Wehrmacht cars. War of Motors: Cars World War II. Opel Blitz Machines

And, of course, to start an overview follows from a truck that made the greatest contribution to the victory:

GAZ-MM, "HALF"

The first car, whose name pops up in memory due to that war at the overwhelming majority born in the USSR before the restructuring is the legendary "half-timer". Small, non-zeysh, in its own way a beautiful truck, which made half the RKKA car park during the war years. Not every car gets such a rich and interesting fate as this.

The history of "half-timers" began more than eighty years ago, when the young USSR began to acquire the automotive industry. Half of the car in the world then, in 1928, the Ford was produced (including 3 of 5 in Europe), and despite the fact that the US and the USSR and the USSR did not foresee and did not foresee the commercial benefits. Over politics, and the USSR government has concluded with Henry Ford the first agreement on the transfer of the Soviet side of production technologies and equipment for the production of cargo and cars, as well as on training Soviet specialists at Ford factories (also attempts to conclude similar agreements with Chrysler and General Motors, Alas - unsuccessful). As a result, in 1929 the construction of a huge automotive plant in Nizhny Novgorod began (in 1932 renamed Gorky, and back to Nizhny Novgorod - in 1991). As a result, the first "half-sighters" was carried by an abbreviation of Naz-AA; Abbreviation gas appeared a little later.

Constructively, those cars were a complete technical copy of Ford Aa truck, they were collected in the USSR at first, the method of screwdriver (in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod) from the machine collectors delivered from the United States. Actually technical documentation And the drawings of Ford products in the USSR were received only in 1932. Soviet engineers looked at them, shook her head, and - immediately began to upgrade the car, based on local realities. Thus, changes were made to the construct of the clutch and steering mechanism, due to which these nodes increased significantly. A slightly changed suspension, and turned out to be an externally acquainted to everyone for the Soviet films of that era truck.

Finally, the "half-timer" was ripe in 1934, when the engine was installed from GAZ-M (the legendary Emka's legendary "). With this force aggregate She was published until the end of production in 1946. The car upgraded in this way received the name of gas-mm, and in the history of war, he entered as "half a hand".

By the way, almost immediately with the beginning of the war, the car began to undergo a serious modernization, aimed primarily for reduction and acceleration of production; The comfort of the driver was sacrificed among the first. While pre-war cars, graceful and beautiful, gas urgently replenished the loss of military vehicles urgently replete appearance which otherwise as "brutal" is difficult to call. So, almost immediately from the car disappeared right headlight, rear view mirror, bumper, silencer, and clucks and front brakes. Elegant rounded deep wings were changed to angular from roofing iron. At the peak of simplification from the car, the janitor disappeared, often there - doors (they were replaced by tarpaulin rods), and the cabin was a wooden frame, covered with a cloth. The driver's seat was made by the whole fever without any upholstery, and from the controls in the car there were gas, brakes and clutch pedals, gearbox (without an embodial), steering wheel, benzometer and ammeter. Such cars are the case-MM-B conditional designation ("B" - means "military"). However, the justification of such asceticism can be considered the fact that long these cars did not live; In the midst of the battle for Moscow - just a few days.

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Also, it was "half a gun" most often went through the "road of life" in the first winter of the blockade of Leningrad. Overloaded over the norm that set on an elevation exclusively with a reverse course (including due to the absence of fuel pump, the fuel went by self-propelled) - the names of this machine delivered to the city of food and evacuated patients and weakened Leningrad residents, mostly old men and children.

And in the winter of 1941-42, a legend appeared in the blockaded town that one day the driver of the Lake Lake was heated on the ice of Lake Lake, he warmed her engine torn to a vocabulary moistened in gasoline, and wound up, and after leaving shelling, did not have time to throw off the burning rags . So came to the city, with the hands burned to the bone. And each, which received a blockade soldering in 125 grams of bread believed that in this piece of life there is a flour toliary brought by a nameless hero on the way of life on overloaded over all the norms "half-timer".

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Curious moment: despite the fact that most of "Half-one" who went through the "Road of Life" consisted of pre-war cars, Often the drivers themselves deliberately made them "Light versions". For example, disconnected one headlight, for reasons of the freebish. And and the second headlight was put "plug", ordinary tin with a narrow horizontal slot in the middle. This was done for the reasons of the blackout at night. The doors, one or both of them were also shot; This was done in case the car starts to fall under the ice so that nothing prevented quickly from the cockpit. And the heat lifting of such tuning was partially compensated by a large number of clothes on the driver's body (which was almost always given to those who were evacuated in the body), partly - a bucket with smoldering coals on the floor.

The total circulation of "half-one", including pre-war production, exceeded a million copies.

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ZIS-5, "Three Tonka"

On most monuments, this car is installed on the vehicles, this car is installed, and it is very often confused with a "half-one" gas-mm. Externally, they are pretty similar, although ZIS and a little more. And the story of this car is also very remarkable.

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Start with the fact that he is also American roots, and if more precisely, the American truck AutoCar-5S has become a grandfather of the car, in turn, the arranged from the units of many American producers. The first such cars were called AMO-2; When an AMO plant in Moscow (at present, ZIL OJSC) was launched a conveyor, the car's abbreviation became AMO-3.

If the Grandfather ZIS-5 can be considered a truck "Autocar 5 ES", and Pope - AMO-3, then the team of "Three-shoes" was the team of engineers of the ZIS engineers (in 1931, AMO was renamed Stalin's plant). In fact, from the available aggregates them was designed much more modern car. So, in contrast to the prototype AutoCar-5S, the ZIS-5 was simpler and maintainable, and at the same time more passable and lifting. The car received forced to 73 hp (against 60 at the prototype) engine, a completely new radiator, a carburetor, designed from "pure sheet" air filter, upgraded checkpoint, other cardan Val., reinforced frame, reinforced bridges, increased ground clearance, and mechanical brakes instead of hydraulic. With all this, like "half-timer", the future "three-year" retained the opportunity to ride on any gasoline (and in the heat - both on kerosene), and consume any engine oil.

