusion on the vehicle belonging to trucks or cars.

According to Appendix 3 to the Regulation, vehicles of category "B" (according to the classification of the Convention on Road Traffic) are classified as power-driven vehicles for the carriage of passengers with at least four wheels and no more than eight seats (except for the driver's seat) (passenger cars), and mechanical vehicles for the carriage of goods, the maximum mass of which is not more than 3.5 tons (freight). Hence, the indication in the TCP category "B" also does not indicate that the vehicle is classified as a passenger car or a truck vehicles.

Thus, the correctness of the application of the corresponding rates of transport tax to vehicles is directly dependent on the name (type) of these vehicles indicated in the PTS issued on them.

At the same time, tax inspectorates are not entitled to independently determine the type or category of a vehicle. The tax rate should be determined solely on the basis of the data on the type and category of the vehicle provided by the traffic police department.

If the information about the category (type) of a motor vehicle specified in the TCP does not allow to unambiguously determine the tax rate, this issue should be decided in favor of the organization (clause 7 of article 3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 28, 2013 No. 03-05- 06-04 / 45552).

In accordance with the existing judicial practice, the possibility of using vehicles in specific purposes(for example, for the carriage of passengers) as proof of their belonging to a light vehicle has no legal significance, since when referring vehicles to one or another type of vehicle taxable object by virtue of Art. 358 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the purposes for which they can be used are not taken into account (Resolution of the FAS of the West Siberian District of 05/18/2009 No. F04-2807 / 2009 (61116111-A03-15) in case No. A03-11511 / 2008, Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated 20.02.2015 No. F09-9487 / 14 in case No. A60-12344 / 2014).

It should be noted that the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in its Letter dated 21.10.2010 No. 03-05-06-04 / 251 indicates that, in accordance with the Definition of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated 14.10.2009 No. VAS-11908/09, the vehicle GAZ 2705 belongs to the category of trucks. This conclusion was also reached by the FAS of the West Siberian District in its Resolution No. F04-2807 / 2009 (61116111-A03-15) dated 18.05.2009 in case No. A03-11511 / 2008.

In this case, the type (name) of the disputed vehicle is clearly defined in the vehicle title issued to it. like a cargo van.

In this regard, when taxing the transport tax in respect of the specified vehicle, the amount of the transport tax rate established for the truck should be applied.

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