Actually, the "three-year" (another popular name in the troops - "Zakhar") was called ZIS-5B; (The letter "B" in the abbreviation also means "military"). The car was distinguished from the pre-war counterpart, the car was extremely lightweight (more than 120 kg) compared with the pre-war version of the cabin, wooden, and with a dermal roof, as well as cnuts from sheet rolled by angular wings, lack of brakes on the front wheels, and the presence of only one headlamp (left ); In general, the car was subjected to military modernization "A la gas-MM-B".

In addition, unlike "half-timer", "Three-shock" was produced immediately at several enterprises; In addition to Moscow, this truck also produced in Ulyanovsk and Miass; The enterprises were called Ulzis and Uralzis, respectively. In the last two years during the war years, a little more and a little less than ten thousand cars were released, respectively, and the Moscow Plant during the war years gave the front of almost 70 thousand "Three". Unlike GAZ-MM, the production of which after the war was minimized (in 1947 - on Gaza, from where he was transferred to Ulyanovsk, and it turned out in 1950), ZIS-5 was produced until 1958, and individual specimens were operated up to 70 The years of the last century.

An interesting fact: as "half a gun" is constantly confused with the ZIS, so the ZIS is very often confused with another domestic three-tonnic; Yag, or "Yaroslavl Truck". By the way, Yag-10 was the first Soviet serial three-axis. From Zisov Yagi differ less smooth forms. On these three photos - it is Yagi.

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They were released a little, all modifications - several thousand pieces, and a significant part of them was mobilized for the front. The bulk was lost near Moscow. Until our days, not a single pre-war or at least military yag is preserved.

And another fact: the legendary Katyusha at first was mounted on the three-axis version of the ZIS, ZIS-6, since the installation was unnecessary and large-sided. Yes, and for ZISov approached weakly; For a volley, the installation was necessary to rotate 90 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the truck, which is why the car strongly swollen, and the accuracy of the volley was lost. With the start of deliveries on the Land Lisa "Studebekkers", Katyusha became mainly on them. And despite the seeming nonpatarity, it led to a significantly increased accuracy of the volley.

Actually "Studeskecker"

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This car is familiar with even people whose interests do not apply to automotive equipment and on the Great Patriotic War. Heat recallible by all the front-line, comfortable, comfortable, and is not worse than domestic trucks, the Led-Lizovsky three-axis, which divided the war with gas-MM and ZIS-5, he remained forever in the memory of the Soviet people. The first exotic machine from the other, on the other side of the ocean, the world, appeared on our roads in the fall of 1941; So far in the minimum quantities, but in the summer of 1942 the car has become recognizable on all fronts.

It should be immediately noted that this car has never been known in the US Army, and only experts will remember the existence of Studebaker Corporation; about her contribution to the second World War Do not even remember even they. Yes, and among us few people know automobile Mark. "Avanti" with its amazingly beautiful sports cars; Yes, yes, the former "Studeker Corporation" by changing the bunch of owners and several names, today produces piece supercars.

Returning to Lend Lisa: the whole salt is that the "Studebaker US6" truck is not a state order for the needs of US Army and Fleet; Cart-blanche for equipping by cargo cars of the army won General Motors, and the corps of the marines - the International Harvester. The main reason is the "Studelker" engine did not comply with the requirements of the American military for a number of characteristics. So - there would be no happiness with this company, but misfortune helped. As a result, it was the stydeker Corporation that grabbed the largest possible military orders; On trucks for Land Liza for the USSR and the UK. The lion's share of trucks got the USSR.

They were delivered to the USSR, they are very unusual way, through Iran, and the route itself was called "Transiransky"; Germany also had its own interests in the region, so the territory of Iran was occupied by the Soviet and British troops in August 1941. Almost immediately in the ports of Iran, American cargo services moved, whose way from the coast of the United States to the shores of Iran was equal to two and a half months. Especially for deliveries on Land Lisa, the TransIRAN railway was modernized, and many roads were built on the ambulance hand, and two car assembly enterprises were built under the guidance of GM corporation there; A significant part of the vehicle was supplied in machine collectors. From Iran to the front trucks walked with their own move, and already with cargo.

The actual "studebeckers" in the USSR was supplied two modifications: all-wheel driven with wheel formula 6x6 and and with a drive of two rear axles 6x4; The second is significantly less. Not immediately, but very fast Soviet drivers became clear: imported equipment requires a special, gentle relationship, especially the quality of fuel and motor oils. In this connection, in the instruction manual, the car received almost immediately among the Soviet drivers), it was a separate item that "Studebeckker is not" half a gun ", he will not go to kerosene." In addition, the Soviet side immediately tightened the norms of exploratory trucks; First of all, it concerned the load capacity, the car, designed for 2.5 tons of cargo, the ceiling of permissible load was raised to 4 tons. However, he coped; In fact, less than 5 tons were rare on it. However, 3 tons on the "half-one" and more than 4 - on the "three-year" in fact were the norm; The technique was exploited for wear.

In return, the driver of the "Studeskker" received a feeling of "white man"; High landing S. good overview, soft seat, good shock absorbers, heated salon and ergonomic controls, as well as a warm sealing jacket (although, almost always accompanying lend-lease techniques Elements of equipment and manual small arms, which are included in the kit went to separate warehouses, but have been and exceptions). All this with an estate covered the capricious character of foreigners.

In total, more than 100,000 "studebeckers" were delivered to the USSR. However, as "half-timer" has become a massive nominal name for all Soviet production trucks, so the "stuer" became the name of the nominative for all Land Lisa trucks. Because besides the "Studeker Yu-ES 6" in Soviet Union Though in much smaller volumes, Chevrolet Trucks (Chevrolet G7107), and Ford (Ford G8T). A separate clause in the list is the heavy army transport jeeps of the Dodge brand (Dodge WC-51), which wearing the name of the three-quarters of three quarters (since they were calculated for three-quarters of the cargo, 750 kilograms, and the dual overload of at least usually loaded) .

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The ultimate fate of the majority of "knocks" is sad; According to the terms of the Land Lisa, the USSR was paid only for the launched technique, and the surviving was to be returned. In full set. As a result, before being given to the American side, the "knocks" passed the capitals, they poured fresh in them technical fluids, changed worn spare parts for new, tinted where necessary; Gratitude and respect for these cars from the Soviet people was a lot. Then the American Reception Commission arrived and Pretchily inspected the trucks. And after, according to eyewitnesses, a cargo ship arrived at the port, a special press was unloaded to the shore, and the special press, and carefully well-groomed trucks were pressed into it to several Cubeters of scrap, in compact briquettes, since so much used USA was not What. After the briquettes loaded on the ships, but also to carry them as scrap metal in the USA was too wasteful. And they were simply treated in the ocean.

Nevertheless, a lot of lend-Lizovsky trucks remained in the USSR, and they have long chaired dusty roads, making their own contribution to the restoration of peaceful economy. And among Muscovites, a legend has been preserved that somewhere in the near Moscow region there are huge mobilization warehouses, which still store Lenid Lizovskiy "Studeskkers". Absolutely new, carefully well-groomed, on a long preservation. 3 000 pieces.

By the way, a curious fact: the name of the company "Studebaker" comes from the name of two brothers, founded in the middle of a last century in Indiana, an enterprise engaged in the supply of wagons for the mining industry. Ironically, the brothers were purebred Germans.

And what about the Germans?

But the Germans were a fleet where the more diverse than we had; They affected both the traditions of their own automotive industry and considerable production facilities captured in Europe, as well as a huge number of trophy trucks. As a result, on the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, 88 Werkete divisions were almost fully equipped with Renault french trucks (25 000 Renault AHS and 4 000 Renault AHN, a capacity of 2 and 4 tons, respectively), and Citroen (Citroen 23, carrying capacity of 2 tons ).

In anticipation of the 71st anniversary of the dayVictory in the Great Patriotic Wari would like to tell about cars, in many ways, thanks to which the victory in the Second World War was obsessed in Ohin.

Interesting fact. D. about the war, in the late 1930s, in the SovietFROM oyuz in a huge amountproduced a sm military equipment.It was much larger than in any other countries . By the beginning of the war inUSSR numbered about 273 thousand military vehicles, and with the beginning of the war it was addedyet 160 thousand civilian cars and equipment for agricultural purposes. To the great regret, in the first days of the wars are tens of thousands of cars are lost.

Basic heroes Victory cars.

1. Cargo car GAZ-AA "P oulutork a "l jegen FROM ovetsky FROM oyuz.

This type of technology was famous for universal appointment. On the it was even located jet systems Language fire "Katyusha". Xea for the first time such a system was set on a four-tone truck with a wheel formula 6x4 ZIS-6.

Little-known fact. The race about the serial production of Katyusha in the USSR was made approximately 12 hours before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (June 21, 1941).

For the first time, the gas-aa car was released in 1932 on the conveyor of the GAZ plant, which was located in Nizhny Novgorod. The truck had a motor that developed the power of 42 horsepower. Further this type The engine was upgraded and had already 50 l / s. It was also equipped with a 4-speed gearbox. There was a frame of a dream, and the suspension had a spring type. The cargo of the car was 1.5 tons, about Tsyud and the nickname "half-timer" went. It is worth noting that thanks to the frame, quite simple and good design, the car was operated with a large overload of up to 3 tons. The maximum speed of the truck reached 70 kilometers per hour, and due to the small degree of compression, refueling gas-aa could be low-quality gasoline. IN hopeless positions The car was filled with kerosene or alcohol. In maintenance, the car was unpretentious, with the repair they coped "on the spot." In wartime on "n oleutor", in order to save, installed one headlight and one wiper. Powder brakes were absent. The abin was made of plywood. Knis and doors are made of tarpaulin. And the hatch was a big deficit, so the car was started using a manual starter. The overall circulation of "n oleutorok", including pre-war production, exceeded a million copies.

2. ZIS-5 -to ultiest cargo car. Nickname "Zakhar Ivanovich"or "Three Tonka".

In its reliability, this truck was not equal.And the vomotobil was equipped with motor with a capacity of 73 horsepower.M Aksimaln Speed \u200b\u200bwas 60 km / h. ZIS-5 and mel a flexible frame that helped the car to pass irregularities very gently.TO ole formula 4x2. Manufactured carimmediately at several enterprises: "Ulzis" and "Uralzis",z Avodom "and Meni Stalin" under license American companyOtokar. Before the burden was a truck "Autocar 5 ES". The car was seriously modernized, which was conducted by the collective of engineers of the ZIS enterprise.P together with the available parts, a more modern car was constructed,and the most important truck has become simpler and maintainable.

3. GAZ-64, GAZ-67. Nickname "Ivan Willis" -in single jeep.

The SUV was launched into production in record time. On February 3, 1941, a task was received from the Soviet government to produce a lung, inexpensive and unpretentious in the maintenance of an SUV. Two months later, or rather 51 days, the car was ready for production. N and 60 days went serial release. Urgency was due to an alarming environment.

GAZ-64 received a reliable and unpretentious motor from the half-one, but it turned out to be unsuitable for riding in the ground roads because of a rather narrow gauge.

Urgently, the GAZ plant manufactures the upgraded version of GAZ-67. D Anna model was nicknamed in the army as "Ivan Willis", "Kozlol", "Blok-Warrior". He mainly served in the army as a headquarters of a commander, an intelligence car and high-speed arthagach. The car turned out to truly with off-road qualities.With ease overcome deep gauges, mightb. eziting problems to go to the roadside through the cuvettes with steep walls.GAZ-67. Developed the maximum speed of up to 90 kilometers per hourp ride off road, to insane at that time, 25 kilometers per hour. During the Second World Warin Ohina, she showed himself from a good side. The SUV was unpretentious to fuel and lubricants. Le. gKO, quickly and just repairedUnlike his American brother "Willisa".

Summing up, I want to say that technological solutions that were used in cars participating in the Second World War in Ohin, gave a significant impetus to the Soviet car industry.

During the war and after her, Soviet us were actively worked. Here studied a trophy and lendelization technique, the tests of foreign cars were examined. Soviet engineers were able to familiarize themselves with solutions and technologies almost from around the world.

Sincerely, site administrator

Video

German cargo car Opel Blitz (Blitz - Lightning) was actively used by Wehrmacht during World War II. There were several generations of this famous truck, which was distinguished by both the design and design. Different versions of the car were made from 1930 to 1975. At the same time, in Russia, the most famous cars of the first generation of 1930-1954 in the modernized version (after 1937) are most famous. They are known because of their wide use of the Wehrmacht, including on the Eastern Front, as well as due to the significant availability as trophy cars.

Opel Blitz cargo car is recognized as the best three-ton truck of the Wehrmacht. At the same time, this is the only truck that was produced throughout the war up to the defeat of Germany. This truck was performed on a specially built car plant of the company Opel in Brandenburg - "Examples of the National Socialist Enterprise". Since 1944, Daimler-Benz has been connected to the production of this cargo car. From 129,795 three-ton trucks Opel Blitz approximately 100 thousand were delivered directly by the Wehrmacht and the SS troops, and the rest were used in the defense sectors of the national economy of Nazi Germany.

Opel Blitz is considered to be one of the best and most massive German trucks. Its design was standard, differing in this reliability and relative simplicity. On the basis of this cargo car, a large number of different different machines special purpose. In addition, its modifications equipped with engines were produced. different power. Produced also all-wheel drive model this car. In order to save a scarce metal at the very end of the war, the Germans began to produce trucks with wooden Erzats-Cabins.

Opel Blitz 3.6-6700A.

On the basis of the Opel Blitz truck, many were built special cars - sanitary cars, workshops, mobile radio stations, buses, firefighters, etc. Often this chassis was also used to accommodate small-caliber anti-aircraft guns. The body of most Opel Blitz trucks had a type of platform with wooden sides and awning, but trucks were also made equipped with metal bodies-van.

The German company "Opel" enjoyed special respect from the Nazi government, which allowed her in the second half of the 19th century to quickly get out of the leaders in the volume of automotive equipment and become the largest producer of the Blitz series army trucks in Germany.

In March 1929, the American company General Motors acquired a share of 80% in Adam Opel. At the same time, the company Opel first in Germany founded the bank and insurance company To finance car sales on credit. In 1931, the American company expanded its stake in Adam Opel to a full 100%. At the same time, Opel received for both transactions 33.3 million US dollars, turning into a 100% branch of General Motors. It is curious that this company has actively financed the NSDAP in the 1933 parliamentary elections. About 13 thousand people worked in the company who have collected up to 500 cars and 6,000 bicycles daily.

As a result of the influx of foreign investment by the mid-1930s, Opel conducted a second wave of restructuring and reconstruction of production. In just 190 days in Brandenburg, a new assembly plant of the company was built, and a network of German enterprises were created - subcontractors who were engaged in supply of components. Huge investments allowed to increase the number of company personnel practically by 40%. In 1936, Opel produced 120,923 cars per year already, becoming the largest car manufacturer in Europe.

In 1937, after many years, during which Opel was also the largest bicycle manufacturer, the company decided to stop their production by submitting it to NSU. At the same time, it was decided to completely concentrate on the production of automotive equipment. In 1940, a million car was produced in the German company.

Since the American GM leadership, to whom the company then belonged, opposed the release of military products, for the beginning of the war Opel Blitz was late, until 1940, only civilian version of the truck was collected at the factory. However, in 1940, Opel was nationalized by the Nazis. At the same time, in October 1940, the assembly of passenger cars was completely discontinued. Since 1940, the cargo car Opel Blitz began to enter the troops. During the Second World War, the company's enterprises set approximately half of the total amount of trucks in the German army.

Servicemen of the 5th Tank Division SS "Viking" (5 SS-Panzer-Division "Wiking") Repair the wheels of the Opel Blitz 3.6-36S truck

Truck Opel Blitz.

The largest fame and distribution in the troops received a unified 3-ton cargo car "Blitz" models "3.6-36S" (4x2) and "3,6-6700a" (4x4). These cars were produced since 1937 in a huge amount - about 95 thousand copies. These were durable and easy-to-use cars with a carrying capacity of 3.3 and 3.1 tons, respectively. The cars were distinguished by the presence of closed all-metal cabins, a high radiator with a vertical facing and an emblem in the form of a lightning stroke, as well as stamped rounded wings.

These trucks are equipped with a solid spiner frame consisting of P-shaped steel profiles. Also, a 6-cylinder engine of 3.6 liters was installed on the car, it was borrowed from passenger car Opel Admiral. Also, a truck was installed dry one-piece clutch, a new 5-speed gearbox, brake hydraulic drive, rowed bridges on longitudinal semi-elliptic springs and rear duct wheels. Cars of both types received tires of the same size 7.25-20 with a developed tread pattern. Only two of these trucks were released by series of about 70 and 25 thousand pieces, respectively. At the same time, in 1944-1945, the "Daimler-Benz" concern made more than 3.5 thousand rear-wheel drive trucks "Blitz" equipped with a simplified cab under the Mercedesian index L701.

The basic model of the rear-wheel drive cargo car "3.6-36S" (Blitz-S) had a total weight of 5800 kg and was produced from 1937 to 1944. The car had a wheelbase of 3600 mm, and its cutting mass was 2500 kg. The machine was supplied with one fuel tank of 82 liters and was adapted to towing a two-ton trailer. Since 1940, in parallel, Opel plants produced the all-wheel drive version under the designation "3.6-6700A" (BLITZ-A), which was equipped with an additional two-stage dispensing box and shortened to 3450 mm wheelbase. In addition, the car differed slightly grown rut size and greater capacity of the fuel tank - 92 liters. The oven mass of the all-wheel drive version was 3350 kg. The maximum allowable mass when the highway is moving - 6450 kg, on the ground - 5,700 kg. The truck could move at speeds up to 90 km / h along the highway, and fuel consumption, depending on the conditions of the movement, was equal to 25-40 liters per 100 km, the stroke reserve was 230-320 km.

The fact that the carburetor six-cylinder was installed on Opel Blitz row Engine from a passenger car Opel Admiral working capacity of 3626 cubic meters. See, there was an ordinary practice for those years. At 3120 rpm This engine issued 73.5 hp, which coincided in power with a similar indicator of the Soviet ZIS-5, but the volume german engine It was less. The engine crankcase was aluminum, and the cylinder head was made of gray cast iron. For every 100 km run, the car spent when driving on asphalt 26 liters, on the primer of 35 liters. The maximum stock turn on the highway was 320 km.

The main advantage of the German truck was its high speed. On a good road, "Lightning" could develop a speed of 90 km / h. The reason for such a good for the truck of those years of the indicator was to use in main Transmission of the same gear ratio (equal to 43/10) as the car Opel Admiral. However, such a solution led to the fact that the blisters poorly coped with the towing of heavy trailers, and the use of trailer on off-road was completely excluding.

The compression ratio also belonged to the "lightweight" value - 6 units, which required the use of only gasoline of the first grade. For this reason, the use of trophy gasoline on the Eastern Front was almost completely excluding. Because of this, in January 1942, in Germany, the release of modifications with a reduced degree of compression in the engine was launched. Thus, it was adapted to the use of the 56th gasoline, the gear ratio was also increased in the main gear. During the changes, the engine power decreased only to 68 hp, and the maximum speed on the highway fell to 80 km / h. In order for the car to save the former stroke reserve, it was equipped with a 92-liter fuel tank. Fuel consumption has grown to 30 liters on the highway and up to 40 liters on dirt roads.

Opel Blitz TLF15

Opel Blitz Machines

Opel Blitz 3-ton-class trucks were used in almost all German-fascist military formations and performed all military functions for the transportation of goods, towing light artillery guns, transportation of infantry, the nest of special purpose add-ons. A variety of models of wood and wooden bodies were installed on the trucks with different sides of sides, with awnings and benches, numerous options for rectangular typical vans or special designs with a variety of components. Tankers, tanks, fire trucks, gas generator plants, etc. were created on this chassis. Cars for SS divisions were equipped mainly closed all-metal specialized bids.

The German company "Maison" was established on the standard chassis, rounded sanitary bodies, which were intended for transportation of wounded or placement of field laboratories and operating rooms in them. In the midst of the war, the company on the database of trucks produced a number of ordinary army multi-purpose firefighters. Basic was a typical LF15 car pump on a rear-wheel drive chassis, equipped with a simplified closed wood-bodied body with a double cab. In the back there was a water pump with a capacity of 1500 l / min. The TLF15 fire tank truck was already put on the all-wheel drive base and was equipped with an open capacity of 2000 liters with water capacity.

A variant of the base rear-wheel drive version of the vehicle was two cars with an elongated base and a lifting capacity of 3.5 tons - Opel Blitz "3.6-42" and "3.6-47", which possessed wheelbases in 4,200 and 4650 mm, respectively. Full mass Car was 5.7 and 6.1 tons. These cars also equipped with a variety of onboard bodies, special superstructures and equipment, van. Wide distribution, these trucks did not receive. Wehrmacht used them mainly for the installation of closed bodies with a double cabin, and they were also raised fire equipment and water pumps. In the side trucks Blitz 3,6-47, machine-gun or cannon systems with an ammunition reserve were usually installed.

The most famous execution of the Blitz cargo chassis 3,6-47 was the W39 army bus, which possessed the all-metal body produced by Ludewig (Ludwig). Bus Capacity was 30-32 places. From 1939 to 1944, 2880 such buses were released. Bus Opel Blitz W39 was used to transport the officer of the Wehrmacht, the calculations of armored vehicles, which was delivered along the highway on the trailers. They were also used as sanitary cars, staff points, printing houses, movable sound stations, etc. All these options could develop the same speed on the highway as the basic version of the truck, and their average fuel consumption was 30 liters per 100 km.

In 1942-1944, on its chassis, 3.6-36S Opel also produced about 4 thousand half-sized 2-ton trucks SSM (SD.KFZ.3) of the Maultier series (Mul). On these trucks, a lightweight caterpillar propulsion from the Carden-Loyad "tank was used. The license for its production of Germany bought from the UK before the start of the war. "Mula" were equipped with four disk support rollers on a lever-spring balancing suspension, as well as a steering device with mechanical system Changes in the speed of rewinding the tracks, which allowed the tractor to perform cooler turns. When applying only the front controlled wheels, the rotation radius was 19 meters, and with one of the propellers - 15 meters. Car lumen grew from 225 to 270 mm.

For a set of operational qualities, the two-sized truck of the Opel company was the most successful option in the Maultier series, he occupied an intermediate position between similar cars "Kloekner-Doyz-Magirus" and "Ford". The total mass of the machine was 5930 kg, fuel consumption - 50 liters per 100 km. At the same time, the truck-tractor could develop no more than 38 km / h. The disadvantages of the car were called an increased load on the transmission, the low speed of movement, which was limited artificially due to the rapid wear of the elements of the propellers and, oddly enough, poor permeability. Of the total amount of 2130 such half-barrel trucks were sent to the Eastern Front.

Already in the midst of the war on a semicircular chassis 3.6-36S / SSM with an anti-aircraft installation or a spotlight, approximately 300 launchers SD.KFZ.4 / 1 - first German self-propelled systems of salvo fire were collected. They were equipped with a package of 10 tubular guides, designed to launch reactive shells of a caliber of 158.5 mm. The maximum range of fire was 6.9 km. The Germans tried to oppose these cars by the Soviet "Katyusham". Partially armored chassis could also be used as ammunition conveyors, but all such structures were larger and too heavy.

In the summer of 1944, as a result of the bombardments of the Allied troops, both main factory of the Opel were seriously destroyed. The release of 3-ton trucks had to be transferred to the Daimler-Benz plant. After the war, the preserved equipment from Brandenburg was exported to the Soviet Union. And Opel again with American help was able to restore its production, the release of the famous war Opel Blitz truck was continued.

Information sources:
http://voenteh.com/voennye-avtomobili/germaniya/gruzoviki-kommercheckogo-tipa/opel.html
http://retrotruck.ru/museum/cars-wehrmacht/191
http://www.tehnikapobedy.ru/opel.htm.
http://drittereich.info/modules.php?file\u003dviewtopic&name\u003dforums&t\u003d1879

The article about the most interesting military cars of World War II - their interesting features and characteristics. At the end of the article - video about the car World War II.

The SUV became an indispensable in military units: on its base installed mobile sanitary points, laid communication lines, transported weapons. By the way, the transportation of ammunition was based on the basis of the creation of an SUV, whose abbreviation is still decoded - Weapon Carrier ("carrying weapons").

• were too deficient;
• required a lot of fuel;
• with their dimensions and power attracted the attention of enemy troops.

Rama, blocking, equal width of the front and rear track - all German SUVs were designed in this way, and Horch 901 was no exception.

In general, the car can be called an analogue of the Dodge WC-51, but the horch could also boast the presence of the TYP Kabriolett's brand-commander model.

Unpretentious, reliable, having an open, lightweight, made of tin plates housing, 290 mm clearance, an inter-wheeled differential, folding windshield machine has gained universal respect in the army. The model had even a heating system, which was very appreciated by the soldiers who more often used this car.

With it, it was always possible to ensure the uninterrupted supply of parts by ammunition, flammable and spare parts. Its maintainability saved from any hassle, and the ease of construction allowed, if necessary, with the help of three people to transfer it from one place to another. Porsche even awarded personal gratitude from Rommel when a heavy Horch took off on the minefield, the commander himself remains unharmed.

All the lineup GAZ-61 is large enough, from pickup and tractor to Phaeton, but the most famous has become the first all-wheel drive lung model With a closed body sedan.

The model appeared in 1941 for the ability to force not only water expanses, but also the dirt got a gentle nickname Schwimmwagen - "Floating Machine". In such cars, the Eastern Front was very needed, and therefore production was carried out at once on two factories - in Stuttgart and Wolfsburg.

It became the most massive car of the military years of this type, surpassing even Ford GPA and having a production volume of 15 thousand copies.

Success was due to an unusual design - the rear-wheel drive car had a boat form and had a very small mass. Moreover, after entering the land, the amphibian turned into a front-wheel drive model.

In the post-war period, the car continued to be used for a wide variety of purposes - for example, Ferdinand Porsche was sent to fishing on it.

The Ford Development, created on the basis of the popular Willys MB, has become an excellent replacement for a small boat, traditionally used to organize a pontoon crossing.

However, in the process of participation in the battles, the car showed itself not from the best side: in the open sea, she showed herself to be at risk and heavy, as well as too unstable in high waves. With a large loadability of amphibia, hesitated so low that there was a serious probability of flooding. Finally, often the car had to push out of the coastal sand, where she was letters because of their weight.

The US Army refused to use Ford GPA by sending it on Land Lisa to the Soviet Union, where he surprised well. Soviet troops did not have the need to boost the seas, and on rivers and lakes the car was fully stable.

BRONONAUTOMUBILE BA-64 AND BA-10

The chassis from GAZ-64 and the unified items made the machine as maintainable as possible, and the big ground clearance, the ability to overcome meter ferrod, enlarged fuel tank With economical consumption of fuel and unassuming taste, a good speed of 80 km / h was allowed to successfully use the car during exploration, protection of infantry and as an accompaniment machine.

The disadvantages include weak power of 7.62-millimeter machine guns DT, overheating at elevated summer temperatures, lateral instability and not better reliability. Although during the liberation European campaign, the troops highly appreciated the possibility of firing high points.

To develop a BA-10 model, a gas-aaa truck was taken as a basis, whose chassis was in short, at the same time amazed his front part, and the body was performed from armored sheets.

The development of Stewer made an emphasis on a complete chassis for enhancing maneuverability, and a four-wheel drive allowed to block the inter-wheeled and intersective differential. The light SUV received a 1.8-liter 43-strong engine, an open body with a soft riding, and a real sensation for 1936 became independent suspension On all wheels.

Despite such an advanced design, in combat conditions there were many complaints. It turned out to be too complicated and capricious in service, the power was not enough to perform tasks, and because of the full-direction chassis at high speed, the car simply overturned.

After the release of 5000 copies, the manufacturer abandoned the further manufacture of this model. Taking note of all the flaws, the revolutionary chassis engineers were replaced by a standard one, and the motor was reinforced to 2 liters, raising power up to 50 hp.

But this option turned out to be impractical, since the suspension in off-road suspension quickly came into disrepair, and the power was still insufficient. Considering that the Nazis was at the disposal of the Nazis TYP 82, Stoewer did not find applies.

ZIS-21 and GAZ-42

In order for the ZIS-21 to equip the NATI G-14 gas generator, it was necessary to reduce the space for the passenger, as well as to sacrifice the lifting capacity. For the "fellow" - GAZ-42 applied a different design - the gas generator was placed behind the driver's seat, and also provided the opportunity to refuel with gasoline.

With the constructive differences, the disadvantages of the models were the same: excessive fuel consumption, long-term "cold" launch, reaching an hour even in a summer period, weak power and carrying capacity, increased fire hazard. In addition, wood turned out to be too sensitive to moisture, already with 30% humidity causing a decrease in the power of the motor, its overheating and potentially - failure.

However, all these nuances did not prevent the trucks to contribute to the victory of the Soviet Army.

The car had a very simple design and maintainability, which was so important in difficult field conditions. Additionally, it was installed a special tank filled with ether to quickly launch at low temperatures.

In the heart of the car placed power installation From Opel by 1.5 liters, and maneuverability provided a steering wheel connected to caterpillars in such a way that with its 5-degree deflection, one of the caterpillars slowed down, making a turning effect.

During the Second World War, Batali walked not only between people, but also between automotive technology. Some models of that era rightfully took its place in history and on the pedestals of military exhibitions. And another part can still be seen in working condition due to enthusiasts that are restored and proudly exhibit heroic models.

Video about Machines World War II:

Prior to the beginning of World War II, the hostilities never used such a number of different types of aircraft mechanisms, tanks, armored cars, amphibians. His role - moreover, cars played in this war. "Motor" remembered the cars, thanks to which Soviet soldiers managed to get a victory as well german carswho opposed them.

Industrialization in the late 1930s in the Soviet Union went full swing: USSR produced more military equipmentthan any other country of the world. By June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union had a huge number of military cars - 272 thousand 600 pieces. Plus, another 160 thousand 300 cars were mobilized in the first week of war from the national economy. The fleet of the German troops, in turn, had no more than 150 thousand cars.

The most important advantage was quickly confused - in the first days of the war, the Soviet Union lost tens of thousands of cars. However, the Soviet troops managed to recover from this strike and answer the enemy by the onset.

Wheels for "Katyusha"

On June 17, 1941, the newest weapon was demonstrated at the Military Polygon near Moscow - the reactive installations of the BM-13 salvo fire, which later received the name "Katyusha". Three days later, on June 21, an orders came out about the production of these installations. Before the start of the war, a read hours remained at this moment.

Thanks to this weapon, the Soviet Union managed to win a lot of battles. Katyusha was installed on the chassis of a variety of cars - tanks, tractors, cars. However, the caterpillar transport had some weighing shortcomings - Low speed and high fuel consumption. Yes, and asphalt during transportation thoroughly destroyed, therefore special tractors were needed for transportation. That is why most Katyusha installed on cargo cars.

ZIS-6. Photos from Spectechnika.com

The first car carrier of such a missile installation was the Soviet ZIS-6, created on the basis of the ZIS-5 (formula 4x2). This four-tailed truck with wheel formula 6x4 had excellent patency and, together with a reactive installation, received a "combat baptism" on July 14, 1941 in the captured by the Germans of the city of Rudnya.

A large number of German military equipment accumulated on one of the central squares of this city. From the steep coast of the River, the small birch of the ZIS-6 car with a missile installation of BM-13 inflicted a crushing blow around the enemy. When the installation volleys were subsided, one of the soldiers flew a popular song "Katyusha". Hence, according to a common legend, and the National name of BM-13 occurred.

ZIS-6. Photo by Deutscher Friedensstifter from Flickr.com

Katyusha was installed not only on the ziis. Many cars that have been supplied to the Soviet Union on Land Lisa (mostly English and American) were also used as a chassis for Katyush. And the most mass owner of this weapon was the American Studebaker US6 - the world's first truck with three leading bridges.

For his story, "Studebeeker" visited many places of the globe, but, ironically, in the territory of the United States was never used. "Studeskeepers" were the most common machines supplied by the USSR on Land Lisa. During the war years, the Soviet Union received almost 200 thousand US6.

Studebaker US6. Photos from MilitaryImages.net

American truck thanks full drive It could boast of excellent permeability and lifting capacity, which favorably distinguished him from Soviet fellow. Compared to the "three-shock" (ZIS-5), the studebeer could carry more than two tons - despite the fact that the Americans recommended not loading it over two and a half tons. In addition, the car could overcome small river brodes, without fearing to damage the vital details, as they had a high location.

Thanks to all these qualities, the "stuer" began to establish an improved rocket installation With BM-13N index. In addition, the "studebers" was used by the Soviet army as conventional trucks, guns, dump trucks and lifting cranes. The car was so successful that some trucks regularly served to the Soviet Union until the 1980s.

"Katyusha". Picture of VerdammTescheissenochmal from Flickr.com

In the USSR, there are many Katyush monuments, but not all of them correspond to historical facts. For example, there is a monument "Katyusha" on the basis of the ZIS-5, on which they never put this installation, or even on the basis of the ZIS-150 - the car, which began to be produced after the war. Of course, this was done solely from the point of view of patriotism, since the "studebeder" was always and remained an American. Nevertheless, this car was regularly filmed in numerous Soviet films about the war.

By off-road

In 1940, the US Army took a light intelligence car, which would have overcome off-road without much effort. Winning in the tender competition, Willys-Overland Motors presented a car that once providing all these requirements - Willys Ma. After the US joining the Second World War, the full-scale production of this car began, and in 1942 Ford began the release of "Willis", but another model - Willys MB. From the conveyors of Ford, these cars were published under the name Ford GPW. By the way, due to the consonance of the two first letters of the index - "Ji", "PI" - and the name "Jeep" occurred, which later became a nominal one.

Willys mA. Photos from Autoguru.at

Since 1942, "Willisi" of different modifications began to receive "Willis" in the USSR. The car has proven itself in hostilities. Depending on the type of troops and military situation, the machine served as an emergency commander, and as a tractor of guns. Many "Willisi" installed machine guns and other small arms. There were cars and for medical care - stretchers were installed in them. There was even a very unusual modification of the car - with railway wheels - for movement on rails.

The all-wheel drive car had a four-cylinder engine with a volume of 2.2 liters, with a capacity of 54 horsepower. The maximum speed was 104 kilometers per hour. But still the main task of the SUV is to overcome the various kinds of obstacles. VILLIS coped with this wonderfully and confidently felt like off-road (could overcome the brother depth to half a meter, and some modifications and up to 1.5 meters). During the war years, the Soviet Union received about 52 thousand "Willis".

Willys MV. Photos from Army.mil

The American car has become an indispensable assistant and a favorite of Soviet soldiers, as well as one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War. In the global importance, the Willis has become a sample to create the lungs, but at the same time endless cars.

His military jeeps were in the USSR. In January 1941, the Soviet government, looking at the American cars, commissioned at once to two enterprises - gas and NATI - the development of a lung, inexpensive, and the main thing unpretentious SUV. Two months later, two cars were tested at the military test site - GAZ-64 and NATI-AP.

GAZ-64 showed results better competitorBut the main thing was that its production did not require large monetary and temporary costs. Many nodes of this car have already stood on the models manufactured by the plant - Sedan GAZ-61 and gas-mm truck. Serial production began immediately, and in August 1941, the first Soviet SUV went off the conveyor - GAZ-64.

GAZ-64. FOO from the site autoclub-gaz.ru

Before the appearance of B. soviet army American "Willisa", GAZ-64 was an indispensable military assistant. He could easily overcome steep climbs, dirt, sand and snow. By roven road The car has developed a speed of up to 90 kilometers per hour, and by off-road - up to 25 kilometers per hour that no other Soviet car could do.

In 1943, the plant developed new model SUV - GAZ-67 (upgraded version of GAZ-64). From his predecessor, he was distinguished by wider rings and enhanced suspension. The engine power was also increased, but due to the increased width of the SUV lost dynamic characteristicsand the maximum speed dropped to 88 kilometers per hour.

GAZ-67. Photo by W.Grabar from Flickr.com

In 1944, GAZ-67 received some constructive changes, after which he was assigned the "b" index. In the people he received his "indices." His love was called a "goat", "goat", "Pigmeom", "Gazika", "Chapaev", "flea-warrior", "HBB" ("I want to be" Willis ") and" Ivan Villys ". The Soviet SUV at the front of the war showed himself from the best party. It was more unpretentious to fuel and lubricants and more repairable, unlike his American brother "Willisa".

"Zakhar" and his team

A truly religious truck in the war was ZIS-5. In the people, he received the names "Zakhar", "Zhar Ivanovich", "Three-shock". In their reliability, he was not equal. 5.5 liter engine easily launched into any weather and was unpretentious to the quality of gasoline. With its own weight in 3 tons on board, he could take as much as much. It is also necessary to pay tribute to the patency "Zahar" - with a wheel formula 4x2, the truck overcomed various obstacles, and behaved on a military off-road almost like a all-wheel drive car. Promotional attention deserves a flexible frame of the ZIS-5 - at the race for an obstacle, she was bent, helping the car to drive unevenness more gently. The maximum speed of this truck was 60 kilometers per hour. By 1941, the ZIS-5 trucks constituted almost half of the military fleet of the Soviet Union.

ZIS-5. Photo by W.Grabar from Flickr.com

In the first months of the war, a large number of cars were destroyed. Partial mobilization of the folk economy machines temporarily solved the problem, but the front and the rear urgently needed trucks in large quantities.

To save material, the ZIS-5 trucks began to make the most simplified modification. Instead of the iron cabin, there were plywood, there were no front brakes, and only one headlight (driver) was installed on the truck, and for some time these cars produced without headlights at all! On each truck, the plant saved 124 kilograms of metal.

GAZ-AA. Photos from the site alter.gorod.tomsk.ru

On the basis of the ZIS-5, a huge number of special-purpose cars were built. These are fire trucks, and buses (received the names of the ZIS-8 and ZIS-16), and mobile printing houses, and meat processing plants, snowproofers, and even armored vehicles. For the ZIS-5 cabin, a huge air defense spotlight could be found, as well as anti-aircraft guns.

But the most common truck in the years of the Great Patriotic War was gas - aa, the people called "half-timer". In fact, it was an upgraded version of the American Ford-AA truck. The production of this car began long before the war - in 1932. Until 1933, the cars were collected from American machine collectors, but their quality was not quite suitable for operation in our road conditions. Specialists of the Gorky Automobile Plant made a number of constructive changes in GAZ-AA, and since 1933 the car began to collect completely from the Soviet components.

GAZ-AA. Photo by W.Grabar from Flickr.com

In 1938, the car received new engine A volume of almost 3.3 liters with a capacity of 50 horsepower, and gas-mm began to be called. The car might boast maximum speed 100 kilometers per hour, was the fastest of his "colleague" - ZIS-5. But the carrying capacity was two times lower than that of three shoes. Hence the nickname - "half a gun."

In the war years, the truck lost almost the same nodes as "Zakhar". On gas-mm, only one headlight was set and one wiper from the driver. The front brakes were absent. Wings of the car did from ordinary roofing iron. In the back of the car, instead of four, two wheels were often installed. The roof and door of the cab was made from the tarpaulin, which was a plus: in the case of fire, flooding or shelling the car from it could be quickly jumped.

Gas-mm. Photos from Denisovets.narod.ru

These truly heroic cars were the first to go through the frozen Ladoga Lake to bring food into Blocade Leningrad. On the way back gas-mm exported people, industrial equipment and cultural values. But not all "half-one" and "Zakharov" had a return road. Many cars failed under the ice, leaving the bottom of the Lake Ladoga.

For many years of war, "half-hour" managed to conquer the soldiers' hearts. The trouble-free engine started from the floor turnover, however, often manual starterSince the working battery in war is a big rarity. Unpretentious motor was to gasoline. Fuel poured any quality - the car worked even on kerosene and alcohol.

German cars

Some German cars from a technical point of view were headed above domestic, and showed excellent results both on the roads of Europe and in the sands of Africa. But, faced with the terms of the Soviet front, they often turned out to be weaker and defenseless to domestic cars.